The structure of the social capital of female entrepreneurs: A pilot study on selected regions of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Austria

  • Danijela Stosic Panic University of Niš, Faculty of Economics
  • Monika Kircher University of Graz
Keywords: Female entrepreneurs, Social capital, Network, Entrepreneurs, Capital, Austria,

Abstract


The paper presents the results of a pilot study of the entrepreneurial activity of women in selected regions of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Austria, focusing on the components of the social capital of female entrepreneurs. Bearing in mind the importance of social capital for starting the entrepreneurial activity, and for the business performance of entrepreneurs, the study was conducted in order to identify the basic characteristics and possible differences in business discussion networks as forms of social capital of Serbian and Austrian female entrepreneurs. A field research was conducted on a sample of female entrepreneurs from urban areas in the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Austria. The obtained results confirm the expectations that family members and friends are essential sources of information and business advice for female entrepreneurs, and that there are relatively more women in the business discussion networks of Serbian and Austrian female entrepreneurs. The structures of the business discussion networks of female entrepreneurs from the selected regions of Serbia and Austria show similarities in the majority of the analyzed aspects. These results will enrich the body of knowledge about the entrepreneurial activity of women in the analyzed countries and they may represent a starting guideline for defining support programs for the entrepreneurial engagement of women.

 

References

Aker, D., Kumar, V., & Dej, Dž. (2008). Marketinško istraživanje. Beograd: Ekonomski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu (za izdanje na srpskom jeziku).

Apergis, N., & Pekka-Economou, V. (2010). Incentives and Female Entrepreneurship Activity: Evidence from Panel Firm Level Data. International Advances in Economic Research, 16(4), 371-387.

American Association for Public Opinion Research (2016), Standard Definitions – Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys. Retrieved from: http://www.aapor.org/Standards-Ethics/Standard-Definitions-(1).aspx (05.10.2017)

Babović, M. (2006). Socijalne mreže – Povezivanje društvenih aktera u sferi ekonomske aktivnosti. Sociologija, 47(4): 351-370.

Babović, M. (2012). Polazna studija o preduzetništvu žena u Srbiji. Beograd: Program Ujedinjenih Nacija za razvoj.

Baron, R. (2005). Social Capital. In: M. Hit & D. Ireland (Eds.), The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Management – Volume III: Entrepreneurship (pp. 224-226). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Bird, S., & Sapp, S. (2004). Understanding the Gender Gap in Small Business Success: Urban and Rural Comparisons. Gender and Society, 18(1), 5-28.

Birley, S. (1989). Female Entrepreneurs: Are They Really Any Different? Journal of Small Business Management, 27(1), 32-37.

Brush, C. (1992). Research on Women Business Owners: Past Trends, a New Perspective and Future Directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16, (4), 5-30.

Burt, R. (1992). Structural Holes – The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Retrieved from: http://books.google.rs/books?id=E6v0cVy8hVIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=sr#v=onepage&q&f=false (20.11.2013)

Buttner, H. (1993). Female Entrepreneurs: How Far Have They Come? Business Horizons, 36(2), 59-65.

Carter, N. Brush, C., Greene, P., Gatewood, E., & Hart, M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: the influence of human, social and financial capital. Venture Capital, 5(1), 1-28.

Centola, D., Gonzáles-Avella, J-C., Eguíluz, V., & Miguel, M-S. (2007). Homophily, Cultural Drift, and the Co-Evolution of Cultural Groups. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51(6), 905-929.

Coff, R. (2005). Entrepreneurial human capital. In: M. Hit & D. Ireland (Eds.), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management – Volume III: Entrepreneurship (pp. 82-84). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Coleman, J. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure, 94: S95-S120.

Estrin, S., & Mickiewicz, T. (2011). Institutions and female entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 397-415.

EUROSTAT. (2017). Your key to European statistics: Database. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (19.09.2017)

Fox, C., Robinson, L., & Boardley, D. (1998). Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up Strategies in Improving the Response Rate of Mail Surveys. Industrial Marketing Management, 27(2): 127-133.

Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380.

Golubović, N., Džunić, M., & Marinković, S. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Social Capital in the Western Balkan Coutries. Industrija, 42(2), 71-92.

Greene, P., Brush, C., Hart, M., & Saparito, P. (2001). Patterns of venture capital funding: is gender a factor? Venture Capital, 3(1), 63-83.

Haynes, G., Rowe, B., Walker, R., & Hong, G-S. (2000). The Differences in Financial Structure between Women- and Men-Owned Family Businesses. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 21(3), 209-226.

Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 422-447.

Kirkwood, J. (2009). Spousal Roles on Motivations for Entrepreneurship: A Qualitative Study in New Zealand. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 30(4), 372-385.

Loscocco, K., Monnat, S., Moore, G., & Lauber, K. (2009). Enterprising Women: A Comparison of Women’s and Men’s Small Business Networks. Gender and Society, 23(3), 388-411.

Laniado, D., Volkovich, Y., Kappler, K., & Kaltenbrunner, A. (2016). Gender homophily in online dyadic and triadic relationships. EPJ Data Science, 5: 19.

Manolova, T., Carter, N., Manev, I., & Gyoshev, B.. (2007).The Differential Effect of Men and Women Entrepreneur’ Human Capital and Networking on Growth Expectancies in Bulgaria. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 407-426.

McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. (2001). Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27: 415-444.

National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia.( 2011). The Law on Companies. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, Nos. 36/2011 and 99/2011.

Parker, S. (2009). The Economics of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Prell, C. (2012). Social Networks Analysis: History, Theory and Methodology. London: Sage Publications. Retrieved from: http://books.google.rs/books?id=BKamSJe8458C&pg=PA54&lpg=PA54&dq=Friendship+as+a+Social+Process:+A+Substantive+and+Methodological+Analysis&source=bl&ots=f9Sro7tvm_&sig=8INu7JUGKei3OJ8Fp9qzoPIt7lw&hl=sr&sa=X&ei=mZeMUrDSJ6eQ0AX9iICoDw&ved=0CG4Q6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=homophily&f=false (20.11.2013)

Renzulli, L., Aldrich, H., & Moody, J. (2000). Family Matters: Gender, Networks, and Entrepreneurial Outcomes. Social Forces, 79(2), 523-546.

Republički zavod za statistiku (2011). Popis 2011: Stanovništvo staro 15 i više godina prema školskoj spremi i polu po opštinama i gradovima. Retrieved from: http://popis2011.stat.rs/?page_id=2162 (19.09.2017)

Republički zavod za statistiku (2017). Anketa o radnoj snazi u Republici Srbiji, 2016. Beograd.

Rodríguez, M-J., & Santos, F-J. (2009). Women nascent entrepreneurs and social capital in the process of firm creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 5(1), 45-64.

Runyan, R., Huddleston, P., & Swinney, J. (2006). Entrepreneurial orientation and social capital as small firm strategies: A study of gender differences from resource-based view. Entrepreneurship Management, 2(4), 455-477.

Serbian Government. (2015). Strategija za podršku razvoja malih i srednjih preduzeća, preduzetništva i konkurentnosti za period od 2015. do 2020. godine [Strategy for Support to the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises, Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness]. Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, Nos. 55/05, 71/05 – correction, 101/07, 65/08/ 16/11, 68/12 – US, 72-12, 7/14 – US and 44/14.

Sokolovska, V. (2011). Socijalne mreže, socijalni kapital i društveni status. Sociološki pregled, 45(2), 221-234.

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. (2015). Anketa o radnoj snazi, 2014. [Labour Force Survey, 2014]. Belgrade.

Stošić, D. (2015). Rast i razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća u vlasništvu preduzetnica [Growth and Development of SMEs owned by female entrepreneurs]. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Niš – Faculty of Economics.

Tan, J. (2008). Breaking the ’’Bamboo Curtain’’ and the ’’Glass Ceiling’’: The Experience of Women Entrepreneurs in High-Tech Industries in an Emerging Market. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(3), 547-664.

The European Commission. (2013). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan – Reigniting the Entrepreneurial spirit in Europe. Brussels.

The European Commission. (2014a). Statistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe – Country Fiche: Austria. Brussels.

The European Commission. (2014b). Statistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe – Country Fiche: Austria. Brussels.

The European Commission. (2014c). Statistical Data on Women Entrepreneurs in Europe – Country Fiche: Serbia. Brussels.

Thébaud, S. (2010). Gender and Entrepreneurship as a Career Choice: Do Self-assessments of Ability Matter? Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(3), 288-304.

Tsuchiya, R. (2010). Neighbourhood social networks and female self-employment. International Entrepreneurship and Management, 6(2), 143-161.

Verheul, I. & Thurik, R. (2001). Start-Up Capital: ’’Does Gender Matter?’’ Small Business Economics, 16(4), 329-345.

Vossenberg, S. (2013). Women Entrepreneurship Promotion in Developing Countries: What explains the gender gap in entrepreneurship and how to close it? Maastricht School of Management: Working Paper No. 2013/08: 1-29.

Watson, J. (2003). Failure Rates for Female-Controlled Businesses: Are They Any Different? Journal of Small Business Management, 41(3), 262-277.

Watson, J. (2010). SME Performance – Separating Myth from Reality. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

WES (European Network to Promote Women’s Entrepreneurship). (2013). Activity Report, 2012. Brussels.

Winn, J. (2005). Women Entrepreneurs: Can We Remove the Barriers. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1(3), 381-397.

Xavier, S-R., Ahmad, S-Z., Nor, L-M., & Yusof, M. (2012). Women Entrepreneurs: Making a Change from Employment to Small and Medium Business Ownership. Procedia Economics and Finance, 4: 321-334.

Published
2018/01/10
Section
Original Scientific Paper