ATTITUDE OF EMPLOYEES TOWARDS CHANGE INITIATIVES AS INFLUENCED BY COMMITMENT AND JOB SATISFACTION: THE CASE OF SELECTED HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN ETHIOPIA
Keywords:
Change Initiatives, Attitude towards change, employee commitment, Job satisfaction, Higher Education Institutions
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of organizational commitment and job satisfaction on attitudes of employees toward change initiatives in public universities in Ethiopia. Self-Administered questionnaires were prepared and distributed to 200 randomly selected teachers in selected universities via e-mail addresses. Correlation and Regression analysis was conducted to see the influences of the two variables. The results revealed that employees ` general attitudes towards change initiatives is influenced by Job satisfaction (p<0.05). However, it did not indicate the significant influence of employee’s commitment to their organization on attitudes of employees regarding change initiatives (p>0.05).
References
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Alireza, Z. (2014.) Job Satisfaction and Organizational Justice as Predictors of Attitude Concerning Organizational Reform (Unpublished).Thesis.Lunds University.
Avidov-Ungar, O.,&Eshet-Alkakay, Y. (2011). Teachers in a world of change: Teachers' knowledge and attitudes towards the implementation of innovative technologies in schools. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects (IJELLO),
Bandura A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Beer, M., Eisenstat, R.A., and Spector, B. (1990) .Why Change Programs Don`t Produce Change. Harvard Business Review, (Nov.-Dec.), pp.158-166.
Bellou, V. (2007). ‘Psychological contract assessment after a major organizational change:The case of mergers and acquisitions’, Employee Relations, 29(1): 68–88.
Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, cynicism, and commitment: A study of important organizational change variables. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(3), 303–326.
Bovey, W. &Hede, A. (200). ‘Resistance to organizational change: The role of cognitive and affective processes’. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 22(1): 372– 382.
Boyne, A. (2003). Evaluating Public Management Reforms. London: Open University Press.
Blackmore, A. (2005). The Reform of Public Services: The Role of the Voluntary Sector. London: NCVO
Blackman, D., O’Flynn, J. and Ugyel, L. (2013) “A Diagnostic Tool for Assessing Organizational Readiness for Complex Change”, paper presented to the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management conference, Hobart, 4-6 December.
Carnall, C. A. (1986). Toward a theory for the evaluation of organizational change. Human Relations, 39, 745–766.
Carvalho, J. (1984). Archival application of mathematical sampling techniques. Records Management Quarterly, 18, 60-63.
Caldwell, S.D., Herold, D.M., and Fedor, D.B. (2004), .Toward an Understanding of the Relationships among Organizational Change, Individual Differences, and Changes Person-Environment Fit: A Cross-Level Study,.Journal of Applied Psychology Vol.89, No.5, pp.868-882.
Carlo, D. (2012). Understanding change and change management processes (a case study):PhD Dissertation (unpolished).University of Canberra.
Chane, P. (2001). The challenges of the civil service Reform in Ethiopia: Initial Observations.EASSRR,Vol.XVII.no.1
.Choi, M. (2011). Employees' attitudes towards organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management, 50(4), 479-500.
Coetsee, L. 1999. ‘From resistance to commitment’, Public Administration Quarterly, 23: 204–222.
Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 463–484.
Cordery, J., Sevastos, P., Mueller, W., & Parker, S. (1993). Correlates of employee attitude toward functional flexibility. Human Relations, 46(6), 705-23.
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal. 34 (3), 555-590.
Darwish, A. Y. (1999). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of attitudes toward organizational change in a nonwestern setting. Personal Review 29,5.
Darwish, A. Y. (2017) Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Attitudes toward Organizational Change: A Study in the Local Government, International Journal of Public Administration, 40:1, 77-88
Daryush, F., Mehran, N. and Heydar, M. (2008). Balanced scorecard application in universities And higher education institutes: Implementation guide in an Iranian context / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008) 31-4
David, G. (n.d).Attitude towards Organizational Change among Public Middle. Public Personnel
Management. University of Lausanne Institute of political and international studies Géopolis, Switzerland.
David, J. (1967). Manual for Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (Unpublished).University of Minnesota.
Devos, G., Vanderheyden, K., & Van den Broeck, H. (2001). A framework for assessing commitment to change: Process and context variables of organizational change. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.
Dumond, E. (1994). Making Best Use of Performance Measures and Information. International Journal of Operational and production Management, 14 (35), 16-31.
Durmaz, H. 2007. Officer attitudes toward organizational change in the Turkish national police. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Texas, Texas.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500– 507.
Guest, D. (1992). Employee commitment and control. In Hartley, J.F. and Stephenson, G.M. (Eds.). Employment Relations, Blackwell, Oxford.
Hair et al., (2006) argued that correlation coefficient below 0.90 may not cause serious multicollinearity problem.
Hirve, K. &. Sekar . (2007). Risk Factors and Barriers to Process Reengineering. Hood, C. and M. Jackson. (199). Administrative Argument. Aldershot: Dartmouth.
Iverson, R. D. (1996). Employee acceptance of organizational change: The role of organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7, 122–149
Josie, k. (2007). Reforming public services in the UK: Bringing in the third sector. Public administration vol. 85, no. 4
John, P. Meyer and Natalie J. Allen.(2004). TCM Employee Commitment Survey. Academic Users Guide (unpublished). The University of Western Ontario.
Johnson, J. (2002), .11th September 2001: Will It Make a Difference to the Global Anti-Money Laundering Movement? Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol.6, No.1, summer 2002, p.9.
Kanji, G.P., & Moura, E.P. (2003).Sustaining healthcare excellence through performance measurement. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 14(3), 269-289.
Kanter, R.M. (1983). The change masters: Innovation for productivity in the American corporation. New York: Simon and Schuster in Tanzania, from 1991-2000: University of Bergen, Norway.
Kezar, A., & Eckel, P.D. (2003). The effect of institutional culture on change strategies in higher education: Universal principles or culturally responsive concepts? The Journal of Higher Education, 73(4), 435-460.
Kieffer, T. (2005), Feeling Bad: Antecedents and Consequences of Negative Emotions in ongoing Change, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.26, pp.875-897.
Kijsanayotin, B. Pannarunothai, S., & Speedie, S. M. (2009). Factors influencing health information technology adoption in Thailand's community health centers: Applying the UTAUT model. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78, 404-416.
Kleanthis, K., K., Athanasios, N. T. and Sofia-Maria, N. B. (2014).Exploring employees perceptions, job-related attitudes and characteristics during a planned organizational change. Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, Volume 9, Issue 1.
Kotter, J.P. (1996), Leading Change, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Lau, C., & Woodman, R. C. (1995). Understanding organizational change: a schematic perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 537-54.
Lukumai Emmanuel, C., (2006). The Implementation of Civil Service Reforms.
Lycke, L. (2003). Team development when implementing TPM.Total Quality Management, 14(2), 205-213.
McCourt, W. (2013). Models of Public Service Reform: A Problem Solving Approach. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 6428. Washington D.C: The World Bank.
MdG, (2011). Best Practices in Civil Service Reform: Reference and Resource Manual Public Sector Reform. MDGD, n.d. civil service reform Paper http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan001183.pdfv
Miller, V. D., Johnson, J. R., &Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22(1), 59–80.
Ministry of Civil Service (MOSC). (2011).The direction of Reform Army Building in the Civil Service: Unpublished document of Ministry of Civil Service (Prepared in Amharic)
Ministry of Civil Service.(2014). Federal Civil Service Change Army Development Manual. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Moran, J. W. and Brightman, B. K. (2001) ‘Leading organizational change’, Career Development International, 6(2), pp. 111–118.
Mowday, R., Steers, R., & Porter, L. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247.
Muhammad, M., Samina, N., Basharat N.& Rizwan, D. (2010). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of University Teachers in Public Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 5, No. 6
Naimatullah, S, (2011),"A study of the relationship between organizational justice and employee readiness for change", Journal of Enterprise Information Management,Vol.24 Issue : 3 pp. 224 – 236.
Newhouse, David R. and Chapman, Ian D. (1996), .Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of Two Aboriginal Organizations., Human Relations, Vol.49, No.7, pp.995-1011
Neves, P., & Caetano, A. (2009). Commitment to change: Contributions to trust in the supervisor and work outcomes. Group & Organization Management, 34(6), 623–644.
Nohria, N., Joyce, W., and Roberson, B. (2003), .What Really Works? Harvard Business Review, Vol.81, pp.43-52.
Orit, A. &Yoram, E. (2011).Teachers in a World of Change: Teachers' Knowledge and Attitudes towards the Implementation of Innovative Technologies in Schools. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects Volume 7.
O’Roark, A. M. (2007). Guidelines for education and training at the doctoral and postdoctoral levels in consulting psychology/organizational consulting psychology. American Psychological Association.
Parish, J. T., Cadwallader, S., & Busch, P. (2008). Want to, need to, ought to: Employee commitment to organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(1), 32–52.
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G.(2004). Public Management reform. A comparative analysis. Oxford university press.
Probst, G., &Raisch, S. (2005). Organizational crisis: The logic of failure. Academy of Management Review, 19(1): 90-105.
Rao, S. (2013). Civil Service Reform: Topic Guide, Birmingham, UK: Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), University of Birmingham.
Robbins, S.P. (2005), Organizational Behavior (11th Ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Roderick , D. I.(1996). Employee acceptance of organizational change: the role of organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 7:
Somekh, B. &Lewin C. (2005).Research Methods in Social Sciences.Sage Publications. London: Thosusand Oaks
Stephen, m. (2010).change, technology and higher education: are Universities capable of organizational change. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, volume 15: issue 4
Tilaye Kassahun, (2007). Civil Service Reform in Ethiopia: Achievements, Problems and Possible Solutions. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Achievements, Challenges and Prospects of the Civil Service Reform Program Implementation in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tilaye, K. (2007). Civil Service Reform in Ethiopia: Achievements, Problems and Possible Solutions. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Achievements, Challenges and Prospects of the civil service reform program implementation in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tryggvi, H. (2008).Organizational change and change readiness: Employees’ attitudes during times of proposed merger (unpublished), Universitetet i Tromsø
Visagie C. M &Steyn C. (2011).Organizational commitment and responses to planned organizational change: An exploratory study. Southern African Business Review Volume 15 Number 3.
Vakola, M., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes towards organizational change: What is the role of employees' stress and commitment? Employee Relations, 27(2),
Visagie, C.M & Steyn, C. (2011). Organizational commitment and responses to planned organizational change: An exploratory study. Southern African Business Review Volume 15, Number 3.
Vakola, M., Tsaousis, I., & Nikolaou, I. (2004). The role of emotional intelligence and personality variables on attitudes toward organizational change.
Yousef, D. A. (2000a). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of attitudes toward organizational change in a non-western setting. Personnel Review, 29, 567–592.
Yosef, T. (2011).Study of the Civil Service Reform in Adama City Administration: Regional state of Oromia- Ethiopia. A.A: A.A.U.
Weick, K. E., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Organizational change and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 361-386.
Wescott, C., 1999, ‘Guiding principles on civil service reform in Africa: An empirical review’, International Journal of Public Sector Management 12(2), 145–170.
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Alfonsus, B. S. (2008). Organizational Readiness for Change: A Case Study on Change Readiness in a Manufacturing Company in Indonesia: International journal of management perspectives.
Alireza, Z. (2014.) Job Satisfaction and Organizational Justice as Predictors of Attitude Concerning Organizational Reform (Unpublished).Thesis.Lunds University.
Avidov-Ungar, O.,&Eshet-Alkakay, Y. (2011). Teachers in a world of change: Teachers' knowledge and attitudes towards the implementation of innovative technologies in schools. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects (IJELLO),
Bandura A. (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Beer, M., Eisenstat, R.A., and Spector, B. (1990) .Why Change Programs Don`t Produce Change. Harvard Business Review, (Nov.-Dec.), pp.158-166.
Bellou, V. (2007). ‘Psychological contract assessment after a major organizational change:The case of mergers and acquisitions’, Employee Relations, 29(1): 68–88.
Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A. A., Feild, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, cynicism, and commitment: A study of important organizational change variables. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43(3), 303–326.
Bovey, W. &Hede, A. (200). ‘Resistance to organizational change: The role of cognitive and affective processes’. Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 22(1): 372– 382.
Boyne, A. (2003). Evaluating Public Management Reforms. London: Open University Press.
Blackmore, A. (2005). The Reform of Public Services: The Role of the Voluntary Sector. London: NCVO
Blackman, D., O’Flynn, J. and Ugyel, L. (2013) “A Diagnostic Tool for Assessing Organizational Readiness for Complex Change”, paper presented to the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management conference, Hobart, 4-6 December.
Carnall, C. A. (1986). Toward a theory for the evaluation of organizational change. Human Relations, 39, 745–766.
Carvalho, J. (1984). Archival application of mathematical sampling techniques. Records Management Quarterly, 18, 60-63.
Caldwell, S.D., Herold, D.M., and Fedor, D.B. (2004), .Toward an Understanding of the Relationships among Organizational Change, Individual Differences, and Changes Person-Environment Fit: A Cross-Level Study,.Journal of Applied Psychology Vol.89, No.5, pp.868-882.
Carlo, D. (2012). Understanding change and change management processes (a case study):PhD Dissertation (unpolished).University of Canberra.
Chane, P. (2001). The challenges of the civil service Reform in Ethiopia: Initial Observations.EASSRR,Vol.XVII.no.1
.Choi, M. (2011). Employees' attitudes towards organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management, 50(4), 479-500.
Coetsee, L. 1999. ‘From resistance to commitment’, Public Administration Quarterly, 23: 204–222.
Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 463–484.
Cordery, J., Sevastos, P., Mueller, W., & Parker, S. (1993). Correlates of employee attitude toward functional flexibility. Human Relations, 46(6), 705-23.
Damanpour, F. (1991). Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators. Academy of Management Journal. 34 (3), 555-590.
Darwish, A. Y. (1999). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of attitudes toward organizational change in a nonwestern setting. Personal Review 29,5.
Darwish, A. Y. (2017) Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Attitudes toward Organizational Change: A Study in the Local Government, International Journal of Public Administration, 40:1, 77-88
Daryush, F., Mehran, N. and Heydar, M. (2008). Balanced scorecard application in universities And higher education institutes: Implementation guide in an Iranian context / Annals of University of Bucharest, Economic and Administrative Series, Nr. 2 (2008) 31-4
David, G. (n.d).Attitude towards Organizational Change among Public Middle. Public Personnel
Management. University of Lausanne Institute of political and international studies Géopolis, Switzerland.
David, J. (1967). Manual for Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire (Unpublished).University of Minnesota.
Devos, G., Vanderheyden, K., & Van den Broeck, H. (2001). A framework for assessing commitment to change: Process and context variables of organizational change. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Washington, DC.
Dumond, E. (1994). Making Best Use of Performance Measures and Information. International Journal of Operational and production Management, 14 (35), 16-31.
Durmaz, H. 2007. Officer attitudes toward organizational change in the Turkish national police. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of North Texas, Texas.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500– 507.
Guest, D. (1992). Employee commitment and control. In Hartley, J.F. and Stephenson, G.M. (Eds.). Employment Relations, Blackwell, Oxford.
Hair et al., (2006) argued that correlation coefficient below 0.90 may not cause serious multicollinearity problem.
Hirve, K. &. Sekar . (2007). Risk Factors and Barriers to Process Reengineering. Hood, C. and M. Jackson. (199). Administrative Argument. Aldershot: Dartmouth.
Iverson, R. D. (1996). Employee acceptance of organizational change: The role of organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 7, 122–149
Josie, k. (2007). Reforming public services in the UK: Bringing in the third sector. Public administration vol. 85, no. 4
John, P. Meyer and Natalie J. Allen.(2004). TCM Employee Commitment Survey. Academic Users Guide (unpublished). The University of Western Ontario.
Johnson, J. (2002), .11th September 2001: Will It Make a Difference to the Global Anti-Money Laundering Movement? Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol.6, No.1, summer 2002, p.9.
Kanji, G.P., & Moura, E.P. (2003).Sustaining healthcare excellence through performance measurement. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 14(3), 269-289.
Kanter, R.M. (1983). The change masters: Innovation for productivity in the American corporation. New York: Simon and Schuster in Tanzania, from 1991-2000: University of Bergen, Norway.
Kezar, A., & Eckel, P.D. (2003). The effect of institutional culture on change strategies in higher education: Universal principles or culturally responsive concepts? The Journal of Higher Education, 73(4), 435-460.
Kieffer, T. (2005), Feeling Bad: Antecedents and Consequences of Negative Emotions in ongoing Change, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.26, pp.875-897.
Kijsanayotin, B. Pannarunothai, S., & Speedie, S. M. (2009). Factors influencing health information technology adoption in Thailand's community health centers: Applying the UTAUT model. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 78, 404-416.
Kleanthis, K., K., Athanasios, N. T. and Sofia-Maria, N. B. (2014).Exploring employees perceptions, job-related attitudes and characteristics during a planned organizational change. Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, Volume 9, Issue 1.
Kotter, J.P. (1996), Leading Change, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Lau, C., & Woodman, R. C. (1995). Understanding organizational change: a schematic perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 537-54.
Lukumai Emmanuel, C., (2006). The Implementation of Civil Service Reforms.
Lycke, L. (2003). Team development when implementing TPM.Total Quality Management, 14(2), 205-213.
McCourt, W. (2013). Models of Public Service Reform: A Problem Solving Approach. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 6428. Washington D.C: The World Bank.
MdG, (2011). Best Practices in Civil Service Reform: Reference and Resource Manual Public Sector Reform. MDGD, n.d. civil service reform Paper http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan001183.pdfv
Miller, V. D., Johnson, J. R., &Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22(1), 59–80.
Ministry of Civil Service (MOSC). (2011).The direction of Reform Army Building in the Civil Service: Unpublished document of Ministry of Civil Service (Prepared in Amharic)
Ministry of Civil Service.(2014). Federal Civil Service Change Army Development Manual. Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
Moran, J. W. and Brightman, B. K. (2001) ‘Leading organizational change’, Career Development International, 6(2), pp. 111–118.
Mowday, R., Steers, R., & Porter, L. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247.
Muhammad, M., Samina, N., Basharat N.& Rizwan, D. (2010). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment of University Teachers in Public Sector of Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 5, No. 6
Naimatullah, S, (2011),"A study of the relationship between organizational justice and employee readiness for change", Journal of Enterprise Information Management,Vol.24 Issue : 3 pp. 224 – 236.
Newhouse, David R. and Chapman, Ian D. (1996), .Organizational Transformation: A Case Study of Two Aboriginal Organizations., Human Relations, Vol.49, No.7, pp.995-1011
Neves, P., & Caetano, A. (2009). Commitment to change: Contributions to trust in the supervisor and work outcomes. Group & Organization Management, 34(6), 623–644.
Nohria, N., Joyce, W., and Roberson, B. (2003), .What Really Works? Harvard Business Review, Vol.81, pp.43-52.
Orit, A. &Yoram, E. (2011).Teachers in a World of Change: Teachers' Knowledge and Attitudes towards the Implementation of Innovative Technologies in Schools. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects Volume 7.
O’Roark, A. M. (2007). Guidelines for education and training at the doctoral and postdoctoral levels in consulting psychology/organizational consulting psychology. American Psychological Association.
Parish, J. T., Cadwallader, S., & Busch, P. (2008). Want to, need to, ought to: Employee commitment to organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 21(1), 32–52.
Pollitt, C. & Bouckaert, G.(2004). Public Management reform. A comparative analysis. Oxford university press.
Probst, G., &Raisch, S. (2005). Organizational crisis: The logic of failure. Academy of Management Review, 19(1): 90-105.
Rao, S. (2013). Civil Service Reform: Topic Guide, Birmingham, UK: Governance and Social Development Resource Centre (GSDRC), University of Birmingham.
Robbins, S.P. (2005), Organizational Behavior (11th Ed.), Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Roderick , D. I.(1996). Employee acceptance of organizational change: the role of organizational commitment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 7:
Somekh, B. &Lewin C. (2005).Research Methods in Social Sciences.Sage Publications. London: Thosusand Oaks
Stephen, m. (2010).change, technology and higher education: are Universities capable of organizational change. Journal of asynchronous learning networks, volume 15: issue 4
Tilaye Kassahun, (2007). Civil Service Reform in Ethiopia: Achievements, Problems and Possible Solutions. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Achievements, Challenges and Prospects of the Civil Service Reform Program Implementation in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tilaye, K. (2007). Civil Service Reform in Ethiopia: Achievements, Problems and Possible Solutions. Proceedings of the First National Conference on the Achievements, Challenges and Prospects of the civil service reform program implementation in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Tryggvi, H. (2008).Organizational change and change readiness: Employees’ attitudes during times of proposed merger (unpublished), Universitetet i Tromsø
Visagie C. M &Steyn C. (2011).Organizational commitment and responses to planned organizational change: An exploratory study. Southern African Business Review Volume 15 Number 3.
Vakola, M., & Nikolaou, I. (2005). Attitudes towards organizational change: What is the role of employees' stress and commitment? Employee Relations, 27(2),
Visagie, C.M & Steyn, C. (2011). Organizational commitment and responses to planned organizational change: An exploratory study. Southern African Business Review Volume 15, Number 3.
Vakola, M., Tsaousis, I., & Nikolaou, I. (2004). The role of emotional intelligence and personality variables on attitudes toward organizational change.
Yousef, D. A. (2000a). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction as predictors of attitudes toward organizational change in a non-western setting. Personnel Review, 29, 567–592.
Yosef, T. (2011).Study of the Civil Service Reform in Adama City Administration: Regional state of Oromia- Ethiopia. A.A: A.A.U.
Weick, K. E., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Organizational change and development. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 361-386.
Wescott, C., 1999, ‘Guiding principles on civil service reform in Africa: An empirical review’, International Journal of Public Sector Management 12(2), 145–170.
Published
2020/08/03
Section
Original Scientific Paper