Spatially differentiated impacts of Covid-19 on selected indicators of mortality in Slovakia in 2020

  • Anton Michálek slovenská
Keywords: Covid-19, spatial analysis, mortality, lethality, excess deaths

Abstract


Slovakia is a country with a specific development of the Covid-19 pandemic. While it was among the countries with the lowest number of cases and lowest mortality during the first wave, during the second and third waves Slovakia gradually became one of the countries with the worst development of the pandemic. The aim of this contribution is to summarise the situation in Slovakia during the first year of the pandemic and investigate its influence on selected indicators of mortality. An attempt was also made at determining its influence on the lethality rate of Covid-19, changes in mortality, and excess deaths. The research considered regionally differentiated levels and identification of risk districts from the aspect of the abovementioned phenomena.

References

ADAIR, T., LOPEZ, A.D., HUDSON, S. (2021). Approaches and methods for estimating excess deaths due to COVID-19. CRVS best-practice and advocacy. Melbourne, Australia: Bloomberg Philanthropies Data for Health Initiative, Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Improvement, University of Melbourne; 2020.


ANGELOPOULOS, A., PATHAK, R., VARMA, R., JORDAN, M.I. (2020). Identifying and correcting bias from time- and severity- dependent reporting rates in the estimation of the Covid-19 case fatality rate. Preprints with The Lancet. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3556644


BEANEY, T., CLARKE, J.M., JAIN, V., GOLESTANEH, A.K., LYONS, G., SALMAN, D., MAJEEDET, A. (2020). Excess mortality: the gold standard in measuring the impact of Covid-19 worldwide? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 113(9), 329-334. doi:10.1177/0141076820956802 pmid:3291087


CENNIMO, D.J. (2019). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) (Covid 19). Medscape eMedicine (Medscape). https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-overview#showall                                                                        


CDC - CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION (2020). Excess deaths associated with COVID-19. Provisional death counts for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm


ECDC - EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL (2021). Situation Update Worldwide. Last updated 30 October. https://www.ecdc. europa.eu/en/geographicaldistribution-2019-ncov-cases


GIATTINO, C.H., RITCHIE, H., ROSER, M., ORTIZ-OSPINA, E., HASELL, J. (2020). Excess mortality during the Coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19). https://ourworldindata.org/ excess-mortality-covid


GOLD, M.S., SEHAYEK, D., GABRIELLI, S., ZHANG, X., MCCUSKER, C., BEN-SHOSHAN, M. (2020). Covid-19 and comorbidities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgraduate Medicine 132(8), 749-755.


HUANG, J., KWAN, M.P., KAN, Z. (2021). The superspreading places of COVID-19 and the associated built-environment and socio-demographic features: A study using a spatial network framework and individual-level activity data. Health Place 72, 102694. doi:10.1016/ j. healthplace.2021.102694.


CHAN, E.Y., CHENG, D., MARTIN, J. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on excess mortality, life expectancy, and years of life lost in the United States. PLoS ONE 16(9), e0256835. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256835


INŠTITÚT ZDRAVOTNÝCH ANALÝZ (IZA) Ministerstva zdravotníctva SR (2021a). AG­_Tests. https://github.com/Institut-Zdravotnych-Analyz/covid19-data/tree/main/AG_Tests 


INŠTITÚT ZDRAVOTNÝCH ANALÝZ (IZA) Ministerstva zdravotníctva SR (2021b). PCR _Tests. https://github.com/Institut-Zdravotnych-Analyz/covid19-data/tree/main/PCR_Tests


IOANNIDIS, J.P.A. (2020). Infection fatality rate of Covid-19 inferred from seroprevalence data. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. ID: BLT.20.265892. https://www.who.int/ bulletin/online_first/BLT.20.265892.pdf


JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (2021). Covid-19 data repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. https://github.com/


KARLINSKY, A., KOBAK, D. (2021). The World Mortality Dataset: Tracking excess mortality across countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. medRxiv: the preprint server for health sciences, 2021.01.27.21250604. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.27.21250604


KIM, B., RUNDLE, A.G., GOODWIN, A.T.S., MORRISON, C.N., BRANAS, C.C., EL-SADR, W., DUNCAN, D.T. (2021). COVID-19 testing, case, and death rates and spatial socio-demographics in New York City: An ecological analysis as of June 2020. Health Place 68, 102539. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102539.


LIPSITCH, M., DONNELLY, C.A., FRASER, C., et al. (2015). Potential biases in estimating absolute and relative case-fatality risks during outbreaks. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases p. e0003846. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003846


LLOYD-SHERLOCK, P., EBRAHIM, S., MARTÍNEZ, R., MCKEE, M., ACOSTA, E., SEMPÉ, L. (2021). Estimation of all-cause excess mortality by age-specific mortality patterns of COVID-19 pandemic in Peru in 2020. The Lancet Regional Health – Americas 2, 100039. Article in SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3820553


MAPA.Covid.CHAT (2021). Celkový vývoj. https://mapa.covid.chat


MAPA.Covid.CHAT (2021). 7-dňový kĺzavý medián. https://mapa.covid.chat


MAXDORF (2020). Velký lékařský slovník. Praha: Maxdorf. http://lekarske. slovniky.cz/


MINISTERSTVO ZDRAVOTNÍCTVA SR (2021a). Kritická epidemiologická situácia 11.12.2021.https://korona.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/epidemiologicka-situacia_pkv _201211_tk.pdf


MINISTERSTVO ZDRAVOTNÍCTVA SR (2021b). Epidemiologická situácia 8.1.2021. https://korona.gov.sk/koronavirus-na-slovensku-v-cislach/


PAN, D., SZE, S., MINHAS., J, S. et al. (2020). The impact of ethnicity on clinical outcomes in Covid-19: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 23, 100404. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm. 2020.100404


OUR WORLD IN DATA (2021). Coronavirus Pandemic (Covid-19). https://ourworldindata. org/coronavirus


PATEL, J.A., NIELSEN, F., BADIANI, A.A., ASSI, S., UNADKAT, V.A., PATEL, B., RAVINDRANE, R., WARDLE, H. (2020). Poverty, inequality and COVID-19: the forgotten vulnerable. Public health 183, 110–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.006


PIROTH, L., COTTENET, J., MARIET, A.S., BONNIAUD, P., BLOT, M., TUBERT-BITTER, P. (2020). Comparison of the characteristics, morbidity, and mortality of Covid-19 and seasonal influenza: a nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 9, 251-259. doi: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30527-0.


ŠTATISTICKÝ ÚRAD SR (2021). DATA cube. http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/ VBDDEM/om7036rr/v_om7036rr_00_00_00_sk


THE HUMAN MORTALITY DATABASE, UK OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS (2021). National civil registration and vital statistics offices. https://www.mortality.org/


WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2020a). Estimating mortality from Covid-19. Scientific brief. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/estimating-mortality-from-covid-19


WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2020b). Global surveillance for Covid-19 caused by human infection with Covid-19 virus. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/ global-surveillance-for-covid-19-caused-by-human-infection-with-covid-19-virus-interim-guidance


WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2020c). International guidelines for certification and classification (coding) of Covid-19 as a cause of death. https://www. who.int/classifications/icd/Guidelines_Cause_of_Death_Covid-19.pdf?ua=1


WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2020d). Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on Covid-19 – 3 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/ who-director-general-s-opening-remarks -at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---3-march-2020


WHO - WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2020e). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation reports.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation -reports/ 


WOOLF, S, H., CHAPMAN, D, A., SABO, R, T., WEINBERGER, D, M., HILL, L. (2020).   Excess deaths from COVID-19 and other causes, March-April 2020. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 324(5), 510–513. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.11787

Published
2022/07/12
Section
Original Research