Designing and Psychometric Properties of Coping Strategies Scale for Family Caregivers of Hemodialysis Patients
Keywords:
Coping strategy, Family caregivers, Hemodialysis, Scale, Validation studies
Abstract
The present study tries to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of” of coping strategies scale for family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. This study consisted of two phases; phase one was a qualitative study to explore hemodialysis patients family caregivers’ experiences of coping strategies (N=14). Then, the items were extracted from the interviews and the literature. Phase two was psychometrics assessment including face validity, content validity, construct validity (N=245) and reliability. In phase one 89 items were extracted and after face and content validity 56 items remained. Construct validity of the scale, based on exploratory factor analysis, removed another 22 items. The remaining 34 items contained nine subscales (active coping, positive thinking, appeal to spirituality, help seeking, altruism, acting out, self-blaming, seeking isolation, and Intentional forgetting). The reliability of the scale with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91 and its stability was obtained through test-retest (ICC= 0.9).Coping strategies scale for family caregivers of hemodialysis patients has an acceptable validity and reliability.
The tool can be used to assess effective and ineffective coping strategies in family caregivers of hemodialysis patients that may be useful for facilitating management and education of efficient coping strategies to family caregivers of hemodialysis patients.
References
References
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2. Shahgholian N, Yousefi H. Supporting hemodialysis patients: A phenomenological study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2015;20(5):626-33. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4103/1735-9066.164514
3. Johnson RJ, Feehally J, Floege J. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
4. Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
5. Black J, Hawks J. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Clinical Management for Positive Outcomes Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. 2009.
6. Otaghi M, Hassani P, Zagharie Tafreshi M, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A. Challenge in Acceptance of Heamodialysis: A Part of a Grounded Theory. J Res Dev Nurs Midw. 2013;10(2):26-34.
7. Ghane G, Farahani MA, Seyedfatemi N, Haghani H. The effect of supportive educative program on the quality of life in family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6:80.
8. Suri RS, Larive B, Garg AX, Hall YN, Pierratos A, Chertow GM, et al. Burden on caregivers as perceived by hemodialysis patients in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(7):2316-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/ndt/gfr007.
9. Khalatbary c, Shohreh G, Sam Khanian e. Essential topics in general psychology. Tehran: SAD publication; 2011.
10. Marques FRB, Botelho MR, Marcon SS, Pupulim JSL. Coping strategies used by family members of individuals receiving hemodialysis. Text Context Nursing. 2014;23(4):915-24. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014002220011
11. Baghcheghi N, Ashktorab T, Seyedfatemi N. Immersing in problems: Challenges of women living with the husband on hemodialysis. NPT. 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v6i4.1941
12. Koohestani H, Baghcheghi N. The prevalence of depression among caregivers of stroke survivors and related factors in Arak. IJE. 2012;8(3):66-72.
13. Ashktorab T, Baghcheghi N, Seyedfatemi N, Baghestani A. Psychometric parameters of the Persian version of the BriefCOPE among wives of patients under hemodialysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017;31:20. doi: 10.18869/mjiri.31.20. eCollection 2017
14. Salehitali S, Ahmadi F, Zarea K, Moghadam MF. The role of heath team in coping process of family caregivers with patients under hemodialysis: A qualitative study. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care 2017;1:6.25. doi: 10.5812/jjcdc.63304.
15. Folkman S, Lazarus RS. Manual for the ways of coping questionnaire: Research edition. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1988.
16. Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;56(2):267. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267
17. Baghcheghi N, Koohestani HR, Karimy M. Design and psychometric properties of willingness to mobile learning scale for medical sciences students: A mixed-methods study. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_153_20
18. Streiner DL, Norman GR, Cairney J. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use: Oxford University Press, USA; 2015.
19. Ayre C, Scally AJ. Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2014;47(1):79-86. doi:10.1177/0748175612440286
20. Kellar SP, Kelvin EA. Munro's statistical methods for health care research: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
21. Munro BH. Statistical methods for health care research: lippincott williams & wilkins; 2013.
22. Salaree MM, Zareiyan A, Ebadi A. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Military Nurses' Job Burnout Factors Questionnaire. Journal Mil Med. 2019;20(6):645-54.
23. T Sari DK, Dewi R, Daulay W. Association Between Family Support, Coping Strategies and Anxiety in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at General Hospital in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019 1;20(10):3015-9. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.3015. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.3015
24. Avcıoğlu MM, Karanci AN, Soygur H. What is related to the well-being of the siblings of patients with schizophrenia: An evaluation within the Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Stress and Coping Model. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2019;65(3):252-61. DOI: 10.1177/0020764019840061
25. Marimbe BD, Cowan F, Kajawu L, Muchirahondo F, Lund C. Perceived burden of care and reported coping strategies and needs for family caregivers of people with mental disorders in Zimbabwe. Afr J Disabil. 2016;5(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v5i1.209
26. Mitchell SA, Black M. Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. New York: Basic Books; 2016.
27. Di Giuseppe M, Ciacchini R, Micheloni T, Bertolucci I, Marchi L, Conversano C. Defense mechanisms in cancer patients: a systematic review. J. Psychosom. Res. 2018;115:76-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.10.016
28. Maciejewski PK, Phelps AC, Kacel EL, Balboni TA, Balboni M, Wright AA, et al. Religious coping and behavioral disengagement: opposing influences on advance care planning and receipt of intensive care near death. Psychooncology. 2012;21(7):714-23. doi: 10.1002/pon.1967. Epub 2011 Mar 29.
29. Kaholokula JKa, Antonio MC, Ing CKT, Hermosura A, Hall KE, Knight R, et al. The effects of perceived racism on psychological distress mediated by venting and disengagement coping in Native Hawaiians. BMC Psychol. 2017;5(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-017-0171-6
30. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2007;23(3):141-9.
31. Pulcu E, Zahn R, Elliott R. The Role of Self-Blaming Moral Emotions in Major Depression and Their Impact on Social-Economical Decision Making. Front. Psychol. 2013;4(310). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00310
32. Perera MJ, Chang EC. Depressive symptoms in South Asian, East Asian, and European Americans: Evidence for ethnic differences in coping with academic versus interpersonal stress? Asian Am. J. Psychol. 2015;6(4):350. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000030
33. Kim E, Kim J. Self-blame and blaming others mediate a belief in a just world and Hwa-Byung: A structural equation model. Int J Adv Counsell. 2017;39(4):333-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-017-9301-3
34. Varghese A, Khakha DC, Chadda RK. Pattern and type of aggressive behavior in patients with severe mental illness as perceived by the caregivers and the coping strategies used by them in a tertiary care hospital. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2016;30(1):62-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2015.10.002
35. Veeh CA, Vaughn MG, Renn T. Coping strategies and traumatic brain injury in incarcerated youth: a mediation analysis. Brain Inj. 2018;32(13-14):1795-802.
36. Gaudreau P. Active coping strategies. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences: Springer, Cham; 2018. p. 1-4. DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1537007
37. Cutillo A, Davies S, Madan-Swain A, Landier W, Arynchyna A, Rocque B. 2405: Coping strategies used by caregivers of newly diagnosed pediatric brain tumor patients. J Clin Transl Res. 2017;1(S1):77-.
38. Lovaas O, Schaeffer B, Simmons I. Reinforcement positive thinking. J Experimental Res Person. 2011;1:99-109. doi: 10.3171/2018.7.PEDS18296
39. Bekhet AK, Garnier-Villarreal M. Effects of Positive Thinking on Dementia Caregivers’ Burden and Care-Recipients’ Behavioral Problems. West. J. Nurs. Res. 2020;42(5):365-72. DOI: 10.1177/0193945919861970
40. Rodriguez CM, Henderson RC. Who spares the rod? Religious orientation, social conformity, and child abuse potential. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(2):84-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.002
41. Asayesh H, Zamanian H, Mirgheisari A. Spiritual Well-being and religious coping strategies among hemodialysis patients. IJPN. 2013;1(1):48-54
42. Babamohamadi H, Negarandeh R, Dehghan-Nayeri N. Coping strategies used by people with spinal cord injury: a qualitative study. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(7):832. DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.10
43. Maisel NC, Gable SL. The paradox of received social support: The importance of responsiveness. Psychol. Sci. 2009;20(8):928-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02388.x
44. Bolger N, Amarel D. Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2007;92(3):458. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.458
45. Adeagbo O. Social Support, Coping Strategies and Conflict Management. The Dynamics and Complexities of Interracial Gay Families in South Africa: A New Frontier: Springer; 2019. p. 53-70. OI
10.1007/978-3-030-03922-6
46. Han A, Kim J, Kim J. Coping Strategies, Social Support, Leisure Activities, and Physical Disabilities. Am. J. Health Behav. 2019;43(5):937-49. DOI: 10.5993/AJHB.43.5.6
47. Gonzales FA, Hurtado‐de‐Mendoza A, Santoyo‐Olsson J, Nápoles AM. Do coping strategies mediate the effects of emotional support on emotional well‐being among Spanish‐speaking Latina breast cancer survivors? Psychooncology. 2016;25(11):1286-92. oi: 10.1002/pon.3953. Epub 2015 Sep 9.
48. Ong HC, Ibrahim N, Wahab S. Psychological distress, perceived stigma, and coping among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2016;9:211. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S112129. eCollection 2016.
49. Nipp R, El-Jawahri A, Fishbein J, Gallagher E, Stagl J, Park E, et al. Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in family caregivers of patients with incurable cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2016;27(8):1607-12. OI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw205
50. Sari DK, Dewi R, Daulay W. Association Between Family Support, Coping Strategies and Anxiety in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at General Hospital in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019;20(10):3015-9. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.3015
51. Klemz BR, Boshoff C, Mazibuko N-E, Asquith JA. The Effect of Altruism on the Spending Behavior of Elderly Caregivers of Family Members With HIV/AIDS in South African Townships. Health Mark Q. 2015;32(1):81-95. DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2015.1000747
52. Batson, C. D., and Powell, A. A. (2003). “Altruism and prosocial behavior,” in Handbook Of Psychology, eds T. Millon and M. J. Lerner (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley), 463–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0519
53. Williams LA, Graff JC, Wicks MN, Cowan PA, White-Means S, Tolley EA. Male Caregivers of Persons with End Stage Renal Disease: A Qualitative Study. Nephrol Nurs J. 2017;44(3):234.
54. Kemppainen V, Tossavainen K, Turunen H. Nurses' roles in health promotion practice: an integrative review. Health Promot Int. 2013;28(4):490-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das034
55. Koohestani H, Baghcheghi N, Rezaei K, Abedi A, Seraji A, Zand S. Occupational violence in nursing students in Arak, Iran. IJE. 2011;7(2):44-50.
56. Baghcheghi N, Koohestani H, Abedi A. Prevalence needlestick/sharps injuries among nursing student and related factor. Iran Occup. Health. 2011;7(4):6-0.
57.Treanor CJ, Santin O, Prue G, Coleman H, Cardwell CR, O'Halloran P, Donnelly M. Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019(6). 1-124 doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009912.pub2
1. Ye J-J, Zhou T-B, Zhang Y-F, Wang Q, Su Y-Y, Tang J-M, et al. Levels of vitamin D receptor and CYP24A1 in patients with end-stage renal disease. Afr Health Sci. 2016;16(2):462-7. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v16i2.14
2. Shahgholian N, Yousefi H. Supporting hemodialysis patients: A phenomenological study. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2015;20(5):626-33. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.4103/1735-9066.164514
3. Johnson RJ, Feehally J, Floege J. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology Amsterdam: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014.
4. Hinkle JL, Cheever KH. Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical nursing: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
5. Black J, Hawks J. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Clinical Management for Positive Outcomes Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO. 2009.
6. Otaghi M, Hassani P, Zagharie Tafreshi M, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A. Challenge in Acceptance of Heamodialysis: A Part of a Grounded Theory. J Res Dev Nurs Midw. 2013;10(2):26-34.
7. Ghane G, Farahani MA, Seyedfatemi N, Haghani H. The effect of supportive educative program on the quality of life in family caregivers of hemodialysis patients. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6:80.
8. Suri RS, Larive B, Garg AX, Hall YN, Pierratos A, Chertow GM, et al. Burden on caregivers as perceived by hemodialysis patients in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network (FHN) trials. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(7):2316-22. doi: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1093/ndt/gfr007.
9. Khalatbary c, Shohreh G, Sam Khanian e. Essential topics in general psychology. Tehran: SAD publication; 2011.
10. Marques FRB, Botelho MR, Marcon SS, Pupulim JSL. Coping strategies used by family members of individuals receiving hemodialysis. Text Context Nursing. 2014;23(4):915-24. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-07072014002220011
11. Baghcheghi N, Ashktorab T, Seyedfatemi N. Immersing in problems: Challenges of women living with the husband on hemodialysis. NPT. 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.18502/npt.v6i4.1941
12. Koohestani H, Baghcheghi N. The prevalence of depression among caregivers of stroke survivors and related factors in Arak. IJE. 2012;8(3):66-72.
13. Ashktorab T, Baghcheghi N, Seyedfatemi N, Baghestani A. Psychometric parameters of the Persian version of the BriefCOPE among wives of patients under hemodialysis. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2017;31:20. doi: 10.18869/mjiri.31.20. eCollection 2017
14. Salehitali S, Ahmadi F, Zarea K, Moghadam MF. The role of heath team in coping process of family caregivers with patients under hemodialysis: A qualitative study. Jundishapur J Chronic Dis Care 2017;1:6.25. doi: 10.5812/jjcdc.63304.
15. Folkman S, Lazarus RS. Manual for the ways of coping questionnaire: Research edition. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1988.
16. Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;56(2):267. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.56.2.267
17. Baghcheghi N, Koohestani HR, Karimy M. Design and psychometric properties of willingness to mobile learning scale for medical sciences students: A mixed-methods study. J Educ Health Promot. 2020;9. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_153_20
18. Streiner DL, Norman GR, Cairney J. Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use: Oxford University Press, USA; 2015.
19. Ayre C, Scally AJ. Critical values for Lawshe’s content validity ratio: revisiting the original methods of calculation. Meas Eval Couns Dev. 2014;47(1):79-86. doi:10.1177/0748175612440286
20. Kellar SP, Kelvin EA. Munro's statistical methods for health care research: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
21. Munro BH. Statistical methods for health care research: lippincott williams & wilkins; 2013.
22. Salaree MM, Zareiyan A, Ebadi A. Development and Psychometric Properties of the Military Nurses' Job Burnout Factors Questionnaire. Journal Mil Med. 2019;20(6):645-54.
23. T Sari DK, Dewi R, Daulay W. Association Between Family Support, Coping Strategies and Anxiety in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at General Hospital in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019 1;20(10):3015-9. doi: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.3015. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.3015
24. Avcıoğlu MM, Karanci AN, Soygur H. What is related to the well-being of the siblings of patients with schizophrenia: An evaluation within the Lazarus and Folkman’s Transactional Stress and Coping Model. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2019;65(3):252-61. DOI: 10.1177/0020764019840061
25. Marimbe BD, Cowan F, Kajawu L, Muchirahondo F, Lund C. Perceived burden of care and reported coping strategies and needs for family caregivers of people with mental disorders in Zimbabwe. Afr J Disabil. 2016;5(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v5i1.209
26. Mitchell SA, Black M. Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. New York: Basic Books; 2016.
27. Di Giuseppe M, Ciacchini R, Micheloni T, Bertolucci I, Marchi L, Conversano C. Defense mechanisms in cancer patients: a systematic review. J. Psychosom. Res. 2018;115:76-86. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.10.016
28. Maciejewski PK, Phelps AC, Kacel EL, Balboni TA, Balboni M, Wright AA, et al. Religious coping and behavioral disengagement: opposing influences on advance care planning and receipt of intensive care near death. Psychooncology. 2012;21(7):714-23. doi: 10.1002/pon.1967. Epub 2011 Mar 29.
29. Kaholokula JKa, Antonio MC, Ing CKT, Hermosura A, Hall KE, Knight R, et al. The effects of perceived racism on psychological distress mediated by venting and disengagement coping in Native Hawaiians. BMC Psychol. 2017;5(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-017-0171-6
30. Garnefski N, Kraaij V. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2007;23(3):141-9.
31. Pulcu E, Zahn R, Elliott R. The Role of Self-Blaming Moral Emotions in Major Depression and Their Impact on Social-Economical Decision Making. Front. Psychol. 2013;4(310). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00310
32. Perera MJ, Chang EC. Depressive symptoms in South Asian, East Asian, and European Americans: Evidence for ethnic differences in coping with academic versus interpersonal stress? Asian Am. J. Psychol. 2015;6(4):350. https://doi.org/10.1037/aap0000030
33. Kim E, Kim J. Self-blame and blaming others mediate a belief in a just world and Hwa-Byung: A structural equation model. Int J Adv Counsell. 2017;39(4):333-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-017-9301-3
34. Varghese A, Khakha DC, Chadda RK. Pattern and type of aggressive behavior in patients with severe mental illness as perceived by the caregivers and the coping strategies used by them in a tertiary care hospital. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2016;30(1):62-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2015.10.002
35. Veeh CA, Vaughn MG, Renn T. Coping strategies and traumatic brain injury in incarcerated youth: a mediation analysis. Brain Inj. 2018;32(13-14):1795-802.
36. Gaudreau P. Active coping strategies. Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences: Springer, Cham; 2018. p. 1-4. DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1537007
37. Cutillo A, Davies S, Madan-Swain A, Landier W, Arynchyna A, Rocque B. 2405: Coping strategies used by caregivers of newly diagnosed pediatric brain tumor patients. J Clin Transl Res. 2017;1(S1):77-.
38. Lovaas O, Schaeffer B, Simmons I. Reinforcement positive thinking. J Experimental Res Person. 2011;1:99-109. doi: 10.3171/2018.7.PEDS18296
39. Bekhet AK, Garnier-Villarreal M. Effects of Positive Thinking on Dementia Caregivers’ Burden and Care-Recipients’ Behavioral Problems. West. J. Nurs. Res. 2020;42(5):365-72. DOI: 10.1177/0193945919861970
40. Rodriguez CM, Henderson RC. Who spares the rod? Religious orientation, social conformity, and child abuse potential. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(2):84-94. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.002
41. Asayesh H, Zamanian H, Mirgheisari A. Spiritual Well-being and religious coping strategies among hemodialysis patients. IJPN. 2013;1(1):48-54
42. Babamohamadi H, Negarandeh R, Dehghan-Nayeri N. Coping strategies used by people with spinal cord injury: a qualitative study. Spinal Cord. 2011;49(7):832. DOI: 10.1038/sc.2011.10
43. Maisel NC, Gable SL. The paradox of received social support: The importance of responsiveness. Psychol. Sci. 2009;20(8):928-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02388.x
44. Bolger N, Amarel D. Effects of social support visibility on adjustment to stress: Experimental evidence. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 2007;92(3):458. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.458
45. Adeagbo O. Social Support, Coping Strategies and Conflict Management. The Dynamics and Complexities of Interracial Gay Families in South Africa: A New Frontier: Springer; 2019. p. 53-70. OI
10.1007/978-3-030-03922-6
46. Han A, Kim J, Kim J. Coping Strategies, Social Support, Leisure Activities, and Physical Disabilities. Am. J. Health Behav. 2019;43(5):937-49. DOI: 10.5993/AJHB.43.5.6
47. Gonzales FA, Hurtado‐de‐Mendoza A, Santoyo‐Olsson J, Nápoles AM. Do coping strategies mediate the effects of emotional support on emotional well‐being among Spanish‐speaking Latina breast cancer survivors? Psychooncology. 2016;25(11):1286-92. oi: 10.1002/pon.3953. Epub 2015 Sep 9.
48. Ong HC, Ibrahim N, Wahab S. Psychological distress, perceived stigma, and coping among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2016;9:211. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S112129. eCollection 2016.
49. Nipp R, El-Jawahri A, Fishbein J, Gallagher E, Stagl J, Park E, et al. Factors associated with depression and anxiety symptoms in family caregivers of patients with incurable cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2016;27(8):1607-12. OI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw205
50. Sari DK, Dewi R, Daulay W. Association Between Family Support, Coping Strategies and Anxiety in Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at General Hospital in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019;20(10):3015-9. DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.10.3015
51. Klemz BR, Boshoff C, Mazibuko N-E, Asquith JA. The Effect of Altruism on the Spending Behavior of Elderly Caregivers of Family Members With HIV/AIDS in South African Townships. Health Mark Q. 2015;32(1):81-95. DOI: 10.1080/07359683.2015.1000747
52. Batson, C. D., and Powell, A. A. (2003). “Altruism and prosocial behavior,” in Handbook Of Psychology, eds T. Millon and M. J. Lerner (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley), 463–484. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471264385.wei0519
53. Williams LA, Graff JC, Wicks MN, Cowan PA, White-Means S, Tolley EA. Male Caregivers of Persons with End Stage Renal Disease: A Qualitative Study. Nephrol Nurs J. 2017;44(3):234.
54. Kemppainen V, Tossavainen K, Turunen H. Nurses' roles in health promotion practice: an integrative review. Health Promot Int. 2013;28(4):490-501. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das034
55. Koohestani H, Baghcheghi N, Rezaei K, Abedi A, Seraji A, Zand S. Occupational violence in nursing students in Arak, Iran. IJE. 2011;7(2):44-50.
56. Baghcheghi N, Koohestani H, Abedi A. Prevalence needlestick/sharps injuries among nursing student and related factor. Iran Occup. Health. 2011;7(4):6-0.
57.Treanor CJ, Santin O, Prue G, Coleman H, Cardwell CR, O'Halloran P, Donnelly M. Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019(6). 1-124 doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009912.pub2
Published
2025/12/22
Section
Originalni rad / Original article