Boosting City Image for Creation of a Certain City Brand
Abstract
Global cities are increasingly competing together in order to showcase themselves as the best destination for tourists, investors, and talented people. During the last four decades, there has been a growing interest in City branding. It takes place within a communication system that closely connects the overall city image and identity. Community leaders are more and more recognizing that there is a direct link between the city image and its attractiveness as a place to visit, live, invest, and study. Aimed at developing the theoretical framework of city branding, this research attempts to identify and explain the relationship between the variables affecting the city image as a paradigmatic model of city branding and sustainable urban development. Therefore, 35 peer-reviewed articles are initially selected from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), through purposive sampling. Then, the collected data is analyzed in four stages using grounded theory. The results of this study indicate that the boosting of city image is a complex process that continuously and dynamically requires a meaningful combination of planning, actions, and stakeholders at various organizational levels.
References
Anholt, S. (2016). Places: Identity, image and reputation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-27149-4
Ashworth, G. J. (2009). The instruments of place branding: How is it done? European Spatial Research and Policy, 16(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10105-009-0001-9
Aysu, G. Ç. (2013). Managing the image of cities in the “global village” city branding as an opportunity against globalization. Archnet-IJAR, 7(2), 258–268. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v7i2.169
Baker, B. (2007). Destination branding for small cities: The essentials for successful place branding. Destination Branding Book.
Bigné, J. E., Sánchez, M. I., & Sánchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purhase behaviour: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00035-8
Björner, E. (2013). International positioning through online city branding: The case of Chengdu. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(3), 203–226. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-03-2013-0006
Boyer, M. C. (2011). The two orders of cybernetics in urban form and design. In Companion to urban design (pp. 89–102). Routledge.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative research. London: Sage.
Charmaz, K., & Belgrave, L. L. (2007). Grounded theory. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology.
Dinnie, K. (2010). City Branding. (K. Dinnie, Ed.), City Branding: Theory and Cases. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230294790
Dinnie, K. (2015). Nation branding: Concepts, issues, practice. Routledge.
Dumbraveanu, D. (2010). Place branding: a challenging process for bucharest the capital city of romania. Human Geographies, 4(2), 53.
García, J. A., Gómez, M., & Molina, A. (2012). A destination-branding model: An empirical analysis based on stakeholders. Tourism Management, 33(3), 646–661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.07.006
Glaser, B. G. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis: Emergence vs forcing. Sociology press.
Grichting, A. (2013). Scales of flows: Qatar and the urban legacies of mega events. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 7(2), 173–191.
Hanna, S., & Rowley, J. (2011). Towards a strategic place brand-management model. Journal of Marketing Management, 27(5–6), 458–476. https://doi.org/10.1080/02672571003683797
Heshmati, F., Hosseini, T., & Keyvan, Y. (2016). The role of citizenship education in development of urban branding. Management Science Letters, 6(6), 409–412.
Houghton, J. P., & Stevens, A. (2010). City branding and stakeholder engagement. In City Branding: Theory and Cases. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230294790
Hussein, A. S., Troena, E. A., & Mujihestia, T. I. (2018). The role of city image and visitors’ satisfaction on visitors’ revisit intention: a study in an enclave city. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 16(2), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2018.016.02.14
Kapferer, J. N. (1992). Strategic Brand Management: New Approaches to Creating and Evaluating Brand Equity. Kogan Page London UK.
Kapferer, J. N. (1999). Strategic Brand Management. London: Kogan Page.
Kavaratzis, M. (2004). From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Branding, 1.
Kavaratzis, M., & Ashworth, G. . (2005). City branding: An effective assertion of identity or a transitory marketing trick? Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Eografie, 96(5), 506–514.
Kulibanova, V. V., & Teor, T. R. (2017). Identifying Key Stakeholder Groups for Implementing a Place Branding Policy in Saint Petersburg. Baltic Region, 9(3), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2017-3-7
Lau, F., & Leung, A. (2011). Chongqing’s City Branding. In City Branding (pp. 131–137). Springer.
Maheshwari, V., Vandewalle, I., & Bamber, D. (2011). Place branding’s role in sustainable development. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(2), 198–213. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331111153188
Martins, M. (2015). The tourist imagery, the destination image and the brand image. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 3(2), 1–14.
Menon, A., & Salter, J. P. (2016). Brexit: Initial reflections. International Affairs, 92(6), 1297–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12745
Merrilees, B., Miller, D., & Herington, C. (2013). City branding: A facilitating framework for stressed satellite cities. Journal of Business Research, 66(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.07.021
Oguztimur, S., & Akturan, U. (2016). Synthesis of City Branding Literature (1988–2014) as a Research Domain. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(4), 357–372. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2054
Ooi, C. S. (2010). Paradoxes of city branding and societal changes. In City Branding: Theory and Cases. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230294790
Popescu, G. V. (2017a). From local to global with city branding. Ecoforum Journal, 6(1).
Popescu, G. V. (2017b). Innovation Perspectives in Local Administration at the Beginning of the “Age of Cities.” Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy. https://doi.org/10.25019/mdke/5.2.02
Popescu, G. V. (2017c). Sibiu between european capital of culture and brexit: city brand perspective on citizens. Ecoforum Journal, 6(3).
Rehan, R. M. (2014). Urban branding as an effective sustainability tool in urban development. HBRC Journal, 10(2), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.11.007
Rekettye, G., & Pozsgai, G. (2015). University and Place Branding: the Case of Universities Located in ECC (European Capital of Culture) Cities. Ekonomski Vjesnik : Review of Contemporary Entrepreneurship, Business, and Economic Issues, S(28), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-10-2016-0212
Riza, M., Doratli, N., & Fasli, M. (2012). City Branding and Identity. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.02.091
Shirvani Dastgerdi, A., & De Luca, G. (2018a). Specifying the Significance of Historic Sites in Heritage Planning. Conservation Science in Cultural Heritage, (18).
Shirvani Dastgerdi, A., & De Luca, G. (2018b). The Riddles of Historic Urban Quarters Inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List. International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR, 12(1), 152–163. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v12i1.1315
Simeon, R. (2006). A conceptual model linking brand building strategies and Japanese popular culture. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 24(5), 463–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500610682863
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology. Handbook of Qualitative Research, 17, 273–285.
Stylidis, D. (2016). The Role of Place Image Dimensions in Residents’ Support for Tourism Development. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2039
Van Gelder, S. (2011). City brand partnerships. In City Branding (pp. 36–44). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zenker, S., & Martin, N. (2011). Measuring success in place marketing and branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 7(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2011.5
Zhang, L., & Zhao, S. X. (2009). City branding and the Olympic effect: A case study of Beijing. Cities, 26(5), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2009.05.002