Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration in Iran
Keywords:
Precipitation concentration, Coefficient of variation, PCI trend, Sen Slope, Iran
Abstract
Precipitation concentration is an important factor to assess climate hazards such as flood and availability of water resources at a regional scale. This paper investigates the spatial and temporal changes of precipitation concentration using the precipitation concentration index (PCI) in 113 stations in Iran for a duration of 30 years (1988 –2017). The results show that the mean average of the annual rainfall in Iran varies from 55 mm in the eastern and central regions (Zabol and Yazd) to 1838 mm in the southwest coast of the Caspian Sea (Bandar Anzali). The highest coefficient of variation (CV) of precipitation is related to the southeastern and southern parts of the country, whereas the lowest CV is observed in the Caspian Sea coast and northwest region. Therefore, its value is mostly a function of latitude. Precipitation concentration and its CV are also influenced by topography and reveal more homogeneity in the northern regions. The Mann-Kendall (MK) test on precipitation concentration data indicates that except for 6 stations (ascending in 2 stations and descending in 4stations), there was no significant trend in others. The stations with non-significant ascending values are located mostly in the eastern, central and western parts of the country while the non-significant descending ones can be seen in the central and northeastern regions. The results of Sen’s slope estimator are also similar to the values of the MK test.
References
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Sangüesa, C., Pizarro, R., Ibañez, A., Pino, J., Rivera, D., García-Chevesich, P., & Ingram, B., (2018). Spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall concentration using the Gini index and PCI. Water 10(2), 112.
Salehi, S., Dehghani, M., Mortazavi, S.M., & Singh, V.P., (2020). Trend analysis and change point detection of seasonal and annual precipitation in Iran. International Journal of Climatology 40(1), 308-323.
Sarricolea, P., Meseguer-Ruiz, Ó., Serrano-Notivoli, R., Soto, M.V., & Martin-Vide, J., (2019). Trends of daily precipitation concentration in Central-Southern Chile. Atmospheric Research (215), 85-98.
Sen, P.K., (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. J Am Stat Assoc, 63, 1379–1389.
Shi, P., Qiao, X., Chen, X., Zhou, M., Qu, S., Ma, X., & Zhang, Z., (2014). Spatial distribution and temporal trends in daily and monthly precipitation concentration indices in the upper reaches of the Huai River, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 28(2), 201-212.
Velez, A., Martin-Vide, J., Royé, D., & Santaella, O., (2019). Spatial analysis of daily precipitation concentration in Puerto Rico. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 136(3-4), 1347-1355.
Ogrin, M., Nikolić, G., Ogrin, D., & Trobec, T. (2018). An investigation of winter minimum temperatures in the mountains of Montenegro: A case study from the karst depression of Valoviti Do and selected mountain stations of northern Montenegro. Geographica Pannonica, 22(4), 241-252.
Xiao, C., Yuan, W., & Yu, R., (2018). Diurnal cycle of rainfall in amount, frequency, intensity, duration, and the seasonality over the UK. International Journal of Climatology 38(13), 4967-4978.
Yan, T., & Bai, Z.S., (2017). Spatial and temporal changes in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow in the Miyun Reservoir Basin of China. Water 9(2), 78-88.
Zamani, R., Mirabbasi, R., Nazeri, M., Meshram, S.G., & Ahmadi, F., (2018). Spatio-temporal analysis of daily, seasonal and annual precipitation concentration in Jharkhand state, India Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment, 32(4), 1085-1097.
Zhang, K., Yao, Y., Qian, X., & Wang, J., (2019). Various characteristics of precipitation concentration index and its cause analysis in China between 1960 and 2016. International Journal of Climatology 39(12), 4648-4658.
Zubieta, R., Saavedra, M., Silva, Y., & Giráldez, L., (2017). Spatial analysis and temporal trends of daily precipitation concentration in the Mantaro River basin. central Andes of Peru. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 31(6), 1305-1318.
Alijani, B., O’Brien, J., & Yarnal, B., (2008). Spatial analysis of precipitation intensity and concentration in Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 94, 107–124.
Al-Shamarti, H.K., (2016). The variation of annual precipitation and precipitation concentration index of Iraq. Journal of Applied Physics, 8(4), 36-44.
Amiri, M.A., & Mesgari, M.S., (2019). Spatial variability analysis of precipitation and its concentration in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137(3-4), 2905-2914.
Botai, C.M., Botai, J.O., & Adeola, A.M., (2018). Spatial distribution of temporal precipitation contrasts in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 114(7-8). 70-78
Caloiero, T., Coscarelli, R., Gaudio, R., & Leonardo, G.P., (2019). Precipitation trend and concentration in the Sardinia region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137(1-2), 297-307,
Ghaedi, S., (2018). Atmospheric circulation patterns of heavy precipitation in warm season in Iran. MAUSAM 69(1), 115-122.
Ghaedi, S., (2019). The variability and trends of monthly maximum wind speed over Iran. IDOJARAS 123(4), 521-534.
González‐Hidalgo, J.C., Brunetti, M., & De Luis, M., (2011). A new tool for monthly precipitation analysis in Spain. MOPREDAS database (monthly precipitation trends December 1945–November 2005). International Journal of Climatology 31(5), 715-731.
Huang, S., Huang, Q., Chen, Y., Xing, L., & Leng, G., (2016). Spatial–temporal variation of precipitation concentration and structure in the Wei River Basin, China. Theoretical and applied climatology 125(1-2), 67-77.
Huangm Y., Wang, H., Xiao, W.H., Chen, L.H., & Yang, H., (2019). Spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation concentration and the possible links of precipitation to monsoons in China from 1960 to 2015. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 138(1-2), 135-152.
Kendall, M.G., 1975. Rank Correlation Methods Charles, London, Charles Griffin press.
Khalili, K., Tahoudi, M.N., Mirabbasi, R., & Ahmadi, F., (2016). Investigation of spatial and temporal variability of precipitation in Iran over the last half century Stochastic environmental. Research and risk assessment 30(4), 1205-1221.
Khalili, K., Tahrudi, M.N., Moghaddamnia, A.R., Moravej, M., & Afshar, M.A., (2017). Investigation of PCI Drought Index and Its Trend over Iran in the recent half century. Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering 37(3), 195-207. (In Persian with English summary)
Trbić, G., Popov, T., & Gnjato, S. (2017). Analysis of air temperature trends in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Geographica Pannonica, 21(2), 68-84.
Kumar, N., Panchal, C.C., Chandrawanshi, S.K., & Thanki, J.D., (2017). Analysis of rainfall by using Mann-Kendall trend, Sen’s slope and variability at five districts of south Gujarat, India. Mausam 68(2), 205-222.
Li, X., Jiang, F., Li, L., & Wang, G., (2011). Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration index, concentration degree and concentration period in Xinjiang, China. International Journal of Climatology 31(11), 1679-1693.
Li, X., Janiga, M.A., Wang, S., Tao, W.K., Rowe, A., Xu, W., & Zhang, C., (2018). Evolution of precipitation structure during the November DYNAMO MJO Event. Cloud‐Resolving Model Inter comparison and Cross Validation Using Radar Observations. Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres 123(7), 3530-3555.
Liu, B., Li, Y., Chen, J., & Chen, X., (2016). Long‐term change in precipitation structure over the karst area of Southwest China. International Journal of Climatology 36(6). 2417-2434
Lu, Y., Jiang, S., Ren, L., Zhang, L., Wang, M., Liu, R., & Wei, L., (2019). Spatial and temporal variability in precipitation concentration over mainland China, 1961–2017. Water 11(5), 881.
Mann, H.B., (1945). Non-parametric test against trend. Econometrica 13.245–259.
Martin-Vide, J., 2004. Spatial distribution of a daily precipitation concentration index in Peninsular Spain. International Journal of Climatology 24. 959–971.
Rahman, M.S., & Islam, A.R.M.T., (2019). Are precipitation concentration and intensity changing in Bangladesh overtimes? Analysis of the possible causes of changes in precipitation systems. Science of the Total Environment (690), 370-387.
Ramezani, Y., Khashei-Siuki, A., & Tahroudi, M. N., (2020). Spatial distribution of the daily, monthly, and annual precipitation concentration indices in the Lake Urmia basin, Iran. IDOJARAS, 124(1), 73-95.
Raziei, T., (2018). An analysis of daily and monthly precipitation seasonality and regimes in Iran and the associated changes in 1951–2014. Theoretical and applied climatology 134(3-4), 913-934.
Sangüesa, C., Pizarro, R., Ibañez, A., Pino, J., Rivera, D., García-Chevesich, P., & Ingram, B., (2018). Spatial and temporal analysis of rainfall concentration using the Gini index and PCI. Water 10(2), 112.
Salehi, S., Dehghani, M., Mortazavi, S.M., & Singh, V.P., (2020). Trend analysis and change point detection of seasonal and annual precipitation in Iran. International Journal of Climatology 40(1), 308-323.
Sarricolea, P., Meseguer-Ruiz, Ó., Serrano-Notivoli, R., Soto, M.V., & Martin-Vide, J., (2019). Trends of daily precipitation concentration in Central-Southern Chile. Atmospheric Research (215), 85-98.
Sen, P.K., (1968). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall’s tau. J Am Stat Assoc, 63, 1379–1389.
Shi, P., Qiao, X., Chen, X., Zhou, M., Qu, S., Ma, X., & Zhang, Z., (2014). Spatial distribution and temporal trends in daily and monthly precipitation concentration indices in the upper reaches of the Huai River, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 28(2), 201-212.
Velez, A., Martin-Vide, J., Royé, D., & Santaella, O., (2019). Spatial analysis of daily precipitation concentration in Puerto Rico. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 136(3-4), 1347-1355.
Ogrin, M., Nikolić, G., Ogrin, D., & Trobec, T. (2018). An investigation of winter minimum temperatures in the mountains of Montenegro: A case study from the karst depression of Valoviti Do and selected mountain stations of northern Montenegro. Geographica Pannonica, 22(4), 241-252.
Xiao, C., Yuan, W., & Yu, R., (2018). Diurnal cycle of rainfall in amount, frequency, intensity, duration, and the seasonality over the UK. International Journal of Climatology 38(13), 4967-4978.
Yan, T., & Bai, Z.S., (2017). Spatial and temporal changes in temperature, precipitation, and streamflow in the Miyun Reservoir Basin of China. Water 9(2), 78-88.
Zamani, R., Mirabbasi, R., Nazeri, M., Meshram, S.G., & Ahmadi, F., (2018). Spatio-temporal analysis of daily, seasonal and annual precipitation concentration in Jharkhand state, India Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment, 32(4), 1085-1097.
Zhang, K., Yao, Y., Qian, X., & Wang, J., (2019). Various characteristics of precipitation concentration index and its cause analysis in China between 1960 and 2016. International Journal of Climatology 39(12), 4648-4658.
Zubieta, R., Saavedra, M., Silva, Y., & Giráldez, L., (2017). Spatial analysis and temporal trends of daily precipitation concentration in the Mantaro River basin. central Andes of Peru. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 31(6), 1305-1318.
