Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/acthist sr-RS@latin Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae 0352-7840 A Brief Look at The Disciplinary Issues on the Upper Rhine Front During the Nine Years’ War 1688-1697 https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/acthist/article/view/55172 <p><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The issue of discipline was very important for early modern armies. Considering the usual social background of soldiers, them being a surplus of the rural population, social outcasts, criminals who joined the army as a way to commute their sentences, or other &ldquo;undesirables&rdquo;, the discipline was very harsh, sometimes bordering on inhumane. On top of that, the harsh conditions of the 17<sup>th</sup> century warfare led to further brutalisation of soldiers, which in turn necessitated tighter control over them. In this paper, we will analyse the disciplinarian problems faced by the Imperial forces on the Rhine front during the Nine Year&rsquo;s War (1688-1697), especially during the period of command of Prince Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1693-1697).</span></p> Vladimir Abramović Sva prava zadržana (c) 2024 Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae 2024-12-03 2024-12-03 43 1 7 19 10.5937/acthist43-55172 AN LEČENJE BOTA KONJA SA RANOG OSMNAESTOG VEKA https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/acthist/article/view/52823 <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Ta članek predstavlja kratke pripombe o zgodnjem modernem zdravljenju okužbe konj z muho (verjetno <em>Gasterophilus intestinalis</em>). &Scaron;kotski avtor in zdravnik Martin Martin (okoli 1660-1718) beleži podeželsko galsko prakso zdravljenja obolelih živali z uporabo vode, v kateri so jurski belemniti, ki verjetno pripadajo rodu <em>Megateuthis</em> in so bili zbrani iz bajocijskih kamnin na vzhodnih obalah otoka Skye, je bil namočen. Ta način zdravljenja je nekaj posebnega v obsegu medicinske uporabe belemnitov in filozofija za njim ni jasna.</span></p> Christopher Duffin Sva prava zadržana (c) 2024 Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae 2024-12-03 2024-12-03 43 1 21 32 10.5937/acthist43-52823 The Хабзбуршка политика контроле границе од ширења куге. Пример инструкција о здравственим питањима у 18. веку https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/acthist/article/view/54205 <p>U radu su analizirana dokumenta dvorske komisije za zdravstvena pitanja u Beču o merama za suzbijanje opasnosti od kuge na granici sa Osmanskim carstvom. Dokumenti se odnose na &scaron;iroko granično područje 30-tih godina 18. veka i obuhvataju istrukcije za unapređenje sanitarnog kordona, organizaciju kontumaca i raspoređivanje medicinskog osoblja. Mirnodopski period je značio novi način borbe države u odbacivanju rizika masovnog pomora stanovni&scaron;tva usled epidemija bolesti, čije uzroke tada&scaron;nja nauka jo&scaron; uvek nije poznavala. Postepeno prilagođavanje mehanizama odbrane od epidemija tokom veka trebalo je da dovede do boljeg predviđanja nivoa rizika i da se sanitarne mere u monarhiji, uz statističke procene, približe mehanizmima koji su postojali u drugim evropskim zemljama. Cilj ovog rada je da prikaže korake u uspostavljanju jedinstvenog mehanizma odbrane od kuge u različitim habzbur&scaron;kim pograničnim provincijama.</p> Miloš Đorđević Sva prava zadržana (c) 2024 Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae 2024-12-03 2024-12-03 43 1 33 42 10.5937/acthist43-54205 Prvi ravnatelji bečkog Jozefinuma - Ioannis Alexander von Brambilla i Franz Anton Brendel von Sternburg https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/acthist/article/view/51450 <p><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!-- [if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Obična tablica"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:107%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN;">On November 7, 1785, Emperor Joseph II opened a medical-surgical academy in Vienna named after him Josephinum for the academic training of surgeons and doctors. The first director of the academy was Ioannis Alexander von Brambilla (1728-1800), responsible for the academization of surgeon training, who organized numerous instruments and the Josephinum library. His successor was Franz Anton Brendel von Sternburg (1723-1803) who, in addition to his professional and teaching work at the academy, founded a foundation that lasted until the First World War. <span style="color: #202124;">In addition to the above information, we have presented recent insights from their private lives and completed their famous biographies</span>. The first two directors of the Josephinum worked at the time of the &ldquo;first Viennese medical school&rdquo;, which, with Enlightenment ideas, directly participated in the academization of surgery and the transformation of pre-modern medicine into modern medicine.</span></p> Dubravko Habek Roko Habek Zlatko Hrgović Sva prava zadržana (c) 2024 Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae 2024-12-03 2024-12-03 43 1 43 50 10.5937/acthist43-51450 Izgradnja originalnog i međunarodno standardizovanog sistema javnog zdravlja u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/acthist/article/view/52883 <p><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Aptos',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">This paper analyzes the key processes involved in establishing the public health system in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia), drawing upon existing scholarly studies and relevant archival sources. In the aftermath of World War I, the nascent state was confronted with numerous public health challenges. The establishment of the Ministry of Public Health marked the beginning of efforts to address these issues, as the Ministry assumed responsibilities over healthcare, medicine, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and military health. This initiative included the enactment of necessary legal regulations, the creation of social medical institutions, and the regulation of medical personnel training, thereby laying the groundwork for a new approach to public health. The Ministry spearheaded reforms in the organization of health services, encompassing the establishment of new healthcare institutions, the creation of an innovative educational system, and the implementation of health programs and competencies designed to address both crisis situations and ongoing healthcare needs. Concurrently, the Ministry launched various preventive and social programs, as well as comprehensive health education initiatives, aimed at enhancing public awareness of hygiene and healthy behaviors. Additionally, significant efforts were made to establish enduring conditions for the integration of new scientific knowledge into daily life. All these programs were unified by a common ideological principle that posited that medicine, healthcare, and scientific advancements must serve the broader society, ensuring equal access for all community members. These initiatives were undertaken under the auspices of the Hygiene Department of the Ministry of Public Health, led by Dr. Andrija &Scaron;tampar, an internationally recognized public health expert. The development of this public health system was further supported by professional and financial assistance from international organizations, including the Health Organization of the League of Nations and the Rockefeller Foundation. This collaborative effort resulted in the creation of a public health system that was both original and internationally standardized.</span></p> Vladimir Abramović Sva prava zadržana (c) 2024 Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae 2024-12-03 2024-12-03 43 1 51 64 10.5937/acthist43-52883 Veštačka inteligencija, transhumanizam i biopolitika https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/acthist/article/view/51356 <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: normal;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Ve&scaron;tačka inteligencija, transhumanizam i biopolitika: teorijski okviri u poslednje dve decenije</span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Tematika ve&scaron;tačke inteligencije svoje korene &ldquo;vuče&rdquo; jo&scaron; iz 1920-ih, u kontekstu filozofije, književnosti, filma, nauke i njene popularizacije, a na značaju dobija u vreme Drugog svetskog rata i vezuje se za ličnost čuvenog Alana Tjuringa, njegova razmi&scaron;ljanja o pametnim ma&scaron;inama, s jedne, i začetke upotrebe ve&scaron;tačke inteligencije u ratne svrhe, s druge strane. Odavno je AI predmet istraživanja antropologije i drugih dru&scaron;tvenih nauka, po&scaron;to zalazi u sve sfere dru&scaron;tvenog života i tiče se filozofskih i etičkih pitanja, pitanja struktura političke moći i upravljanja. Razvoj ve&scaron;tačke inteligencije otvorio je prostor za večito razmatranje o gradnji budućnosti čovečanstva te uloge čoveka i ma&scaron;ina u njoj. Pitanje razvoja AI odavno zaokuplja pisce naučne fantastike i filmske stvaraoce, a s rastom popularnosti ovog žanra i sve većim oslanjanjem običnog čoveka na digitalne tehnologije u svakodnevnom životu, i &scaron;ire krugove populacije &scaron;irom sveta. Istraživači iz sfere dru&scaron;tvenih nauka mogu svojim aktivnim angažmanom poku&scaron;ati da interpretiraju ovaj fenomen u nastojanju da daju mno&scaron;tvo mogućih vizija budućnosti čovečanstva, da ukažu na prednosti, mane i opasnosti vezane za pristup modernoj tehnologiji, u čijoj je osnovi sve vi&scaron;e ve&scaron;tačka inteligencija, kako se sa njom živi i kako ona utiče na formiranje novih sistema vrednosti i transformi&scaron;e samog čoveka. Na neki način, AI se može smatrati, pogotovo iz vizure &scaron;ire populacije i pojedinih naučnika, među njima i antropologa, mogućno&scaron;ću da se ostvari utopijski san o objektivnosti rezultata i metoda u &scaron;irem smislu, li&scaron;enih uticaja politike, ideologije i struktura moći. AI može poslužiti kao sredstvo za oslobađanje od kontrole političkih i ekonomskih centara moći. Takođe, prema pojedinim naučnicima, AI može obezbediti privatnost i postepeno dovesti do transformacije postojećih modela političkog i ekonomskog poretka. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">S druge strane, neki autori stavljaju transhumanizam i ideje koje on zastupa pod lupu upravo zbog toga &scaron;to on otvara mogućnost kori&scaron;ćenja AI kao sredstva biopolitike. Za pojedine, AI može postati sredstvo globalne kontrole ili predstavlja realizaciju straha da će se autonomna tehnologija u jednom trenutku obračunati sa čovečanstvom. Takvu bojazan vidimo kao motiv u književnosti i filmskoj umetnosti. Takođe, religiozni ljudi i oni sa ne&scaron;to tradicionalnijim sistemom vrednosti smatraju da razvoj tehnologije i čovekova sve veća vezanost za nju, te neadekvatan odnos prema njoj, vode otuđenju, promeni odnosa među ljudima i uru&scaron;avanju sistema vrednosti, koje su u dužem istorijskom periodu smatrane &bdquo;poželjnim&ldquo; i na kojima se zasniva opstanak ljudskog dru&scaron;tva kakvog poznajemo. Dakle, među ovim ljudima preovladava strah od nepoznatog i strepnja da, ako se dozvoli suvi&scaron;e slobode u procesu stalnog prevazilaženja prethodno postavljenih civilizacijskih i tehnolo&scaron;kih granica, može doći do obesmi&scaron;ljavanja postojanja i uloge čoveka u modernom svetu. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Razvoj AI svakako dovodi do transformacija ljudskog dru&scaron;tva i pojedinca u njemu. One mogu biti brze, nepoželjne, a dru&scaron;tvo ih nekad ne može ispratiti na adekvatan način. S druge strane, one mogu doprineti napretku u sferi nauke, zdravstva, &scaron;kolstva, ekonomskog i infrastrukturnog razvoja, pomoći u re&scaron;avanju populacionih kriza, omogućiti produženje i olak&scaron;anje ljudskog života i sl. S obzirom na mno&scaron;tvo mogućih scenarija kad je reč o pitanju kojim putem razvoj AI može povesti čovečanstvo, samo ostaje da vreme pokaže do kojeg odredi&scaron;ta će nas taj razvoj odvesti.</span></p> Miroslav M. Popović Nina Kulenović Sva prava zadržana (c) 2024 Acta historiae medicinae, stomatologiae, pharmaciae, medicinae veterinariae 2024-12-03 2024-12-03 43 1 65 79 10.5937/acthist43-51356