Journal of Applied Engineering Science

A PROTOTYPE OF PAPER CUTTING MACHINE

Minh Tran Vu, Tung Tran — Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Paper is a necessary component of life. It is used in a variety of settings, including offices, schools, and homes, enabling people to use it for a variety of tasks, including taking notes and packing. Typically, paper will be produced in a variety of sizes to match according to intended use. In the modern paper industry, larger machines are utilized to cut large stacks of paper, cardboard, or similar material. Such machines operate in a manner comparable to a guillotine. Commercial versions are motorized and automated and encompass clamping mechanisms to prevent material from shifting during the cutting process. The article proposes a paper cutter model using basic machine principles such as Geneva mechanism and chain transmission. Paper cutting is done by handwheel and lever mechanism. The main purpose of this machine is to reduce paper cutting time. The paper proposed a prototype of a paper cutting machine based on motion mechanism. The main target of the product is those people who need to cut paper not only at a low cost but also effectively. The project focuses on fabricating a machine that provides a simple and inexpensive paper cutting machine. Experimental results show that the cutting time for paper is less than 4 seconds. Moreover, the design of the proposed machine is mainly a mechanical aspect, the complicated controls methods aren’t needed.

COMPARISON OF GAUSSIAN HEAT FLOW OF FSW RELYING ON VON MISES CRITERION AND CONSTITUTIVE MODELS OF YIELD STRENGTH

Mon, 10 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

In the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) operation, the role of thermal applied load modeling is no secret to simulate the heat distribution produced from this process. Unfortunately, this modeling implemented in transient mode did not present an accurate model for the moving heat source resulting from FSW operation. The main reason for this issue is attributed to the confidence and deviation ratios, especially with the Gaussian Distribution (GD). Besides, the models adopted in this modeling did not utilize the constitutive models of yield strength for comparison. Accordingly, the current study aims to use GD with 99.75% and 0.25% ratios for confidence and deviation, respectively, in this thermal load. It also employed the Von Mises criterion with Voce, Hollomon, and Swift for this comparison as constitutive models. Accordingly, the hybrid models of the thermal load of FSW represented by Von Mises-Voce, Von Mises-Hollomon, and Von Mises-Swift have been adopted in the present study. These hybrid models were used with finite element simulation to validate the experimental thermal history of FSW for Al 6061-T6 under 800 rpm, 10 mm/min, and 15 kN for rotational speed, linear velocity, and applied force sequentially. Finally, this validation has proved the dominance of the Von Mises-Voce model for thermal history compared to other hybrid models. Moreover, this dominant model has also investigated the peak temperature with a 2.54% error ratio over the other hybrid models of thermal applied load in FSW.

ANALYSIS STUDY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES WITH INFILL WALLS DUE TO LATERAL LOADS USING THE EQUIVALENT DIAGONAL STRUT AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Yohanes Laka Suku, Veronika Miana Radja — Mon, 10 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The analysis study of reinforced concrete frame structures with infill walls due to lateral loads using the equivalent diagonal strut (EDS) method proposed by Saneinejad & Hobbs (1995) aims to determine the accuracy in the analysis. This study began by evaluating reinforced concrete frame structures with infill walls as a result of the experiments of Mehrabi et al. (1994) using the finite element method (FEM). Then FEM analysis was carried out on the reinforced concrete frame structure by varying the h_inf/l_inf of the infill walls with a ratio of 0.50, 0.67, 1.00 and 1.50. Next, the FEM analysis results will be evaluated using the EDS method. The analysis results show that the EDS method can predict the maximum lateral load close to the experimental results and FEM analysis. In the analysis using the EDS method, the friction coefficient (µ) and basic shear stress (ν) parameters greatly influence the strength of the infill wall.

SIMULATION OF AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE FIRE ON A RO-RO FERRY

Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

With the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs), the maritime transportation of these vehicles has become commonplace. Nevertheless, transporting EVs via car carriers presents a potential fire hazard. Data from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) indicates that in 2020, 52 recorded fires involving EVs in the United States. These fires may be attributed to various factors, including battery malfunctions, overcharging, and damage sustained during transit. Once ignited, these fires can spread rapidly due to the proximity of the vehicles and the limited firefighting resources available on board. Numerous fire incidents involving car carriers transporting EVs have prompted safety concerns and underscored the necessity for enhanced regulations and safety protocols in recent years. According to the National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC), Indonesia has reported 34 fires on vessels from vehicle incidents since 2007. Consequently, this research aims to mitigate damage and ascertain whether existing extinguishing systems effectively extinguish EV fires or if new recommendations are warranted. This study employs the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) program to simulate fire behaviour, smoke propagation, and extinguishing. The findings highlight the importance of reducing fire temperatures to below 70°C within 400 to 500 s, particularly in the recommended scenario 2, which involves utilizing dedicated EV confined spaces. Ultimately, this approach minimizes smoke dispersal and emphasizes the necessity of lower temperatures for effective firefighting measures and reducing damage severity.

GENERAL CORRELATIONS FOR THE PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF STRIP FIN PLATE-FIN SURFACES

Mazen M. Abu-khader, Graham T. Polley — Mon, 10 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The paper presents a theoretical study approach to the Nusselt number and friction factor characteristics in strip fin surfaces. Extensive analyses were conducted on the thermal and hydraulic performances of off-set strip fin surfaces using the experimental data provided by Kays & London [1] and Shah and London [2,3]. General relationships were developed to predict the hydraulic and thermal performances giving accurate predictions across all flow regimes for a wide range of common strip geometries. The pressure drop encountered during flow through channels having off-set strip fins is affected by both flow disruption and flow blockage. Flow disruption appears to be the dominant factor in the laminar flow region. Under turbulent flow conditions, both effects were considered. Laminar flow heat transfer is well predicted if the Graetz Number is based on four-time strip fin length. Turbulent flow heat transfer is found to be proportional to the square root of the friction factor.

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SELECTING THE OPTIMAL SET OF MACHINES FOR SORTING AND CRUSHING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND SUBSTANTIATION OF THEIR KEY PARAMETERS

Mon, 24 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The article is devoted to solving a complex problem, including the issues of selecting the optimal set of machines and the technological scheme for implementing the sorting and crushing of municipal solid waste at transfer and recycling stations, and the justification of the key parameters of crushing and sorting machines, considering properties of waste. When examining the main parameters, the input and output characteristics of machines are considered in the developed technological scheme. When determining the properties of waste, 12 administrative districts of the territory of Tashkent were used as objects for cluster sampling. Through an in-depth study of the process of sorting and crushing municipal solid waste, based on the developed technological scheme, the type and design of the crushing machine were determined. Based on the methods of regression analysis and mathematical statistics, a series of multifactor experiments were conducted on the main parameters of a hammer crusher. In addition, considering the properties of waste, the main parameters of the drum screen were determined, in particular, the diameter of the grid opening. The developed optimal set of machines with substantiated rational parameters will make it possible to maximally prepare the components of municipal solid waste for use in the form of secondary raw materials.

REAL-TIME IOT MONITORING AND BRIX VALUE PREDICTION IN FOOD PROCESSING USING WEIGHT RATIO AND LINEAR REGRESSION

Erwin Erwin, Dhimas Satria, Slamet Wiyono, Faiza Yuniati — Tue, 11 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study investigates the application of real-time Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring and predictive algorithms for optimizing liquid palm sugar production. By focusing on the prediction of Brix values, which indicate sugar concentration, the research aims to enhance process efficiency and product quality. Traditional manual methods of measuring Brix levels are often time-consuming and prone to inaccuracies. To address this, the study integrates IoT-based sensors that collect data on temperature, pressure, and weight during the evaporation process, using a linear regression model to predict Brix values in real time. Experimental results show that weight ratio-based predictions align well with manual refractometer readings, particularly in the early stages of production. However, deviations at higher Brix levels were noted, prompting the introduction of polynomial regression for improved accuracy. These findings suggest that IoT systems combined with predictive models offer a significant advancement in sugar production monitoring, reducing manual interventions and enhancing process control. The research contributes to the growing body of work on IoT applications in food production, particularly for liquid palm sugar processing, and provides a novel approach to addressing current challenges in Brix measurement.

EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF FLEXURAL PERFORMANCE IN CONCRETE BEAMS REINFORCED WITH ANGLE STEEL PROFILES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AGAINST TYPICAL REINFORCEMENT SYSTEMS

Mon, 10 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This study investigates the performance of modified reinforced concrete (RC) beams with truss systems, specifically Pratt-truss and Warren-truss, compared to typical reinforcement systems through flexural strength tests. Aiming to enhance load-carrying capacity, the use of angle steel profiles in the truss systems to transform standard reinforcement bars was analyzed. The flexural strength evaluation involved eight specimens: two with conventional reinforcement, three with Pratt-truss, and three with Warren-truss, each measuring 15 x 15 x 120 cm. The focus was on initial stiffness, secant stiffness, and ductility. Results showed a notable performance increase with truss systems: a 7.5% rise in average initial stiffness, a 1.2% improvement in secant stiffness, and a 5.7% enhancement in displacement ductility, highlighting their potential for safer and more durable structures. The Pratt truss system exhibited the highest ductility, followed by the Warren truss and the standard system. Experimental observations indicated that the typical reinforcement system initially showed flexural cracks at the bottom of the beam, later followed by diagonal shear cracks, which intensified under load, causing concrete to crush in the compression zone. A similar pattern was observed in truss-reinforced beams, with initial flexural cracks at the beam’s bottom progressing under load, ultimately resulting in concrete crushing in the same area. Crack propagation in both systems involved the formation and expansion of cracks along the diagonal and vertical framework, indicating flexural cracks.

ENGINEERING MODEL ON TRAFFIC VOLUME AT BOCIMI TOLL GATE

Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The Bocimi Toll Road, connecting Bogor, Ciawi, and Sukabumi, represents a critical infrastructure development in Indonesia, aimed at enhancing regional connectivity across West Java and Banten Provinces. Designed to facilitate access between satellite cities such as South Jakarta, Cianjur, and Rangkasbitung, the toll road is also anticipated to boost tourism in Bogor, Ciawi, and Sukabumi by improving accessibility. This study focuses on two primary objectives: analyzing traffic volume at key toll gates during peak hours and determining average travel times along the Bocimi Toll Road. The findings reveal that the Cigombong Toll Gate experiences high traffic volumes, predominantly from large trucks and heavy vehicles, necessitating the separation of heavy vehicle lanes to optimize traffic flow. Furthermore, the average travel time analysis indicates that the highest traffic flow, recorded at 703.04pcu/hour, occurs in the afternoon at Cigombong, while the lowest, at 506.26pcu/hour, occurs in the morning at the Ciawi Toll Gate. These results underscore the importance of targeted traffic management strategies to enhance the operational efficiency of the Bocimi Toll Road and support its role in regional economic and tourism development.

EFFECT OF VOLUME-TO-EXPOSED-SURFACE RATIO ON TEMPERATURE AND MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CASTING TEMPERATURE OF MASS CONCRETE

Adek Tasri — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

For mass concrete, it is well known that a high temperature or temperature differential at an early age can lead to cracks. The temperature and temperature differential are determined by several factors, such as the hydration heat, casting temperature, and mass concrete size. In this study, we numerically calculate the effects of mass concrete size, which is considered in the form of volume-to-exposed-surface ratio (V/A), on the temperature and temperature differential of the mass concrete at various casting temperatures. The data from the numerical calculation was then used to obtain the maximum allowable casting temperature as a function of concrete size. The hydration heat required for the numerical calculation was obtained using an adiabatic calorimeter. The study shows that there is a strong relationship between the maximum allowable casting temperature and the concrete dimension in the form of V/A. The Maximum allowable casting temperature versus concrete dimension curve obtain in this work is useful as a complement to the maximum casting temperature rules commonly used in current practical applications that do not consider the size of the concrete. Based on the concrete composition and environment temperature considered in this study, which is commonly used in practical applications in Indonesia, the maximum allowable casting temperature for V/A of 4,5; 3,0 and 1,5 m are found to be 22,2 ^OC, 27,1 ^OC,and 41,2 ^OC, respectively. The study also found that the difference in core and surface temperatures during early age did not cause a significant difference in strength at both locations.

IMPACT OF GREEN MOBILITY ON THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IN A 2030 SCENARIO

Davide Falabretti, Francesco Gulotta, Lorenzo Papis — Mon, 10 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

In this paper, a methodology is proposed to evaluate the impact on the Italian electric power system deriving from the increasing adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). To this purpose, a case study that involves the Lombardy region in a 2030 scenario is analyzed. To accurately estimate travel habits within the region, datasets publicly available were used, complementing them with suitable energetic models of BEVs. Detailed data about the journeys traveled by commuters in the region, distinguished by reason to move and modes of transport, were provided in input to an online routing machine to extract significant information about the vehicle’s instantaneous speed, length, and duration of each trip. This allowed for an accurate assessment of the energy and power requirements of private electric mobility in a 2030 scenario. The quantities in output to the analysis can be effectively used by transmission and distribution network operators to identify the issues that could arise on the grid due to increased demand related to electric vehicles. In addition, these analyses can support the proper design and planning of all the reinforcement actions needed on the electrical grid to improve its capability to supply the energy and power required during the charging processes.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE RELATIONS WITHIN THE IRON TRIANGLE ON A SAMPLE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN CROATIA

Ksenija Tijanić Štrok — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The construction project's success generally implies completion within the planned deadline and budget and satisfactory quality performance. These three project performance parameters form the basic system of measuring its success - the iron triangle of project management. Unfortunately, construction projects often fail to meet the defined success parameters, one or more. The focus of this paper is the territory of Croatia, for which it was noticed that no comprehensive studies analyze the construction projects' success in terms of all three iron triangle parameters. This paper aimed to observe an extensive database of projects from Croatia, analyze their success in terms of time, costs, and construction quality, and determine the mutual relations between those three parameters. Based on a database of 49 construction projects, it was determined that a significant number of projects (46.94%) were not satisfactory regarding time and cost success. At the same time, problematic quality performance was less common (20.41%). Statistically significant correlations were established between the performance of time and cost. Developing reliable mathematical models for predicting real construction time and cost is also possible. As for the construction quality, the problem of its presentation and assessment has been established, and no statistically significant results have been determined by observing it. These results indicate the need for further research, primarily regarding the project performance quality. The overall results emphasize the importance of comprehensive, systematic and timely construction project management, primarily during the planning and execution phases, to achieve its goals.

AIR VELOCITY AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS OF PORTABLE AIR PURIFIERS USING NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS BASED ON PRODUCT COMPONENT DESIGN VARIATION

Bambang Iskandriawan, Ahmat Safaat, Bambang Tristiyono — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

It is of great importance to ascertain the airflow pattern around a device that functions by blowing out air, as the resulting airflow pattern will ultimately determine the device's performance. The airflow pattern surrounding an air purifier is greatly influenced by the product design of its constituent components, especially the blow air diffuser and the return air components. Given the growing and, to some extent, compulsory usage of portable air purifiers among the general public, especially among those concerned with maintaining good indoor air quality, this study aimed to identify the optimal product component design for portable air purifiers. This was achieved by considering the effects of air velocity and pressure on the performance of the air purifiers. In this study, a numerical simulation application was employed to obtain data on air velocity and pressure for each product component design variation. The objective was to generate a report on air velocity and pressure for various component design variations of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, including variations in height and diameter, rotor blade tilt angle and width, and inlet hole casing design pattern.

MONITORING THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT IN BAGHDAD USING SENTINEL-3 AND OSM DATA INTEGRATION FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING

Lubna Alshammari Alshammari , Suaad Ridha, Mustafa Al-shammari — Fri, 14 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The rapid expansion of urban areas has accelerated the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon, exacerbated by climate change's effects. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of the urban regions faces a severe challenge. The study investigates the magnitude of the UHI phenomenon in Baghdad using Land Surface Temperature (LST) data acquired from the Sentinel-3 satellite and OpenStreetMap (OSM) urban infrastructure data. This study examines the changes in the UHI between 2016 and 2023. It tends to determine the spatial distribution of UHI concerning different cities and investigate the relationship between the effects of urban development and the magnitude of UHI. In this regard, the data indicated that the magnitude of UHI increased significantly during the measured period. The mean temperature rise has reached 1.34°C throughout the city, with a particularly significant increase of 2.6°C in the highly populated regions inside the municipality boundaries. An empirical investigation reveals a strong positive correlation between building density (0.89) and road density (0.823) with the intensity of the UHI. Conversely, the green areas display a moderate negative correlation (-0.56) linked to the UHI intensity. The results illustrate the substantial impact of urban infrastructure development on the UHI, defined by remarkably high UHI coefficients in heavily populated areas. Thus, the study results will provide valuable policy suggestions that will significantly help the relevant policymakers and urban planners in their efforts to enhance urban resilience and public health in Baghdad. It is also a systematic and organized approach that can be applied in other rapidly urbanizing areas.

IMPACT OF TRANSFERRING LIGHT BUSSES TO BRT ROUTE ON TRAFFIC CONGESTION, MOBILITY, AND SAFETY AT SWEILEH INTERSECTION IN AMMAN

Khaled Nsour, Mahmoud Iskandarani — Mon, 17 Feb 2025 00:00:00 +0100

This research aims to assess the impact of light buses on mobility and time delays. Extended wait times and unfavourable environmental factors lead to traffic jams and negative economic impacts. One suggestion is to relocate these minibuses to the bus rapid transit (BRT) lane. Three crossroads that are connected by a corridor were included in the analysis. The crossroads under consideration are the University of Jordan intersection, the Sweileh intersection, and the intersection of external patrols. Vissim simulation software is used for the evaluation and analysis, using data from detectors data at crossings. As a result of shorter wait times and shorter lines, both the simulation and the collected findings demonstrated an overall improvement in mobility. The environment would benefit from such an upgrade. The inclusion of light buses does, nonetheless, cause a little delay on the BRT lane; however, this is offset by an overall improvement in the mobility of all traffic at each crossing. Improved quantitative assessment of the dynamic traffic at each crossing was made possible based on simulation. The results generated by this study demonstrated intricate traffic interaction models (involving Sweileh, outside patrols, and the University of Jordan), which might be applied during the design phase of upcoming construction projects near these crossings.

THE EFFECT OF CONCRETE QUALITY AND SUBGRADE CBR ON CRACK WIDTH IN RIGID PAVEMENT: AN EMPIRICAL MODEL APPROACH

Fri, 14 Mar 2025 00:00:00 +0100

In rigid pavement work especialy for rural areas, two factors that often-become problems are the quality of the concrete and the compactness of the subgrade soil, especially for the construction using labor-intensive method. Cracks on road pavement always start with a small crack width but could result in more significant damage. Thus, this research was carried out to study the influence of concrete quality and CBR value of subgrade on crack behavior in rigid pavement, as well as to obtain an empirical formula that can be used to predict maximum crack width for various steel stress, concrete quality, and CBR value of subgrade. During the experiment, loading was carried out statically and as line loads, at maximum load of 200 kN. The dimensions of the specimen were L × W × H = 200 × 60 × 20 cm, with a reinforcement ratio of ρ=0.0105 and fy 400 MPa. Designed concrete quality was 10 MPa, 20 MPa, and 30 MPa, and the designed CBR values of the subgrade were 5%, 8.5%, and 12%. Experimental results show that both concrete quality and CBR value of subgrade are in inverse relationship with the maximum crack width, while steel stress has a linear relationship. Eventhough both parameters influence the maximum crack width, but the CBR value of the subgrade has more significant influence on reducing the crack width than concrete quality. The empirical formula that can be used to predict the maximum crack width obtained from this experiment is . The increase of 50% on CBR value could reduce the maximum crack width up to 30.57%, while the similar increase on concrete quality only reduces the crack width by 11.45%. Hence, the implication of how the variables influenced the crack behavior can be seen from this proposed equation.