Journal of Medical Biochemistry

Modulation of Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers by SGLT2 Inhibitors in Diabetic Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Laboratory Evidence

2026-06-20T01:08:04+02:00

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response and adverse myocardial remodeling. Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-I) have demonstrated cardiometabolic benefits; however, their effects on circulating inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic AMI remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively evaluate laboratory-based evidence regarding the modulation of key inflammatory markers by SGLT2-I therapy in this high-risk population.

Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang databases was conducted up to December 2025. Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies involving T2DM patients with AMI were included. Primary laboratory endpoints were circulating inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-6 [IL-6], high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]). Secondary outcomes included left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Data were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models according to heterogeneity. Evidence certainty was assessed using GRADE methodology.

Results: Thirteen studies comprising 2,453 patients were included. SGLT2-I therapy was associated with significant reductions in IL-6 (MD = −2.33, 95% CI: −4.29 to −0.37; p < 0.001) and hs-CRP levels (MD = −1.90, 95% CI: −2.30 to −1.49; p < 0.001), indicating attenuation of systemic inflammatory activity. No statistically significant reduction was observed for TNF-α (MD = −2.66, 95% CI: −6.66 to 1.33; p = 0.19), potentially due to inter-study heterogeneity and limited sample size. Beyond biomarker modulation, SGLT2-I treatment was associated with improved LVEF and reduced MACE risk. Overall evidence quality was graded as moderate.

Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides laboratory-based evidence that SGLT2 inhibitor therapy is associated with significant reductions in circulating IL-6 and hs-CRP levels in diabetic patients with AMI, supporting a potential anti-inflammatory mechanism beyond glucose lowering. These findings highlight the translational relevance of inflammatory biomarkers in evaluating cardiometabolic therapeutic strategies and underscore the need for larger mechanistic studies to further clarify biochemical pathways involved.

Prognostic Significance of Circulating Immune-Inflammatory Biomarkers IL-6 and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis

2026-06-20T01:08:04+02:00

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a chronic inflammatory and immunologically dysregulated microenvironment. Circulating immune-inflammatory biomarkers reflect systemic biochemical and immune alterations and may provide laboratory-accessible indicators for prognosis assessment. However, the prognostic value of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) in HCC patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) remains incompletely defined.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and Wanfang Data to identify cohort studies evaluating circulating IL-6 and/or SII in HCC patients treated with ICIs. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity.

Results: Twelve studies involving 1,508 patients were included. Elevated circulating IL-6 levels were significantly associated with poorer PFS (HR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.40–2.60) and OS (HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.52–2.97), with robust results across sensitivity analyses. In contrast, the prognostic value of SII was context-dependent. Higher SII was significantly associated with shorter PFS in non-100% hepatitis B virus–related HCC populations and with poorer OS in patients receiving combined local treatment, while no significant associations were observed in other subgroups.

Conclusions: Circulating IL-6 serves as a stable immune-biochemical prognostic biomarker in HCC patients treated with ICIs, whereas the prognostic relevance of SII is modulated by disease etiology and treatment modality. These findings provide laboratory-relevant biochemical evidence supporting the integration of circulating immune-inflammatory markers into prognostic evaluation frameworks for HCC.

Circulating tumor-associated biomarkers and pulmonary function in lung cancer patients with comorbid COPD: A retrospective prognostic analysis

2026-06-20T01:10:56+02:00

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is closely associated with lung cancer development and progression through persistent systemic inflammation and immune-biochemical alterations. Circulating tumor-associated biochemical biomarkers may reflect disease severity and provide valuable prognostic information. This study aimed to explore the potential association between circulating tumor markers and prognosis in lung cancer patients with comorbid COPD, acknowledging the exploratory nature of this retrospective analysis.

Methods: Clinicopathological characteristics and circulating biochemical biomarkers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 153 (CA153), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), cytokeratin-19 fragment (CYFRA21-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent prognostic biochemical predictors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate prognostic performance.

Results: Patients with COPD demonstrated significantly elevated circulating levels of tumor-associated biochemical biomarkers compared with those without COPD (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and increased serum concentrations of CYFRA21-1, CEA, CA125, CA153, CA199, and VEGF as independent biochemical predictors of poor prognosis (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that CA199 (AUC>0.75), CA153 (AUC>0.75), and CA125 (AUC>0.75) exhibited strong prognostic performance, indicating their clinical utility for laboratory-based risk stratification.

Conclusions: In this retrospective analysis, circulating tumor-associated biochemical biomarkers showed potential associations with prognosis in lung cancer patients with COPD. However, these findings are hypothesis-generating and require prospective validation before clinical implementation. The observed associations should not be interpreted as established prognostic markers for clinical decision-making without further multi-center, prospective studies. Current evidence supports continued reliance on established staging systems and comprehensive clinical assessment rather than biomarker-based risk stratification alone.

Prognostic value of circulating neuron-specific enolase combined with erythrocyte and platelet distribution indices in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

2026-06-20T01:08:04+02:00

Background: Severe traumatic brain injury (STBI) is associated with high mortality and long-term neurological disability. Early identification of reliable circulating biomarkers may improve prognostic stratification and clinical management. Hematological distribution indices, including red cell distribution width (RDW) and platelet distribution width (PDW), together with neuron-specific enolase (NSE), reflect systemic inflammation, platelet activation, and neuronal injury following traumatic brain damage. However, their combined prognostic value in STBI remains incompletely understood.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted including 96 patients with STBI admitted between March 2020 and March 2023. Peripheral blood levels of RDW, PDW, and serum NSE were measured at admission using automated hematology analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical severity was additionally assessed using the reverse shock index multiplied by Glasgow Coma Scale score (rSIG). According to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) evaluated 3 months after injury, patients were classified into a good prognosis group (n=46) and a poor prognosis group (n=50). Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate predictive performance.

Results: Patients with poor prognosis demonstrated significantly higher levels of RDW, PDW, and NSE and lower rSIG values compared with those with favorable outcomes (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified elevated RDW, PDW, and NSE levels and decreased rSIG as independent predictors of unfavorable prognosis in STBI patients. ROC analysis revealed moderate predictive performance for RDW (AUC=0.737), PDW (AUC=0.749), NSE (AUC=0.736), and rSIG (AUC=0.752). The combined biomarker model demonstrated improved prognostic accuracy (AUC=0.793).

Conclusions: Circulating NSE together with hematological distribution indices RDW and PDW are significantly associated with clinical outcomes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. The combined assessment of neuronal injury biomarkers and hematologic parameters may provide a practical laboratory-based approach for early prognostic evaluation in STBI.

PREDICTION OF CHANGES IN VAGUS NERVE MORPHOLOGY BASED ON BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN COVID 19 INFECTION

2026-06-20T01:08:05+02:00

Background. Prediction of cross-sectional area n. vagus on the sonogram, based on the values of some inflammation biomarkers in the blood

Methods. In 68 patients with a PCR test (+) for SARS-COV 2, the cross-sectional area of the nerve (CSA) was measured by ultrasound, as an average of three measurements. The values of CRP, fibrinogen and ferritin were determined. CSA values from both sides and all biomarkers were classified as (0)- within normal limits and (1)- all other values. Logistic linear regression was performed and a strong linear relationship between predictors was excluded. A neural network and binary logistic regression model was formed for the CSA values on the right side, on the left side the connection between the selected predictors and the CSA of the left vagus was not established.

Results. On the right side, CSA is 1.32±0.3; on the left 1.2±0.28. In the study, 11.8%, 22.1% and 8.82% had normal values of CRP, fibrinogen and ferritin respectively. A strong linear association of predictors was ruled out by linear logistic regression. A neural network with two hidden layers and 6 number of units in either hidden layer was formed in 2 seconds. The accuracy percentage of the model in training is 91.5% and in testing it is 90.5%. The AUC of this model is 0.76 (p=0.018, p<0.05). Logistic binary regression model: logitX2D= 18.018+ (20.752x CRP values)+ (-38.77x fibrinogen values)+(2.175x ferritin values), where X2D- is the cross-sectional area of the right n. vagus, given by the model. Exp(B) of the model is 7.5, Psample = 0.88, OR=56.25, accuracy of the model is 91.2%, Omnibus test: χ2=14.193, p=0.003(p<0.05). Model reliability coefficient -2LogLH=35.068 and AUC =0.76, p=0.018. Overall model quality 0.61 (limit is 0.5). On the left side, the value of CSA n.vagus cannot be predicted using selected predictors.

Correlation analysis of serum SERPINA3, CLEC2 and hs-CRP/ALB with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in STEMI

2026-07-06T14:33:45+02:00

Objective To examine the main adverse cardiovascular events that occur in individuals who have had an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), such as serum C-type lectin domain family member 2 (CLEC2), serine protease inhibitor family member A3 (SERPINA3), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein/albumin (hs-CRP/ALB) levels.

Methods The STEMI group included 132 patients who were observed for a year after being hospitalized to the hospital between January 2023 and September 2024. The patients were divided into two groups: the MACE group and the non-MACE group, based on whether MACE came after PCI. Additionally, The control group consisted of 68 healthy people who were examined physically at the hospital throughout the same time period. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent test, the levels of serum CLEC2, SERPINA3, hs-CRP, and ALB were measured in each research participant, and the hs-CRP to ALB ratio was computed. After PCI, multivariate logistic regression was utilized to examine the variables affecting MACEs in STEMI patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the predictive value of single and combined detection of serum CLEC2, SERPINA3, and hs-CRP/ALB for MACEs in STEMI patients after PCI.

Results The incidence of MACE after PCI in 132 STEMI patients was 31.06% (41/132). The levels of serum CLEC2, SERPINA3 and hs-CRP/ALB in the STEMI group were significantly greater than those in the control group (P<0.05). Independent risk factors for MACEs following PCI in STEMI patients included age ≥62 years, Killip grade ≥ grade III, cardiac troponin I level ≥1.7 ng/mL, CLEC2 level ≥155 pg/mL, SERPINA3 level ≥350 ng/L, and hs-CRP/ALB≥0.50 (P<0.05), while left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% was an independent protective factor. The area under the ROC curve (0.856) of the combined detection of serum CLEC2, SERPINA3, and hs-CRP/ALB for the prediction of MACEs in STEMI patients after PCI was greater than that of the individual detection of each index.

Conclusion Serum CLEC2 levels ≥155 pg/mL, SERPINA3 levels ≥350 ng/L, and hs-CRP/ALB≥0.50 are closely related to the occurrence of MACEs in STEMI patients after PCI and can be used as auxiliary predictive indicators for the occurrence of MACEs in STEMI patients after PCI.

Fibrinogen-to-Albumin Ratio Links Systemic Inflammation to Osteoporotic Fractures and Shows Discriminative Performance Together with PLR, NLR, and MLR

2026-06-20T01:08:05+02:00

Background: Osteoporotic fracture (OPF) remains a major cause of disability in older adults. Laboratory-available composite indices integrating coagulation, inflammation, and nutritional status may facilitate risk stratification in patients with osteoporosis.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio (FAR) and systemic inflammatory indices (platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio [PLR], neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio [MLR]) in osteoporosis, and to evaluate their discriminative value for identifying concurrent osteoporotic fractures.

Methods: This retrospective study included 98 patients with osteoporosis admitted between January 2024 and May 2025, categorized into a fracture group (n=39) and a non-fracture group (n=59). FAR, PLR, NLR, and MLR were calculated from routine laboratory tests obtained within 24 h of admission. Group differences were assessed, Pearson correlation was used to examine associations between FAR and inflammatory indices, and logistic regression was performed to identify independent clinical/imaging correlates of fracture. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate discriminative performance.

Results: FAR, PLR, NLR, and MLR were significantly higher in patients with osteoporosis complicated by fracture than in those without fracture (all P<0.001). FAR showed positive correlations with PLR, NLR, and MLR (all P<0.001). In multivariable analysis, age ≥60 years, lumbar–dorsal fascial injury, and the vertebral vacuum cleft sign were independently associated with fracture occurrence (all P<0.05). ROC analysis demonstrated high discriminative performance for FAR, PLR, NLR, and MLR, with AUCs of 0.900, 1.000, 0.998, and 0.983, respectively.

Conclusions: FAR and leukocyte/platelet-derived inflammatory ratios were elevated in osteoporotic patients with fractures and were positively interrelated, supporting an inflammation–nutrition–coagulation laboratory phenotype in OPF. These routine laboratory indices showed strong discriminative performance for identifying concurrent osteoporotic fractures and may aid laboratory-based risk stratification in clinical practice.

Laboratory diagnostics of chronic kidney disease in Serbia: current practice and priorities for harmonisation

2026-06-20T01:08:05+02:00

Abstract

Background
To assess current laboratory practices in chronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnostics in Serbia and identify areas requiring harmonization in line with national and international guidelines.

Methods
A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey was conducted between June and August 2025 with the support of the Serbian Society of Medical Biochemists, which distributed invitations to its members working in medical laboratories across Serbia. Eighty-three laboratories participated (response rate 84.7%), representing primary, secondary, tertiary, and private healthcare sectors. Data were analyzed descriptively.

Results
All laboratories measured serum creatinine, but other essential components of CKD diagnostics were not consistently implemented. Creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated in 63.9% of laboratories, and only 34.9% reported eGFR automatically with every creatinine result. Albuminuria testing was available in 55.4% of laboratories; quantitative albumin measurement was performed in 31.3%, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was reported in 7.2%. Serum cystatin C was available in 7.2% of laboratories. Fewer than half (43.4%) implemented both eGFR reporting and albuminuria testing. Practices differed in analytical methods, reference intervals, urine sample types, and reporting models. Integration of eGFR and ACR was most frequent in private laboratories and least frequent at the primary healthcare level.

Conclusions
CKD laboratory diagnostics in Serbia remain largely creatinine-based, with limited integration of albuminuria assessment and automatic eGFR reporting. Broader implementation of ACR and improved reporting standardization are needed to support earlier detection and risk stratification of CKD.

Correlation analysis of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin with the prognosis of multiple myeloma patients

2026-06-20T01:08:06+02:00

[Objective] To investigate the clinical use of Sclerostin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP-5b), and serum C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) levels in assessing the health and prognosis of patients with multiple myeloma.

[Methods] 250 patients with multiple myeloma who visited the hospital between January 2023 and December 2024 were selected as the observation group, whereas 150 healthy individuals who were evaluated there during that time made up the control group. The levels of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin in the observation group before and after treatment were compared, as were the levels of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin. The levels of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin in MM patients with different tumor stages and different degrees of bone destruction were compared, and the univariate and multivariate factors of death within one year in MM patients were analyzed. To compare the predictive efficacy of single and combined detection of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin for death within one year in patients with multiple myeloma.

[Results] The levels of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin in the observation group before and after treatment were significantly greater than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin in the observation group were significantly lower than those before treatment, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in tumor stage, classification of degree of bone destruction, CCL3 level, TRACP-5b level and Sclerostin level (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor stage, the degree of bone destruction, the CCL3level, the TRACP-5b level and the Sclerostin level were the factors influencing death within one year in patients with multiple myeloma (P<0.05). The levels of serum CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin have relatively high predictive efficacy for death within one year in patients with multiple myeloma. The sensitivity of the combined detection of the three indicators was 90.3%, the specificity was 87.4%, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.937, which was significantly greater than that of CCL3 (Z=3.061, P=0.002), TRACP-5b (Z=3.625, P<0.001), and Sclerostin (Z=2.579). When tested separately (P =0.010), there was no statistically significant difference in the AUC among the three indicators (P>0.05).

[Conclusion] CCL3, TRACP-5b and Sclerostin are involved in the occurrence and development of multiple myeloma and have high value in predicting death within one year.

Serum OX40 Ligand as a Biochemical Regulator of Th2-Dominant Immune Activation in Asthma: An Integrated Cytokine Network Analysis

2026-06-20T01:08:06+02:00

Background: Asthma is characterized by complex immune dysregulation involving coordinated cytokine and chemokine networks. OX40 ligand (OX40L), a key T-cell co-stimulatory molecule, has been implicated in Th2-mediated inflammation; however, its serum-level biochemical interactions with immune activation pathways in asthma remain incompletely defined.

Methods: In this cross-sectional study, serum OX40L and immune activation-related factors were quantified in 82 patients with asthma and 40 healthy controls. Multiplex cytokine analysis was performed to measure Th2-, Th17-, pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, along with chemokines and total IgE. Lung function indices were assessed by spirometry. Correlation analysis and multivariable linear regression were applied to identify immune factors independently associated with serum OX40L levels.

Results: Serum OX40L concentrations were significantly elevated in asthma patients compared with controls and increased progressively with disease severity (all P<0.001). OX40L exhibited strong positive correlations with Th2-associated cytokines, particularly interleukin-5 (IL-5; r=0.75, P<0.001), and chemokines, while showing a significant inverse association with the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. OX40L levels were also negatively correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%pred; r=-0.72, P<0.001). Multivariable regression identified IL-5 (β=0.35), FEV1%pred (β=-0.28), and annual exacerbation frequency (β=0.22) as independent biochemical determinants of serum OX40L, collectively explaining 68.3% of its variance.

Conclusion: Serum OX40L is closely integrated within the Th2-dominant immune activation network in asthma and reflects both immune imbalance and functional airway impairment. These findings support OX40L as a biochemically relevant indicator of immune activation intensity and highlight its potential role within cytokine-driven regulatory pathways in asthma.

Evaluation of Plasma Alpha Klotho Levels in Obese Cases

2026-06-20T01:08:06+02:00

Background: Klotho is an anti-aging gene that lengthens life when excessively expressed and accelerates aging when disrupted. In our study, we will research the correlations between plasma α-Klotho (α-KL) protein levels with body mass index (BMI), carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP) and cholesterol values in obese patients.

Methods: This study was conducted in a single-centered and cross-sectional manner.

Results: The study was performed with a total of 90 participants, 35 women (38.9%) and 55 men (61.1%). Of participants included in the study, 30 were normal weight (33.3%) (Group 1), 30 were overweight (33.3%) (Group 2) and 30 were obese (33.3%) (Group 3). There were statistically significant differences in the α-KL protein (p=0.010), hsCRP (p<0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p=0.022), values of the study groups. There is no significant difference between the study groups in terms of CIMT (p=0.380), TOS (p=0.613), TAS (p=0.056) and, OSI (p=0.943) values.

Conclusions: In conclusion, in this study, the overweight group had α-KL protein values that were significantly higher than the obese group, while hsCRP values were significantly higher in the obese group compared to the overweight and normal weight groups. There were no significant differences for CIMT, TAS, TOS and, OSI values in the study groups. There were no significant correlations between α-KL protein values with BMI, hsCRP, CIMT, TAS, TOS and OSI values of participants in the study.

Serum Biochemical and Inflammatory Biomarker Profiles in Severe Preeclampsia and Their Clinical Predictive Value

2026-06-20T01:08:06+02:00

Background: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorder characterized by systemic endothelial dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, and inflammatory activation. However, comprehensive biochemical and inflammatory biomarker profiles associated with disease severity, particularly severe preeclampsia, remain insufficiently defined. This study aimed to investigate serum biochemical and inflammatory markers in preeclampsia and to evaluate their clinical predictive value for severe disease.

Methods: In this retrospective case–control study, pregnant women were classified into severe preeclampsia (n=30), mild preeclampsia (n=30), and normal pregnancy control groups (n=30). Serum biochemical parameters, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), uric acid, creatinine, albumin, total bilirubin, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, were measured. Inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, procalcitonin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, were analyzed. Group comparisons, Spearman correlation analyses, multivariable logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed.

Results: Both biochemical and inflammatory markers showed significant stepwise alterations across the three groups, with the most pronounced abnormalities observed in severe preeclampsia (P < 0.05). LDH, uric acid, CRP, IL-6, and albumin were significantly associated with disease severity. Multivariable logistic regression identified elevated LDH, uric acid, CRP, IL-6, and reduced albumin as independent predictors of severe preeclampsia. ROC analysis demonstrated that the combined biomarker model achieved good discriminative performance, with an area under the curve of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81–0.96).

Conclusions: Severe preeclampsia is characterized by distinct serum biochemical and inflammatory biomarker profiles. An integrated biomarker-based model may serve as a practical tool for early identification and risk stratification of severe preeclampsia.

Correlation analysis of serum FGLP1, UACR and the risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes

2026-06-20T01:08:06+02:00

Objective To explore the correlations between serum FGLP1 (Fibrinogen-like protein 1 C-terminal peptide) levels, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods From August 2023 to August 2025, 256 elderly patients with T2DM who were admitted to our hospital were selected as the case group, and 120 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations were selected as the control group. In accordance with the diagnostic criteria for LVDD, T2DM patients were divided into a disorder group (n=70) and a nondisorder group (n=186), and single-factor analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis, and Spearman correlation analysis were performed to explore the correlation between serum FGLP1 levels, UACRs and LVDD in T2DM patients, and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the ability of serum FGLP1 levels and urine UACR to predict LVDD.

Results The serum FGLP1 concentration and urine UACR were higher in the case group than in the healthy group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in age, disease duration, serum FGLP1 concentration and UACR between the LVDD group and the non-LVDD group (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age ≥ 75 years, long disease duration, elevated UACR, and elevated serum FGLP1 concentration were independent risk factors for LVDD in patients with T2DM (P<0.05). Spearman correlation analysis indicated a positive association between LVDD and serum FGLP1 levels as well as UACR (r = 0.551, 0.559; both P<0.05). The areas under the curve for predicting LVDD by serum FGLP1 concentration, urine UACR and the prediction model were 0.848, 0.896 and 0.956, respectively.

Conclusion Serum FGLP1 levels and urinary UACR in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are closely related to LVDD. The combined detection of these two indicators is helpful for the early diagnosis of LVDD.

Clinical significance of miR-3178 in non-small cell lung cancer patients

2026-06-20T01:08:07+02:00

Background & objectives：Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality, with low survival rate and poor prognosis This study aims to explore the diagnostic and prognostic value of miR-3178 in NSCLC.

Methods: Study included 118 NSCLC patients and 97 healthy subjects. RT-qPCR measured miR-3178 and MIB2 in serum or cell lines. χ² tests linked miR-3178 to clinicopathological features. ROC, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox analyses evaluated diagnostic and prognostic significance of miR-3178 and MIB2.

Results: Compared to the control group, the expression level of miR-3178 was significantly reduced, while MIB2 expression was notably elevated in NSCLC patients. The expression of miR-3178 is significantly correlated with the TNM stage and LNM in NSCLC patients. NSCLC patients with higher miR-3178 expression levels exhibit significantly higher 5-year overall survival rates. Furthermore, TNM stage, miR-3178 expression, and MIB2 expression are independent risk factors that influence the prognosis of NSCLC. MIB2 serves as a target gene of miR-3178, and their expression levels display a significant negative correlation. When diagnosing NSCLC solely based on miR-3178, the AUC is 0.838; for MIB2 alone, the AUC is 0.818; however, when miR-3178 and MIB2 are combined for diagnosis, the AUC increases to 0.903.

Conclusion: The downregulation of miR-3178 and upregulation of MIB2 are associated with the progression and deterioration of NSCLC patients, indicating poor prognosis. miR-3178 targets MIB2, and their combined diagnosis can enhance the diagnostic value for NSCLC, potentially reducing the risk of adverse outcomes.

The Effect of auto-verification on turnaround time for clinical chemistry and immunoassay tests

2026-06-20T01:08:07+02:00

Background: Auto-verification is increasingly recognized as a key tool for improving quality and efficiency in clinical laboratories. This study aimed to investigate the impact of an auto-verification system implemented for clinical chemistry and immunoassay tests on turnaround time (TAT) in a tertiary-care medical biochemistry laboratory.

Methods: This study was conducted in the Medical Biochemistry Laboratory of XXX Hospital, a tertiary healthcare institution. Clinical chemistry and immunoassay tests were subjected to auto-verification using the navify® Lab Operations middleware (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) integrated with the MIA-MED Laboratory Information System (MIA Technology, Turkey). Algorithms were developed in accordance with CLSI AUTO10-A and AUTO15 guidelines, incorporating rules for quality control, serum indices, analyzer flags, delta checks, critical values, consistency checks, and analytical measurement intervals, as well as recommendations from the national health authorities. Validation of the algorithms was carried out using both simulated and patient data. The proportion of results exceeding predefined TAT targets was compared before and after auto-verification implementation with using the chi-square test. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Overall, 71% of test results and 21% of tube-based results were verified automatically. Median TAT was reduced by 6 minutes for emergency tests and 12 minutes for routine tests. The proportion of results exceeding the TAT threshold decreased significantly from 6.4% before auto-verification to 5.8% after auto-verification implementation (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Auto-verification, with clearly defined and validated rules, enhances both the reliability and timeliness of laboratory results, thereby supporting quality improvement initiatives in clinical laboratories

APPLICABILITY OF LDL-CHOLESTEROL CALCULATION FORMULAS IN HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA: INSIGHTS FROM THE VOJVODINA

2026-06-20T01:08:07+02:00

Background: LDL-cholesterol is a key parameter for assessing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Direct measurement of LDL-cholesterol is not always possible due to practical or financial reasons, making the use of calculation formulas essential for its evaluation. The aim of this study was to examine the applicability of four different formulas for calculating LDL-cholesterol compared to direct method in patients with serum triglyceride levels from 4.5 to 9.0 mmol/L in the population of Vojvodina.

Methods: The retrospective study included 272 subjects whose lipid status parameters were measured using standard laboratory methods between June 2022 and June 2023. The participants had serum triglyceride levels ranging from 4.5 and 9.0 mmol/L. LDL-cholesterol was determined by direct method (d-LDL-C) on Alinity c analyser (Abbott). Additionally, LDL-cholesterol levels were calculated for this population using the formulas proposed by Friedewald, Sampson, Anandaraja and Martin.

Results: In the studied population, the average age was 52 years and the median concentration of triglycerides was 5.48 (4.94-6.58) mmol/L. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between d-LDL-C and all calculated parameters (P<0.001). The lowest mean difference was observed between d-LDL-C and the Sampson formula (MD=-0.032). When comparing d-LDL-C and LDL-cholesterol values obtained by calculation, only the formula of Sampson et al. did not show a statistically significant difference (P=0.240).

Conclusion: In the studied population of patients with hypertriglyceridemia, the formula by Sampson et al. showed the best performance in comparison to the others tested and its application could be considered for the Vojvodina population.

Correlation analysis of the expression levels of serum Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and Sirtuin 1 Protein in acute respiratory distress syndrome

2026-06-20T01:08:07+02:00

Objective: To investigate the relationships among serum silencing information regulator 2-related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) expression levels, endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1), and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) and treatment results in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with sepsis.

Methods: A total of 140 patients with sepsis-related ARDS were selected and divided into a good outcome group of 96 patients and a poor outcome group of 44 patients according to the treatment outcome. The levels of serum SIRT1, ESM-1 and FGF21 were compared between the two groups; the correlations between serum SIRT1, ESM-1, and FGF21 and the severity of the disease as well as the treatment outcome were analyzed; and the predictive value of serum SIRT1, ESM-1 and FGF21 for treatment outcomes was evaluated.

Results: Compared to the group with a favorable outcome, the bad outcome group's serum SIRT1 level was lower, while the ESM-1 and FGF21 levels were significantly greater than those in the good outcome group (P<0.05). Serum SIRT1 levels steadily declined in patients with mild, moderate, and severe illness, while ESM-1 and FGF21 levels steadily rose (P<0.05). ESM-1 and FGF21 showed a positive association with illness severity (P<0.05), while serum SIRT1 showed a negative correlation (P<0.05) with disease severity, according to Spearman correlation analysis. Partial correlation analysis revealed that the serum SIRT1, ESM-1, and FGF21 levels were significantly correlated with the treatment outcomes of patients with sepsis-related ARDS (P<0.05). Serum SIRT1, ESM-1, and FGF21 levels and treatment outcomes were strongly correlated (P<0.05) in patients with sepsis-related ARDS. Serum SIRT1, ESM-1, and FGF21 areas under the curve (AUCs) for predicting the course of treatment for patients with ARDS associated with sepsis were 0.742, 0.838, and 0.796, respectively. The sensitivity was 77.27%, 77.27%, and 70.45%, and the specificity was 64.58%, 81.25%, and 87.50%, respectively. For patients with sepsis-related ARDS, the combined prediction of the three markers' AUC for treatment outcome was 0.939, with a sensitivity of 88.64% and a specificity of 83.33%, which was significantly greater than the individual predictive value of the three indicators alone (P< 0.05).

Conclusion: The levels of serum SIRT1, ESM-1 and FGF21 in patients with sepsis-related ARDS are strongly connected with both the efficacy of treatment and the severity of the illness, have the ability to independently predict treatment outcomes, and have a greater combined predictive value.

Correlation analysis of serum SIR2L4, C1QTNF5 and CBP-35 levels with the prognosis of diabetic retinopathy patients

2026-06-20T01:08:08+02:00

Objective: To explore the relationships between serum Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homolog 4 (SIR2L4), C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5 (C1QTNF5), Carbohydrate-binding protein 35 (CBP-35) and glycolipid metabolism and prognosis in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: The DR group was selected from among 230 hospitalised DR patients admitted between January 2023 and January 2024, including 122 non-proliferative DR patients (Non-proliferative DR group) and 108 proliferative DR patients (Proliferative DR group). Additionally, 100 subjects who underwent health check-ups in the hospital during the same period were selected as the control group. Indicators of SIR2L4, C1QTNF5, CBP-35, blood glucose [Fasting plasma glucose (FPG)], and the levels of blood lipids in the DR group and the control group were measured and compared. Triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) were among them. Moreover, the correlations between serum SIR2L4, C1QTNF5, and CBP-35 levels and blood glucose and lipid indicators in DR patients were analysed. The DR patients were monitored and followed up with for six months after treatment. Depending on their level of visual impairment, the patients were split into groups with excellent and poor prognoses. The levels of serum SIR2L4, C1QTNF5 and CBP-35 in the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the risk factors for poor prognosis in DR patients. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyse the predictive value of single or combined detection of SIR2L4, C1QTNF5, and CBP-35 for poor prognosis in patients with DR.

Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the levels of SIR2L4, C1QTNF5, and CBP-35 in DR patients were positively correlated with FPG, TG, TC, and LDL-C (P<0.05) and negatively correlated with HDL-C (P<0.05). The poor-prognosis group had higher serum levels of SIR2L4, C1QTNF5, and CBP-35 than the good-prognosis group (P<0.05). The poor prognosis group’s DR course was longer than the excellent prognosis group’s (P<0.05), and the proportion of proliferative DR was greater than that in the good prognosis group (P<0.05). DR course ≥6 months, SIR2L4 ≥24 ng/mL, C1QTNF5 ≥8 ng/mL, CBP-35> 1,400 ng/mL, and DR stage of the proliferative type were all independent risk factors for poor prognosis in DR patients. The ROC curve analysis showed that the AUCs of each index for predicting a poor prognosis in DR patients were 0.799, 0.746, and 0.711, respectively, when the ideal cutoff values for the individual detection of serum SIR2L4, C1QTNF5, and CBP-35 were 24 ng/mL, 8 ng/mL, and 400 pg/mL, respectively. Based on the results of the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a model with Ln(P/1-P)=0.573×XSIR2L4+0.809×XC1QTNF5+0.424×XCBP-35 was established for the combined detection of the three indicators. The AUC of this model for predicting poor prognosis in DR patients was 0.836 (95% CI: 0.709–0.964), indicating a relatively high predictive value.

Conclusion: The levels of SIR2L4, C1QTNF5 and CBP-35 in the serum of DR patients are increased and are correlated with glycolipid metabolism. Moreover, a SIR2L4 concentration ≥24 ng/mL, a C1QTNF5 concentration ≥8 ng/mL, a CBP-35 concentration ≥1,400 ng/mL, a DR course ≥6 months, and a proliferative stage of DR are risk factors for an unfavourable prognosis in DR patients. The poor prognosis of DR patients can be predicted more accurately by the combination detection of SIR2L4, C1QTNF5, and CBP-35 than by their individual detection.

The Effect of Treatment on Serum C3, C4, IL-10, IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2026-06-20T01:08:08+02:00

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of structured lifestyle optimization, including nutritional intake and exercise training, on serum levels of Complement C3, C4, IL-10, IL1-β, IL-6, and TNF-α in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Libman-Sacks endocarditis (LSE).
Methods: A total of 122 SLE patients with LSE, treated at our hospital from May 2022 to May 2024, were randomized into a control group (CG, n=61) receiving conventional medical interventions and an intervention group (IG, n=61) receiving additional personalized exercise and nutritional interventions for 24 weeks. Serum levels of Complement C3, C4, IL-10, IL1-β, IL-6, and TNF-α were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Secondary endpoints included nutritional status (albumin, hemoglobin) and patient compliance.
Results: Of 113 patients completing the study, the intervention group (IG) showed significant improvement in serum Complement C3 (0.84 ± 0.18 g/L vs. 0.75 ± 0.16 g/L in control group [CG], P=0.006) and albumin levels (37.12 ± 5.37 g/L vs. 35.00 ± 4.89 g/L, P=0.03) at 6 months. Complement C4 levels increased in the IG (0.20 ± 0.09 g/L vs. 0.17 ± 0.12 g/L, P=0.136, not significant). IL-1β (3.9 ± 3.77 pg/mL vs. 4.6 ± 4.1 pg/mL, P=0.468) and TNF-α (12.6 ± 4.1 pg/mL vs. 14.1 ± 5.2 pg/mL, P=0.092) showed non-significant reductions in the IG compared to the CG. No significant changes were observed in IL-10 or IL-6 levels. Compliance was significantly higher in the IG (92.86% vs. 78.95%, P=0.038).

Conclusion: Structured lifestyle optimization significantly improved serum Complement C3 and albumin levels and showed non-significant trends toward reductions in IL-1β and TNF-α in SLE patients with LSE, suggesting a potential adjunctive role in managing immune and nutritional status.

Correlation analysis of the serum CCR5 and LXA4 levels with airway remodeling in bronchial asthma patients and nursing summary

2026-06-27T08:40:32+02:00

[Objective] To analyze the expression levels of serum chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in patients with bronchial asthma and their correlations with immune dysfunction and airway remodeling.

[Methods] According to the severity of the disease, 240 patients with bronchial asthma admitted to our hospital from January 2023 to May 2025 were divided into mild to moderate asthma groups (n=180) and severe asthma groups (n=60). As the control group, 150 more healthy people who were admitted for a physical examination during that time were chosen. The serum CCR5 and LXA4 levels and immune function indicators (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+) of each group were detected, and the airway remodeling indicators [airway lumen area (LA), airway wall area (WA) and total airway area (TA)] of the right upper lobe tip segment were examined via CT. The correlations between the serum CCR5 and LXA4 levels and immune dysfunction as well as airway remodeling were analyzed via a bivariate Spearman correlation test, and a multivariate logistic model was established to analyze the independent risk factors influencing the serum CCR5 and LXA4 levels in patients with bronchial asthma.

[Results] Compared to the mild to moderate group, the severe group had greater serum levels of LXA4 and CCR5. Serum CCR5 was higher in the severe group than in the mild to moderate group, and LXA4 was lower in the severe group than in the mild to moderate group. There were statistically significant differences (P<0.05). Serum CD8+ T cell levels were higher than in the control group, whereas CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ T cell levels were lower in the mild to moderate and severe groups. Furthermore, the severe group had lower levels of CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ T cells than the mild to moderate group, whereas the mild to moderate group had greater levels of CD8+ T cells. The mild to moderate group of patients and the severe group of patients had lower levels of LA, WA, and TA in the right superior lobe apex segment than the control group, and patients in the severe group had lower levels of these three parameters than those in the mild to moderate group. There was a negative connection between serum CCR5 and LXA4 and CD3+, CD4+, and CD4+/CD8+ (P<0.05) and a positive correlation with CD8+, LA, WA, and TA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that disease severity, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, LA, WA, and TA were independent risk factors for increased serum CCR5 and LXA4 in patients with bronchial asthma (P<0.05).

[Conclusion] Serum CCR5 and LXA4 are closely related to the severity of bronchial asthma, immune dysfunction and airway remodeling.

Effects of Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) and Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR-4) levels in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with knee osteoarthritis

2026-06-20T01:08:08+02:00

Objective To explore the changes in and significance of Thrombospondin-1 (THBS1) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) levels in the serum and joint fluid of patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).

Methods 184 KOA patients who were admitted to our hospital between May 2022 and February 2025 were chosen to serve as the observation group, and another 64 healthy adults who underwent physical examinations at the same hospital during the same period composed the control group. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, THBS1, and TLR-4 levels in the two groups' serum and joint fluid were compared. The correlations between the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, THBS1 and TLR-4 in the serum and synovial fluid of the two groups and the severity of KOA were evaluated, and the clinical value of THBS1 and TLR-4 in the diagnosis of KOA was analyzed.

Results TNF-α, IL-1β, THBS1, and TLR-4 levels in the observation group's serum and joint fluid were considerably higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). With an increase in Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade, the observation group's serum and joint fluid had higher amounts of TNF-α, IL-1β, THBS1, and TLR-4. When TNF-α, IL-1β, THBS1, and TLR-4 levels were compared among K-L grades, statistically significant differences were found (P<0.05). The K-L grade of the patients was positively correlated with TNF-α, IL-1β, THBS1, and TLR-4 in the blood and joint fluid (P<0.05), and the factors of TNF-α, IL-1β, THBS1, and TLR-4 in the observation group's serum and joint fluid were positively correlated with each other (P<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of serum THBS1 and TLR-4 for the diagnosis of KOA were 0.916 and 0.889 and 0.825 and 0.865, respectively, and the optimal cutoff values were 247.262 and 5.084 ng/mL, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of THBS1 and TLR-4 in the joint fluid for diagnosing KOA were 0.945 and 0.932 and 0.985 and 0.916, respectively, and the optimal cutoff values were 239.745 and 4.620 ng/mL, respectively.

Conclusion THBS1 and TLR-4 in serum and synovial fluid can be used as potential markers for the clinical diagnosis and assessment of KOA conditions, both of which have high diagnostic efficacy. Moreover, the detection of serum THBS1 and TLR-4 is less invasive, has a lower cost, and is more acceptable to patients.

The diagnostic value of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, MIS and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

2026-06-20T01:08:08+02:00

Objective To investigate blood levels and the importance of Müllerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Methods The observation group consisted of 212 PCOS patients who received treatment at this institution between May 2022 and May 2024, while the control group consisted of 212 healthy women who were examined physically at same hospital within the same time frame. The two groups' general information, serum 25(OH)D, MIS, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels, as well as their sex hormones and glucose metabolism markers, were compared. PCOS patients were divided into the IR group and the non-IR group according to whether insulin resistance (IR) occurred. The two groups' levels of serum 25(OH)D, MIS, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 were compared. The study examined the associations among the four markers and the homeostasis model of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), as well as their supplementary diagnostic utility for PCOS.

Results The level of 25(OH)D in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Total testosterone (TT), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), fasting insulin (FINS), fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum MIS, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, HOMA-IR, and the average body mass index were all greater in the observation group than in the control group (P<0.05). The IR group's 25(OH)D level was lower than the non-IR group's (P<0.05). Serum MIS, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 levels were higher in the IR group than in the non-IR group (P<0.05). The levels of serum MIS, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the observation group were positively correlated with HOMA-IR (r=0.659, 0.586, 0.565, P<0.05), and 25(OH)D was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (r=-0.548, P<0.05). The combined auxiliary diagnosis of PCOS by serum 25(OH)D, MIS, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 had an area under the curve of 0.963, according to the results of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, which was greater than that of the single detection of each index (0.819, 0.864, 0.814, 0.799).

Conclusion MIS, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with the development and occurrence of PCOS. The combined detection of these four indicators has high auxiliary diagnostic value for PCOS and is conducive to clinical prevention and treatment.

The role of serum BAFF, CFB, MCP-1 and anti-PLA2R antibodies in the efficacy evaluation of patients with membranous nephropathy

2026-07-07T13:46:39+02:00

Objective: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), serum B-cell activating factor (BAFF), complement B factor (CFB), and anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies are investigated in connection with membranous nephropathy (MN) and their roles in evaluating the efficacy of treatment.

Methods: 108 patients who were hospitalized to our hospital between January 2023 and June 2024 were chosen to serve as research participants. Patients were divided into remission and nonremission groups according to their clinical efficacy. The levels of serum BAFF, CFB, MCP-1 and anti-PLA2R antibodies in patients with positive and negative anti-PLA2R and different pathological stages were compared, and the clinical data of the remission group and the nonremission group were compared. The association between serum levels of BAFF, CFB, and MCP-1 and anti-PLA2R antibody levels in patients who tested positive for anti-PLA2R antibody. The predictive efficacy of serum anti-PLA2R antibodies, BAFF, CFB, and MCP-1 for nonremission in MN patients after therapy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results: There were 78 patients who were positive for anti-PLA2R antibodies and 30 patients who were negative for anti-PLA2R antibodies. The levels of serum BAFF, CFB, MCP-1 and anti-PLA2R antibodies in patients positive for anti-PLA2R antibodies were significantly greater than those in patients negative for anti-PLA2R antibodies (P<0.05). The comparison of the serum BAFF, CFB and MCP-1 levels in MN patients at different stages were as follows: stage I < stage II < stage III < stage IV. Serum BAFF, CFB, and MCP-1 in patients positive for anti-PLA2R antibodies were positively correlated with the level of anti-PLA2R antibodies (r=0.792, 0.823, 0.832, P<0.001). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the levels of serum BAFF, CFB, and MCP-1 in MN patients were positively correlated with pathological stage (rs=0.758, 0.752, 0.717, P<0.001). The pathological stage and anti-PLA2R antibody, BAFF, CFB and MCP-1 levels in the nonremission group were significantly greater than those in the remission group (P<0.05). After treatment, elevated serum levels of MCP-1, CFB, and BAFF were risk factors for nonremission in MN patients (P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis revealed that the area under the curve for the combined prediction of nonremission in MN patients after treatment with serum BAFF, CFB and MCP-1 was 0.948, which was greater than the area under the curve for the individual prediction of anti-PLA2R antibody and BAFF, CFB and MCP-1 (Z=4.116, 3.059, 4.122, 4.116, P<0.05).

Conclusion: The levels of serum BAFF, CFB and MCP-1 in MN patients are related to the level of anti-PLA2R antibody, MN stage and therapeutic effect. Moreover, the combined detection of serum BAFF, CFB and MCP-1 has high predictive value for the nonremission of MN patients after treatment.