Heritage

THE PROCESS OF INCREASING THE EU DEPENDENCE ON THE SECURITY GUARANTEES OF NATO (1999-2004)

Дамјан С. ЋУПРИЋ — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 12:27:18 +0100

The article aims to demonstrate that, with the adoption of the Maastricht Treaty, the EU expressed a clear intention and aspiration to build its geopolitical ambition. This ambition positioned the EU to develop a security and defense policy and make it operationally capable. The article traces the evolution of the CSDP EU, following its development toward operational capability, up to the accession of CЕЕ countries to the EU. In this way, the EU managed to threaten the dominance of NATO's security guarantees, which until then were exclusive and unquestionable.

The practical establishment of the CSDP culminated in April 2003 at the summit of France, Germany, Belgium, and Luxembourg, where the creation of an EU military planning headquarters for European autonomous action was agreed upon. The argument of the founding states of the EU is emphasized: that first it is necessary to have a stronger and more unified Europe in defense within NATO, as a prerequisite for greater military and economic participation of Europe in NATO. The article highlights a paradox: by achieving operational capability of the CSDP, the EU, in practice, increased rather than reduced its reliance on NATO's security guarantees, which was initially one of its primary objectives.

It can be concluded that the 1999 NATO bombing of the FRY shows that strategic decisions are more influenced by events than by „theoretical commitments.“ NATO's expansion towards CEE countries exposed divisions within the EU. While the EU contributes economically to these states, the same cannot be said for security, leading to long-lasting stagnation in EU integration in the area of security and defense, a situation which is still ongoing.

THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL TRADITIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FAMILY RIGHTS IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA

Марина Мијатовић, Наташа Сарафова — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Summary

This paper explores the influence of cultural traditions on the implementation of family rights in Kosovo and Metohija, with a special focus on the relationship between customary law and contemporary legislation. In the context of a multiethnic and post-conflict society, cultural norms play a significant role in shaping family relations, often influencing their legal regulation. This research points to the frequent conflict between cultural traditions and applicable legislation, particularly in the areas of marriage, divorce, guardianship and inheritance. The research is based on an analysis of customary law, which seeks to determine how cultural traditions shape legal reality and what challenges arise in harmonizing traditional values with contemporary legislation.

The aim of this paper is to examine how cultural traditions influence the realization of family rights in this region, with a focus on the challenges that arise in the application of the law in a multicultural and post-conflict context. The analysis is based on a multidisciplinary approach that includes empirical analysis, comparative law method, and theoretical insights from the fields of sociology and law.

The results indicate the significant role of cultural traditions in shaping family relations, but also the need to improve legal awareness and harmonise customs and laws. The conclusion highlights recommendations for strengthening the legal protection of family rights through education, reforms and expanding dialogue between traditional communities and legal institutions.

BUGARIĆE (SRBOVAC) ACCORDING TO THE 1851 CENSUS

Милош МИЛЕТИЋ — Tue, 04 Feb 2025 14:34:59 +0100

The village Bugariće, Srbоvac since 1913, is mentioned for the first time in sources in the Svetostefanska Hrisovulja of the monastery of Banjska, from Serbian King Milutin, and its development can be traced through a historical source. The village is recorded by Turkish censuses during the entire period of rule, as well as by various travel writers. In recent years, the first modern census of the male population, conducted by the Ottoman administration throughout its territory, has become available to the professional public. The area in which the village Bugariće is located, as well as the entire nahija Mitrovica in the Novi Pazar kadiluk, was listed in 1850/51. year. Thus, we obtained very important data for this turbulent period in the area of Kosovska Mitrovica and its surroundings.

SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MOMČILO MILANKOV

Гордана J. СТАНЧИЋ — Sat, 08 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The work presents a selective bibliography of Momčilo Milankov, created on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his birth. In creating the bibliography the mutual catalog COBISS.SR and the mutual catalog COBISS.RS, both monographic and serial publications, were used. The bibliography covers the period from 1956 to 2016 and contains 73 bibliographic units.

Bibliographic units are processed according to the International standard for the description of monographic publications ISBD(M) and the International standard for the description of constituent parts of publications ISBD(CR). The units are sorted according to the title in alphabetical order and within that chronologically.

SFRY CRISIS IN 1982 – ТHE FRENCH VIEW

Jelena Todorović Lazić, Aleksandra Kolaković — Sat, 08 Feb 2025 13:33:52 +0100

Based on the archival materials of the Diplomatic Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of France in Paris, this scientific paper presents the attitudes of France towards the political and economic crisis that the SFRY was going through in 1981-1982. For the analysis of the information available to the French diplomacy about the SFRY in this period, the comprehensive note prepared by the French working group made up of representatives of several French ministries and services (defense, foreign affairs, economy, security) is particularly significant, which, among other things, gives us several scenarios how the crisis in SFRY can develop.The formation of the working group is evidence of increased French interest in the SFRY immediately after the death of Josip Broz Tito, in a period when the first cracks in unity were already visible. Based on the abundance of information, the French build a complete picture of the causes and consequences of the relationship between Serbs, Croats and Albanians, while observing the main lines of development of nationalism in all the republics and among all the nations that make up the SFRY. In addition to political and economic factors, as causes and factors that will deepen the crisis, the growth of nationalism, the role of the church and cultural differences are clearly apostrophized as important. What is even more significant for Franco-Yugoslav relations is the noticeable French commitment to analyzing the state of these relations, both economic, military, political, diplomatic, but it is certainly significant that the possibilities for deepening these relations are also pointed out.

EMOTIONAL STRUCTURING OF THE KOSOVO LEGEND IN LJUBOMIR SIMOVIĆ'S DRAMA THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO

Маша Петровић — Sun, 09 Feb 2025 14:51:02 +0100

The article analyzed the role of emotions—fear, love, and sorrow—in the second version of Ljubomir Simović's play The Battle of Kosovo using a literary-emotionological approach. As the Kosovo legend, with its tragic and eschatological potential, became central to Serbian historical drama, particularly in the 20th century, the work explored Simović’s integration of collective heritage with his artistic vision. The methodological framework incorporated affective narratology, psychology, and emotionology to examine the dramatic narrative structure and to enable an affective reading of the text. The first section focused on fear as a central emotion, exploring its role in character development and innovations compared to the traditional Kosovo legend. Simović emphasizes fear to reflect human nature. Characters like the washerwoman Pralja and healer Bogoje express fear of loss, while Prince Lazar and Princess Milica convey concerns for Serbia's future and their families.Simović also highlights fear among the Turks, particularly over betrayal by Serbian vassals. Fear emerges as both a motivator of heroism and a source of moral weakness. The second section examined love’s stylization. Although overshadowed by hatred and discord, love appears in distorted forms such as ambition and greed. Simović contrasts this with the noble love of Kosovo heroes, evident in lyrical songs blending patriotism and Christian sacrifice. The final section analyzed sorrow, prevalent in Serbian oral tradition and medieval literature. Simović dramatizes this emotion through warriors' farewells and a soldier’s lament, capturing grief and the trauma of survivors. This modernizes the Kosovo narrative, emphasizing the universal human cost of war and the heroism of sacrifice.

PROSECUTING CRIMES OR ATTEMPTING COLLABORATION: THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE COMMUNIST REGIME IN YUGOSLAVIA WITH ROMAN CATHOLIC BISHOPS IN CROATIA 1945–1951

Игор Ђ. ВУКАДИНОВИЋ — Sun, 09 Feb 2025 15:25:45 +0100

The research aims to explore the nature of the relationship between the Communist regime and the Roman Catholic Church in Croatia after World War II. From 1945 to 1951, the Communist leadership sought to establish favourable relations with Roman Catholic bishops despite their clergy’s involvement in Ustasha crimes. The Communists offered amnesty to the Church and its bishops, granting them more favourable treatment compared to other religious communities in Yugoslavia. In exchange, the regime expected loyalty and minimal criticism from the bishops. The regime inconsistently prosecuted war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the fascist occupation. While continuing to commit crimes against innocent people, the regime used courts and prosecutors to reinforce its dictatorship. Offenses were handled differently depending on the individual's stance. Bishops who showed loyalty to Tito’s regime, such as Bishop Akšamović, were rewarded, whereas Archbishop Stepinac was sentenced for his criticism of the regime, despite being formally charged with supporting fascist authorities during the war.

ПСИХОЛОШКИ ЕФЕКТИ МЕДИЈСКОГ ИЗВЕШТАВАЊА ТОКОМ КРИЗА (КОВИД19)

Анита С. ПЕШИЋ, Милан Ђ. МИЉКОВИЋ — Sun, 09 Feb 2025 18:40:08 +0100

During social crises, people have an increased need to be informed about events in the social environment, which directs them to the media, much more than to primary groups. Such a social context gives the media a great possibility of manipulation aimed at the affective and cognitive dimensions of personality. The significant role of the media has been confirmed in the new generation of conflicts, such as information and biological wars. Expert analyzes of media coverage in developed countries during the COVID-19 pandemic showed that the authorities in Europe and the USA were in some ways the biggest producers of disturbing news that caused fear and anxiety among citizens with the possible goals of nation-states to achieve the desired shock through media coverage. - effect on the population due to accelerated immunization of citizens. Researches in the country and the region indicated that: a higher level of information leads to a higher level of anxiety, that the media is a source of frustration and that moderation in their use is necessary. Crisis communication has shown its shortcomings, which can lead to psychological and economic consequences. In crisis situations, a person experiences changes in the value system, moral reasoning, attitudes towards God and religion, attitude towards death, development of circadian rhythms and changes in smoking and alcohol consumption habits. Propaganda, rumours, misinformation as means of informational and psychological action, which are known in the military framework, during crisis situations have spread to the civilian world, which is just getting to know their devastating effects on people and groups. All of the above points to the necessity of improving the concept of psychological defense at the social and personal level by improving defense strategies and educating the population.

HISTORICAL-DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS FOR TRNAVA MUNICIPALITY FROM 1839 TO 1945

Јово М. МЕДОЈЕВИЋ, Предраг С. ПРЕМОВИЋ — Sun, 09 Feb 2025 18:55:38 +0100

Stara Raška was the medieval capital of Serbia and an area that became an important center of Serbian Nemanjić rulers, Serbian culture and spirituality. On the eastern slopes of the Golija mountain, at a distance of 9 km from the town of Raška, there is the village of Trnava. In the period from 1839 to 1945, this rural settlement went through significant political and historical-demographic imbalances. Frequent changes in state structures: the Principality of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdoms of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, then the Kingdom of Yugoslavia influenced the formation of a specific administration and judiciary, the center of which was the village of Trnava. The municipal area consisted of six villages: Boroviće, Milatoviće, Nosoljin, Plešin, Sebimilje and Trnava. The Balkan wars, the First World War and the Second World War caused complex historical-demographic changes. With the creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918), the municipality of Trnava became an area burdened by the consequences of the war, which were felt in the living conditions of the population. In the period between the Balkan Wars and the First World War, the total number of inhabitants was reduced by 15.93%. In addition to wars, the high mortality of the population was also affected by epidemics of infectious diseases. The goal of the historical-demographic studies of the municipality of Trnava is to study and analyze the administrative and territorial changes and the dynamics of the population development of the municipality of Trnava based on previous research and collected archival material. The research was carried out using the historical-demographic and demographic-statistical method using previous research and based on archival sources from the Historical Archive in Kraljevo, which have not been published so far. The importance of historical-demographic research of the municipality of Trnava in the time frame of 106 years (1839-1945) tends to contribute to new knowledge about the Raška region and rural settlements: Boroviće, Milatoviće, Nosoljin, Plešin, Sebimilje and Trnava. The resulting research will help in understanding and explaining the complex administrative-territorial and demographic changes in the central part of the Raška region from 1839 to 1945. This type of research should improve existing knowledge and develop new concepts research in the function of contributing to the growth and development of science in the field of historical-demographic research.

ON THE STRENGTH OF THE FRAGILE: CHARACTERS OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN THE NOVELS HEIDI BY J. SPYRI AND ABOUT THE BUTTON AND HAPPINESS BY J. PETROVIĆ

Невена И. ЛУКИНИЋ ЈАЊУШ, Наташа Б. СТАНКОВИЋ ШОШО — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 14:13:24 +0100

The subject of research in this paper are characters of children with disabilities, in selected works included in the school and home reading covered by the teaching and learning syllabi of the Serbian language and literature for elementary school. At the teaching interpretation level, the analysis focuses on the novels Heidi by Johanna Spyri and About the Button and Happiness by Jasminka Petrović. The paper discusses the degree of understanding of the analyzed works among students of different ages, as well as possible ways of their interpretation in contemporary teaching. It highlights significant forms of work prompted by the texts, which further affirm various interpretative, research and creative approaches in teaching. Particular attention is given to exploring literary depictions of disability from the perspective of various theoretical modalities (medical and social approaches), the loneliness of characters with disabilities, their fragility, and fears arising from the social and cultural context of inclusion in the community. The work as a whole delves into the educational domain of teaching literature and points to the importance of fostering empathy in students and raising their awareness of the necessity of providing support and assistance to persons with disabilities.

THE POLITICAL IDENTITY OF SERBIA IN THE DISCOURSE OF MILITARY NEUTRALITY IN EUROPE

Гордана Ж. МИШЕВ, Немања Р. СТЕВАНОВИЋ — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 15:13:01 +0100

The dynamics of the development of contemporary geopolitical relations with the tendency to intensify the conflict between global power centers is additionally complicated by the growth and development of the foreign policy ambitions of regional powers, which strive to create a new global order. In this context, they did not reach a global consensus on maintaining world peace and security. States with significantly less political, economic and military power, i.e. weak states or peripheral states, in order to ensure their survival, must rely on their own forces or adhere to current military alliances. At a time when the number of armed conflicts is growing and affecting all parts of the world, including Europe, the question arises whether military neutrality is the safest way to defend vital national interests and the best concept for building a political identity. The paper analyzes the contemporary practices of building the identity policy of European states through strategic patterns of establishing military neutrality, as well as the specific position of Serbia in the NATO environment. Military neutral states do not only declaratively advocate for universal values such as peace, freedom, equality, democracy, rule of law, but with their active policy they protect and promote the values defined by international law. Identity policy is not only a proclaimed principle, but a set of values that the state defends and represents in international relations through its security culture, thus becoming recognized in international relations. The conclusion is that in its foreign policy, Serbia must find effective mechanisms for implementing the concept of military neutrality through the affirmation of identity politics and strategic security culture.

HERITAGE AND FUTURE: CULTURAL AND NATIONAL IDENTITY MANAGEMENT IN THE LIGHT OF EDUCATIONAL PRACTICES

Jasmina M. ARSENIJEVIĆ, Nenad N. PERIĆ — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 15:36:00 +0100

This comprehensive review outlines the central role of formal education in cultural and national identity management and emphasizes the interdependence and synergy between culture and education. The study affirms the benefits of integrating cultural and national identity themes into the curriculum that promote critical thinking, tolerance and inclusivity. Through the study of history, language, the arts, collaboration with cultural institutions, organisation of cultural events or paying a visit to cultural sites, education can contribute to the understanding and preservation of cultural and national heritage. The report offers illuminating insights into real-life examples from around the world. It also highlights the need for a balanced and nuanced approach that addresses the challenges of globalization, diverse ethnic structures, and the coexistence of national and global citizenship education. Ultimately, the study argues that education is a powerful tool for the preservation of cultural and national heritage, both to preserve cultural heritage and to promote unity, social awareness and global respect.

COMMUNICATIVE ASPECTS OF TERRORISM AND RADICALIZATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE OF GLOBAL MEDIA

Бранко Марковић — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 20:24:31 +0100

Terrorist act as a result of complex forms of action of individuals and groups cannot be fully accomplished in the modern world without generating its publicity. That is why terrrorist activities are thoughtfully adapted to modern means of mass media in order to realize political violence strategies and promote radical ideologies. To this effect, a terrorist act has its own real and media-symbolic dimension. The real dimension of terrorist act is defined by immediate terrorist activities, while the media dimension of the terrorist act (mediated by mass media) is ambiguous symbolic message that finds its meaning only in the terrorist narrative. Radicalization as a process is inseparably connected to spreading and promoting these ideas. On the other hand, the media focused on violence and sensationalism, under pressure to be the first in reporting, voluntarily and involuntarily encourage terrorism and counterterrorist activities. However, the symbiosis between mass media and terrorism has a positive dimension realized through expanding the narrative against terrorism in the process of preventing radicalization.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BETWEEN STRATEGIC CULTURE AND GLOBALIZATION

Александар Павић, Хатиџа Бериша — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 20:47:01 +0100

The paper explores the complex interactions between strategic culture, globalization and the development of artificial intelligence and their role in national security. One of the key aspects that stands out is the need for adaptability in response to these new challenges. Globalization and artificial intelligence are changing the landscape of national security, affecting the way states consider and respond to various threats. There is a need for flexibility and adaptability both at the strategic level and in the context of political action in order to adequately respond to contemporary challenges in the field of security. Advances in artificial intelligence require states to quickly react and adapt to new opportunities, but also challenges. This includes the development of standards and legal regulations that will ensure the ethical, legal and safe application of artificial intelligence in the context of national security.

Additionally, adaptability is essential in developing strategies to counter new security threats arising from globalization. The process of globalization may bring new challenges, such as transnational terrorism and cyber threats, which require a coordinated response and cooperation at the international level. An appropriate national security strategy must be able to rapidly adapt to these new challenges and incorporate new technologies and approaches, including artificial intelligence. Also, adaptability is important in the context of developing a strategy for the adoption of artificial intelligence in the domain of national security. This includes the training and education of professionals, the development of new skills and capacities, as well as the constant updating and refinement of safety management strategies and techniques. Only through an adaptable and flexible approach is it possible to successfully face the new and complex challenges brought by globalization and the development of artificial intelligence.

Depolitization of the military as a condition for its civilian democratic control

Srđan Starčević, Bojana Ružičić — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 20:51:44 +0100

The paper presents a critical analysis of both the demands and the possibilities for depoliticization of the military. The authors deal with fundamental issues and the theoretical model of civil-military relations and depoliticization of the military, with the aim of pointing out the dynamism of civil-military relations and proving that depoliticization of the army (to the extent possible) is a social process, not a state that is not changeable since it has been reached once. Accepting such an approach to depoliticization of the military could be useful in redesigning national institutions.

The starting points in the research were the classic Huntington's concept of (objective) democratic civilian control of the military and the findings of his renowned critics, above all Janowitz and Finer. Huntington's concept of military neutrality in politics implies a very strict separation of the civilian and military spheres: military officers must not interfere in politics, and politicians must respect the autonomy of the military profession. But politicians who embraced military reforms on the postulates of Huntington’s concept of objective democratic civilian control of the military had to face a key question: is a rigid separation of the military and politics possible? However, the problem of insatiable political interference in military matters emerged. In the long-term, the depoliticization of the military has proved to be a attention-seeking process focused on the relationship between political power and the autonomy of the military profession.

PRIVATE SECURITY OFFICERS AS OFFICIALS IN CRIMINAL LAW OF SERBIA

Бранко Лештанин, Жељко Никач — Fri, 28 Feb 2025 12:20:23 +0100

Demands to expand the concept of an official in Serbian criminal law emerged at the end of the 19th century due to the increasing threat to certain categories of persons such as journalists, doctors, school teachers, etc. The legislator accepted certain arguments and, with the 2009 amendments, introduced the concept of ‘work of public importance’ and protected persons performing such work. The reason for writing this paper is the 2022 Supreme (Cassation) Court decision, which expanded the concept of an official to include private security officers. The aim of this research is to examine whether there is a basis for this in the regulations that are part of the Serbian legal system. The authors use dogmatic, normative, historical and comparative law methods to analyze the available literature, legal regulations and case law. Within these methods, it was concluded that private security officers cannot be officials in the criminal legislation of Serbia.

THE SITUATION ON THE BORDER OF THE KRUŠEVAC DISTRICT FROM 1839 TO 1843

Мирослав Пешић, Бојан Панић — Sun, 02 Mar 2025 19:24:57 +0100

The paper presents the situation on the border of the Kruševac district in the period after the abdication of Prince Miloš until the establishment of the era of constitutional defenders and the time of Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević. The Kruševac district was on the border and this led to constant incursions by Turks and Arbanas, which were reflected in illegal crossings, unauthorized trade, non-compliance with quarantine rules, cattle theft, which was at its peak in this period, but continued during the entire rule of the defenders of the constitution. Jošanički and Koznički srez were especially threatened, but the situation was no better in Bugar Moravski and Kruševac srez. The Serbian authorities reacted, informed the representatives of the official Ottoman authorities, but also tried in all other ways to preserve their territory, and thus their autonomy.

WHO ARE THE INTELLECTUALS: A MODERNIST AND POSTMODERNIST DISCURSIVE PERSPECTIVE

Ђорђе Стојановић — Sun, 02 Mar 2025 21:17:57 +0100

Defining the position and importance of intellectuals in contemporary societies is one of the most important issues concerning its functioning. Accordingly, the paper deals, on the one hand, with the characteristics and social roles of intellectuals in modernist and postmodernist times and contexts. On the other hand, intellectuals are analyzed as an autonomous class, class dependent or non-class phenomenon. The discussion begins with a distinction between Western and Eastern concepts of intelligentsia, and defining the concept of paresis as essential for understanding the discourses/metanarratives of intellectuals. Postamental attributes of modernist and postmodernist intellectuals are necessarily connected with the general characteristics of the projects of modernity and postmodernity and with the original social, narrative, discursive, crisis and cultural characteristics of the time, i.e. the context, in which their engagement takes place, develops, and maintains. The paper ends by identifying essential premises for the analysis of Serbian intellectuals.

THE CITY AS A STAGE OF THE DEMONIC IN BULATOVIĆ’S NOVEL PEOPLE WITH FOUR FINGERS

Јелена Огњеновић — Sun, 02 Mar 2025 22:16:44 +0100

In the paper, using the example of Bulatović’s award-winning novel People with Four Fingers, the relationship of the contemporary author to the phenomenon of the city is critically examined. First, Voltaire's Enlightenment theses about the significance of the city as the epicenter of reason and ethical purity are established, only to be completely abandoned and deconstructed in the literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. Bulatović's implicit portrayal of the city is particularly examined – the image of German cities is formed through key and darkest spaces in urban environments (train stations, trains, garbage dumps, brothels, taverns). The carnivalistic underpinnings on which the narrative is built are also explored, as well as the hidden mythological and traditional elements from which it is constructed. Analyzing key novelistic toponyms (the city of Cirndorf, the train station, Drakulina Plateau, and the Gross-Lipen garbage dump), the conclusion is drawn that in Bulatović’s novel, the city represents a stage ruled by a demonic world – not so different from the dehumanized and animalized bourgeois (especially immigrant) world.

THE STRUGGLE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS IN THE TERRITORY OF MORAVA BANOVINA

Dalibor Velojić — Tue, 11 Mar 2025 10:20:40 +0100

This paper presents the efforts of the Banovina and local authorities in suppressing tuberculosis, as the most common infectious disease in the territory of the Morava Banovina. Considering that this disease was the result of mainly bad lifestyle habits and unhygiene, the way of life and diet of the population were also addressed. The paper was created on the basis of archival materials, as well as published statistical data of civilian and military provenance.

SPECIFICITIES OF NON-INTELLIGENCE WORK OF MODERN SECURITY SERVICES

Дејан Лабовић, Синиша Достић, Дражан Еркић — Tue, 11 Mar 2025 15:39:52 +0100

The security services, from their inception to the present day have played a very important, if not decisive, role in all major events that have taken place in states since their inception. Тhis role has varied exclusively from the intentions of the bearers of political systems and the nature of their activities. What unites all security services in the world are the objects of their security-related interest, which, depending on the time in which they take place, represent responses to current risks and threats directed against the state and society in every sense. The aim of this paper is to present the most common techniques of non-intelligence work of security services through a scientific description, as an instrument by which organized states from a position of power create their foreign policy and international position. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the general theoretical definition of non-intelligence work with its classification and normative definition in individual international documents. A special part of the research concerns the identification of various forms of non-intelligence work of security services in practice, in relation to the organizational character and structure of the security service itself, where current events on a global level have shown that non-intelligence work of security services, due to the progress of new information technologies, has become an extremely important technique of intelligence and security systems of modern states and an indispensable security instrument of the state today. The result of this research are recommendations that it is necessary to intensively strengthen the counterintelligence potential of national intelligence and security systems, as a reaction to all identified and future techniques of non-intelligence work of security services. The paper uses the method of theoretical analysis and the deductive method to understand and explain subversive and non-subversive activities of non-intelligence work of security services.

BERAN CASA STATE From 1864 to 1896 or BERAN CASA 1864 – 1896

Вукашин Дедовић — Wed, 19 Mar 2025 20:31:12 +0100

After concluding an armistice with Montenegro and the foundation of town of Berane in 1862, Skadar governor separated Donje Vasojevic from Gusinje Nahija into special Beran district. After Montenegrinian – Turkish confining 1858/59 the part of Vasojevic that remained inside the Turkish state is called Donje Vasojevic. They often called this area as Sabanagic nahija, after the name of the richest feudal family from Plav and Gusinje which possesed the most of bey’s and aga’s estate, in the area of Beran nahija and Beran casa. Reformation of Beran casa administration in February 1864 separated it from Skadar sandzak and attached to newly established Novi Pazar sandzak, which was part of Bosnian alayet, in fact from 1865, Bosnian vilayet. By the decision of Berlin contract Beran casa remained inside tht Turkish Empire. Since September 1881 until 1912 Beran casa was inside of newly established Pec sandzak which belonged to Kosovo vilayet. The most population in Beran hahija were Vasojevic who attached their origin to the founder of a family Vasa and Nemanjic family. The other part of orthodox population were other clans, brotherhoods and smaller tribes, in fact their parts, either they were natives or immigrants from Brdo, Old Montenegro and Herzegovina. In XIX century there were changes in the structure of population in Beran casa. Political and economic situation had an influence on this, as well as inside the area itself and in their surrounding. Since the Turkish authorities gave some privileges to islam population, in the first half of XIX century there was a huge wave of accepting Islam, as well as Vasojevic and non-Vasojevic brotherhoods. Immigration of Muslim population (muhadziri) from Bosnia and Herzegovina and those parts that belonged to Serbia and Montenegro according to the decision of Berlin Congress, also led to the changes in population structure. Increasing in number of Muslim population, hard agricultural relationships and harder pressure of Turkish authorities have led to new immigrations of Serbs from Beran casa. But that number was not big enough, so thanks to compactness, better agricultural relationships and strong national-liberation movement Serbs remained the most numerous population in Beran casa. Villages around Berane were inhabited with Serbian population, and in Berane itself there were more Muslim population.

Beran casa was unique and was not separated in mudirluk and nahija. In Berane there was a mudir (chief to people) and bimbasha (commander, major) with a thousand of people (soldiers and policemen). From the beginning there were two Serbs next to a mudir. Each village elected prince or peasant, and the mudir confirmed the election. Prince was obliged to be at service for Turkish authorities. Because of striving of ordhodox population not do interfere with Turkish authorities, princes in Beran nahija had a great influence in their village and they often refused to carry out an order from Turkish authorities.

Beran casa represented one of the most strategic areas in this period. Turks tended to supervise their control over this teritory and organise their authorities and Austro-Hungary tended to impose their rule over this area and to provide the path to Thessaloniki.Orthodox population were opposed to these plans of Turkey and Austro-Hungary defending their homes, at the same time they fight for economic and national exemption, they wanted to unite and to attach themselves with Gornje Vasojevic and to one of the free Serbian States.

APPOINTMENT OF EX OFFICIO DEFENCE COUNSEL IN CASES OF MANDATORY DEFENCE – DILEMMAS IN CASE LAW WITH REFERENCE TO THE KIM

Марко Миловић — Fri, 21 Mar 2025 13:51:09 +0100

Тhe provisions on the appointment of an ex officio defence counsel in cases of compulsory defence are not essential for criminal proceedings. However, if the provisions on the engagement of a defense attorney in situations where his presence is necessary (mandatory defense) are not respected, serious problems will inevitably arise that will result in the fact that no decision of the public prosecutor's office and the court regarding the defendant would be valid or lawful. In this paper, we have briefly analyzed the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code that relate to the topic of this paper and pointed out possible problems and doubts that may arise. These are primarily situations concerning the relationship between the defendant and the appointed ex officio defense attorney, their cooperation, the search for another ex officio defense attorney by the defendant, possible disagreements between them and potential obstruction and abuse of this institute, primarily by the defendant (the so-called buying of time), for the sake of a more favorable outcome of the criminal proceedings itself. In this regard, several such situations were pointed out and how to overcome these doubts and possible problems that are otherwise not covered (foreseen) by the provisions of the CPC. There is also a brief overview of the so-called Criminal Procedure Code. Kosovo in the part that regulates these provisions, and the specifics and differences in relation to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Serbia.

It should be pointed out that despite these possible doubts and problems, the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code on the appointment of ex officio defense counsel are well thought out, as well as the reasons why defense is mandatory. Therefore, there were no significant differences in relation to the previously applicable laws on criminal procedure. This statement indicates that these provisions have proven themselves well over the decades of their validity and that there was no need for any major changes and additions to this current Criminal Procedure Code. However, the CPC cannot cover all life situations in which public prosecutor's offices and courts can find themselves when deciding on the appointment (and even dismissal) of a defense attorney ex officio. Fortunately, these obstacles are not common, but they can create a problem in criminal proceedings. Given that no legal solutions are provided for some situations, public prosecutor's offices and courts resolve them in each specific case, taking care not to allow the abuse of procedural rights by the defendant, which may lead to the statute of limitations of criminal prosecution, but at the same time taking care not to violate the rights of the (mandatory) defense of the defendant. It would be ungrateful to offer some new solutions in terms of appointing a defense attorney ex officio in the case of mandatory defense, because objectively all situations that are real and frequent, life are covered. Expanding with some new situations would not contribute to improvement, and case law has shown that there is no need for it.

CHALLENGES AND THE SCOPE OF THE LOCAL-LEVEL NORMALIZATION POLICY IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BELGRADE AND PRISTINA THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE ASSOCIATION OF SERBIAN MUNICIPALITIES

Невена Станковић — Sun, 23 Mar 2025 14:22:57 +0100

The aspects analyzed in this research tackle the challenges of the European Union normalization policy in the relationship between Belgrade and Pristina, requiring a two-level approach. In recent years, the EU's normalization policy has primarily focused on the intergovernmental level, resulting in a series of agreements between Belgrade and Pristina across various sectors. However, the EU has largely overlooked the local context, as inter-ethnic dynamics remain burdened by numerous destabilizing factors and the further entrenchment of existing conflict structures.

The disparity between the agreed solutions and the realities at the local level within the normalization policy is primarily observed in the socio-political domain of the Serbian population, particularly in northern Kosovo and Metohija. The paper analyzes the observed disproportion in the policy of normalization in the context of issues of the failure to establish the Association of Serbian municipalities. The research methodology employed in this study includes content analysis of relevant documents, discourse analysis and qualitative analysis of media content.

THE ROLE OF DESANKA MAKSIMOVIĆ IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BELARUSIAN-SERBIAN LITERARY CONNECTIONS

Изјава — Sun, 23 Mar 2025 14:46:25 +0100

The renowned Serbian writer Desanka Maksimović (1898–1993) translated into Serbian mainly Russian poets, followed by Armenian, Georgian, Ukrainian, and other Soviet poets. Among her numerous translations, there are also two poems by Belarusian poets: “Who Goes There?” by Yanka Kupala and “Where to Begin?” by Yevdokiya Los, both translated from Russian.

The study presented to the academic and professional public arises from the need to explain the connections between Desanka Maksimović and Belarusian literature, clarify misinterpretations, and realistically depict her role in developing Belarusian-Serbian literary relations. Her connections with Russian writers are also presented for better comparison and causal analysis.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A GUARDIAN OF THE EUROPEAN UNION'S BORDERS: THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND THE ROLE OF FRONTEX

Зоранчо Василков, Жарко Браковић — Sun, 30 Mar 2025 00:00:07 +0100

Artificial intelligence is rapidly changing and reshaping our daily lives, bringing undoubted benefits to humanity on the one hand and causing an avalanche of ethical questions on the other. The ethical "discourse" of the ever deeper introduction of artificial intelligence into all social streams points to the enormous dangers of the spread of discrimination, inequality and violations of human dignity, human rights and basic freedoms. After the adoption of the Regulation on artificial intelligence in the EU, the process of adjusting its use, especially the use of high-risk systems in many sensitive areas, including border controls, management of migratory flows and international protection of endangered categories of persons, began.

The establishment of the legal framework for the use of artificial intelligence is part of a wider research on the connection between artificial intelligence and border controls, in which the authors focus on the legal, regulatory process of the Union in the introduction of the artificial intelligence system as an additional border guard together with the European Border and Coast Guard Agency ‒ Frontex. Using the historical method, the method of analysis of legal norms and the application of the teleological method, the authors indicate the beginnings of legal regulation of the use of modern technologies and how research and technological innovations evolved and became part of the Union legislation for the use of VI in border control. Then the direction of the research is focused on specific acts of secondary legislation with special emphasis on the Regulation or the Law on Artificial Intelligence. It indicates the classification and categorization of artificial intelligence systems for the area of border control and security and their classification into high-risk systems in order to finally show the role of Frontex in current research and experimentation with artificial intelligence in order to achieve greater efficiency in the execution of border control tasks.