Ljudska bezbednost u podeljenom gradu: Podeljena urbana bezbednost kao alat za istraživanje i politike usmerene na ljudsku bezbednost
Sažetak
Osim što su mesta ekonomskog razvoja, centri društvene mobilnosti i kulturnog stvaralaštva, gradovi su takođe mesta obeležena nejednakostima i podelama duž niz dimenzija, uključujući klasu, rasu, etničku pripadnost, pol, starost, kao i bezbednost. Cilj rada je da predstavi podelu urbane bezbednosti, kao analitičko sredstvo za istraživanje razlika u pogledu ljudske bezbednosti u gradu, koje proizilaze iz nejednakog nivoa pristupa bezbednosti i/ili spremnosti aktera bezbednosti da zaštite građane. Koncept je zasnovan na pretpostavci da je bezbednost, kao i neke druge usluge u gradu, opšte dobro, resurs koji bi trebalo da bude podjednako ili univerzalno dostupan svim stanovnicima grada. Njegovo odsustvo ili prisustvo može biti pokazatelj prostorne nejednakosti i podeljenosti. Pored opisa koncepta, autor će pokušati da predloži konceptualni okvir za analizu podele urbane bezbednosti kroz sedam dimenzija ljudske bezbednosti. Ovaj koncept se može posmatrati izvan njene teorijske ili metodološke upotrebe, ali i kao praktičan alat za politike urbane bezbednosne čiji bi ciljevi bili da redukuju razlike u ljudskoj (ne)bezbednosti i njednakosti u urbanim područjima.
Reference
Aguilar, G.R., and A. Sumner. 2019. “Who Are the World’s Poor? A New Profile of Global Multidimensional Poverty.” Working Paper 499. Center for Global Development, Washington, DC
Aguja, M. J. (2018). Security and Sustainable Development in General Santos City, Philippines. Geneva: DCAF
Alkire, S. (2003). A conceptual framework for human security. Oxford: Centre for Research
on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, University of Oxford
Arias, E. D. (2006). The dynamics of criminal governance: networks and social order in Rio de Janeiro. Journal of Latin American Studies, 38(2), 293-325.
Arias, E. D., Goldstein, D. M. (2010). Violent democracies in Latin America. Durham: Duke University Press.
Barbak, A. (2018). Analyzing security gapsat urban areas: conceptual framework for “Urban Security Divide”, available at https://www.academia.edu/40424127/Analyzing_Security_Gaps_at_Urban_Areas_Conceptual_Framework_for_Urban_Security_Divide_ retrieved at 1.10.2020.
Beall, J., Crankshaw, O., Parnell, S. (2002). Untying a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg. London: Earthscan
Bell, W. (1953). The social areas of the San Francisco Bay region. American Sociological Review, 18(1), 39-47.
Berry, B.J.L. & Kasarda, J.D. (1977), Contemporary Urban Ecology. New York: Macmillan.
Blakely, E.J., Snyder, MG. (1997). Fortress America. Gated Communities in the United States. Washington D.C. et Cambridge (Massachusetts): The Brookings Institution et Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Branscomb, L. M. (2006) “Sustainable cities: Safety and security”. Technology in Society,
Vol. 28, No. 1-2, pp. 225-234
Burgess, E.W. (1925/1974). The Growth of the City – an Introduction to a Research Project. In: R.E. Park, E.W. Burgess & R.D. McKenzie, (eds.), The City, pp. 47–62. Chicago, IL/London: University of Chicago Press.
Coleman, R., & Sim, J. (2000). ‘You'll never walk alone’: CCTV surveillance, order and neo‐liberal rule in Liverpool city centre1. The British journal of sociology, 51(4), 623-639.
Damer, S. (1974). Wine Alley: the sociology of a dreadful enclosure. The Sociological Review, 22(2), 221-248.
Damer, S., & Madigan, R. (1974). Housing investigator. New Society, 29(616), 226-226.
Davis, M. (1992) City of Quartz. Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. New York: Vintage Books.
Dikeç, M. (2007) Badlands of the Republic: Space, Politics and Urban Policy, London: Blackwell.
Đurić, S. & Paraušić, A. (2017). Human Security Concept as Analytical Framework for Examining Urban Security. In: S. Stanarević, I. Đorđević & V. Rokvić (Eds.) The Third International Academic Human Security Conference (Proceedings). 04-05. November 2016, Belgrade, (pp. 113-121). Belgrade: Human Security Research Center
Edwards, A., Hughes, G. (2013). Comparative European Criminology and the Question of Urban Security. European Journal of Criminology, 10(3), 257-259.
FAO. (2008). An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Food Security. Available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-al936e.pdf Retrieved 6.10.2020.
Flusty, S. (1994) Building Paranoia: The Proliferation of Interdictory Space and the Erosion of Spatial Justice. Los Angeles Forum for Architecture and Urban Design, West Hollywood.
Godoy, J. F., Rodriguez, C., Zuleta, H. (2018). Security in Sustainable Development in Bogota, Colombia. Geneva: DCAF
Goldstein, D. M. (2004). The spectacular city: violence and performance in urban Bolivia. Durham: Duke University Press.
Henderson, J. & Karn, V. (1987). Race, Class and State Housing: Inequality and the Allocation of Public Housing. Aldershot: Gower.
Hurrell, A., Woods, N. (1999). Inequality, Globalization, and World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press
King, G., Murray, C. J. (2001). Rethinking human security. Political science quarterly, 116 (4),
585-610
Lamb, G. (2018). Security and Sustainable Development in Cape Town, South Africa. Geneva: DCAF.
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street-level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russell Sage.
McKenzie, R.D. (1925/1974). The Ecological Approach to the Study of the Human Community. In: R.E. Park, E.W. Burgess & R.D. McKenzie, (eds)., The City, pp. 63–79. Chicago, IL/London: University of Chicago Press.
Menichelli, F. (2015). The national picture: The reconfiguration of sovereignty, the normalization of emergency and the rise to prominence of urban security in Italy. European Journal of Criminology, 12(3), 263-276.
Mitlin, D., Satterthwaite, D. (2013). Urban poverty in the global south: scale and nature.
Abingdon: Routledge.
Morelle, M. & Tadié, J. (2011). The Making of Urban Security. Available at https://www.academia.edu/2288919/The_making_of_urban_security Retrieved 29.9.2020.
Muggah, R. (2012). Researching the urban dilemma: Urbanization, poverty and violence. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre,
Murdie, R.A. (1969). Factorial Ecology of Metropolitan Toronto 1951–1961. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Nef, J. (1999). Human Security and Mutual Vulnerability: The Global Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment (Second Edition). Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
Oosterveld, W., Bergema, R., Siebenga, R., Schneider, B. (2018). How Cities and States Can Cooperate to Combat the Violence Nexus and Promote Human Security. The Hague: Hague Centre for Strategic Studies
Owen, T. (2004). Challenges and opportunities for defining and measuring human
security. Disarmamentforum, 3, 15-24.
Pahl, R. (1975). Whose City? Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Pahl, R. (1977). Managers, Technical Experts and the State. In: M. Harloe, (ed.), Captive Cities, pp. 49–60. London: John Wiley.
Paraušić, A. (2019a). Nasilnički kriminal kao bezbednosni problem u gradovima. Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja, 38(3), 119-135
Paraušić, A. (2019b). Bezbednost u gradovima van granica nacionalnog i lokalnog – Politike urbane bezbednosti evropskih organizacija. Revija za kriminologiju i krivično pravo, 57(2), 99-111
Paraušić, A. (2019c). Urban Security Providers: State, Non-state and Private Actors. International Academic Conference "Urban Security: Enhancing Security in an Urbanizing World", Ohrid 4-6 September 2019, (pp. 253-264). Skopje: Institute for Security, Defense and Peace.
Paris, R. (2001). Human Security: Paradigm shift or hot air?. International Security, 26 (2),
87–102.
Park, R.E., Burgess, E.W. & McKenzie, R.D., (eds.) (1925/1974), The City. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
Recasens, A., Cardoso, C., Castro, J., & Nobili, G. G. (2013). Urban security in southern Europe. European Journal of Criminology, 10(3), 368-382.
Robson, B.T. (1969). Urban Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sassen, S. (1991). The Global City; New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Shevky, E. & Bell, W. (1955). Social Area Analysis. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
Shevky, E. & Williams, M. (1949). The Social Areas of Los Angeles. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Tomlins, R. (1997). Officer discretion and minority ethnic housing provision. Netherlands journal of housing and the built environment, 12(2), 179-197.
Un-Habitat. (2007). Enhancing urban safety and security: Global report on human settlements 2007. London: Routledge.
United Nations (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations
United Nations Development Program. (1994). Human Development Report. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/255/hdr_1994_en_complete_nostats.pdf Retrieved 1.10.2020.
Van Kempen, R., & Murie, A. (2009). The new divided city: Changing patterns in European cities. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 100(4), 377-398.n
Winton, A. (2004). Urban violence: a guide to the literature. Environment and Urbanization, 16(2), 165-184.
World Bank (2011). World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development. Washington, DC.: World Bank.
World Bank (2018). Pathways for Peace: Inclusive Approaches to Preventing Violent Conflict. Washington, DC.: World Bank.