PREHOSPITALNO ZBRINJAVANJE I NEGA POVREĐENIH U SAOBRAĆAJNOM NEZGODAMA
Ključne reči:
Hitna medicinska pomoć, politrauma, zlatni sat, javno zdravlje
Sažetak
Efikasna nega svih vrsta trauma kao posledica povređivanja u saobraćaju je prioritet u svim zdravstvenim sistemima. Svake godine mnogi od 1,35 miliona izgubljenih života na globalnom nivou mogu biti spaseni i veliki deo invaliditeta povređenih mogao bi da se spreči ako bi brze i kompetentne prebolničke usluge bile dostupne na mestu gde se nesreća dogodila. Godine 2016. svetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) izvestila je da su saobraćajne nesreće među 10 vodećih uzroka smrtnosti, posebno kod mlađe kategorije učesnika u saobraćaju gde dominiraju osobe muškog pola. Trijaža i protokol traume imaju za cilj da postojeće resurse sitema zdravstvene zaštite i civilnog sektora, upotrebe u korist što većeg broja povređenih. Smatra se da je vremenski interval između pojave saobraćajne nezgode i početka prve medicinske pomoći i zdravstvene nege, u određenom centru za traumu važan prediktor preživljavanja žrtve. Cilj ovog rada je bio, da se naglasi važnost korišćenja protokola prilikom zbrinjavanja povređenih i istaknuti značaj prehospitalnog zbrinjavanja i nege, za smanjenje motaliteta nakon povređivanja u saobraćaju. U ovom radu biće predstavljene informacije iz relevantnih izvora podataka: PubMed, MEDLAJN, SCOPUS i Srpskog citatnog ideksa i drugih relevantnih baza. Uvođenje i primena efikasnih trijažnih protokola, kao i formiranje lako dostupne mreže trauma centara, ključni su za poboljšanje prehospitalne nege i smanjenje smrtnosti. Ove mere omogućavaju brži odgovor na nesreće, optimalnu raspodelu resursa i poboljšanje ishoda za povređene, što je od suštinskog značaja za unapređenje sistema javnog zdravlja jedne države.
Reference
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2. Moore L, Champion H, O'Reilly G, Leppaniemi A, Cameron P, Palmer C, et el; International Injury Care Improvement Initiative. Impact of trauma system structure on injury outcomes: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 21;6(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0408-8.
3. Pešić I, Holcer Vukelić S, Tutuš N. Mass disaster or accident with a large number of injured: Case report. ABC - časopis urgentne medicine. 2016;16(3):62-8.
4. Allan K, Hayes K, Thomas M, Barnard K. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in traumatic brain injury: a scoping review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2019 Sep;17(9):1901-1908. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003984.
5. Chughtai T, Parchani A, Strandvik G, Verma V, Arumugam S, El-Menyar A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Trauma intensive care unit (TICU) at Hamad General Hospital. Qatar Med J. 2020;2019(2):5.
6. Šijački A, Ercegovac M, Đikić M. Rana hospitalna trijaža pacijenata sa urgentnim stanjima. Medicinski glasnik Specijalne bolnice za bolesti štitaste žlezde i bolesti metabolizma 'Zlatibor'. 2017;22(64):7-17.
7. Frink M, Lechler P, Debus F, Ruchholtz S. Multiple Trauma and Emergency Room Management. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(29-30):497-503.
8. DiMaggio CJ, Avraham JB, Lee DC, Frangos SG, Wall SP. The Epidemiology of Emergency Department Trauma Discharges in the United States. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(10):1244-1256.
9. Smith D, Bowden T. Using the ABCDE approach to assess the deteriorating patient. Nurs Stand. 2017;32(14):51-63.
10. Olgers TJ, Dijkstra RS, Drost-de Klerck AM, Ter Maaten JC. The ABCDE primary assessment in the emergency department in medically ill patients: an observational pilot study. Neth J Med. 2017;75(3):106-111.
11. World Health Orgnatization. Prehospital Trauma Care Sytems. World Health
Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
12. Kondo Y, Abe T, Kohshi K, Tokuda Y, Cook EF, Kukita I. Revised trauma scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality in the emergency department: Glasgow Coma Scale, Age, and Systolic Blood Pressure score. Crit Care 2011;15(4): R191.
13. Short Communications From AAAM's 60th Annual Scientific Conference. Traffic Inj Prev. 2016 Sep;17 Suppl 1:175-218.
14. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). The ab-
breviated injury scale 2005. Barrington, IL; 2005.
15. Navarro S, Koo M, Orrego C, Munoz-Vives JM, Rivero M, Montmany S, et al. Study on the improvement of trauma patient care: TRAUMACAT project. Med Clin. 2014;143 Suppl 1:25-31.
16. Avramov S. Prehospitalno zbrinjavanje i intrahospitalno zbrinjavanje teško povređenih. In: Avramov S, Somer T, editors. Savremeni pravci zbrinjavanja povređenih. Novi Sad: Srpsko lekarsko društvo-Društvo lekara Vojvodine; 1992: p. 31-2.
17. Hearns S. Checklists in emergency medicine. Emerg Med J. 2018;35(9):530-531.
18. Pfeifera R, Tarkina I, Rocosb B, Papea HC. Patterns of mortality and causes of death in polytrauma patients-has anything changed? Injury. 2009;40(9):907-11.
19. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:637-46.
20. Preporuka za zbrinjavanje traume. Beograd: Ministarstvo zdravlja; 2010.
21. Dinh MM, Bein K, Roncal S, Byrne CM, Petchell J, Brennan J. Redefining the golden hour for severe head injury in an urban setting: the effect of prehospital arrival times on patient outcomes. Injury. 2013;44(5):606-10.
22. Kreis DJ, Plasencia G, Augenstein D, Davis J, Echenique M, Vopal J, Byers P, Gomez G: Preventable trauma deaths: Dade County, Florida. J Trauma. 1986; 26(7): 649-654.
23. Elvik R, Vaa T: Handbook of road safety measures. 2004, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
24. von Elm E: Prehospital emergency care and the global road safety crisis. JAMA. 2004,
292 (8): 923-10.1001/jama.292.8.923-a.
25. World Health Orgnatization. Prehospital Trauma Care Sytems. World Health
Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
26. Murad MK, Husum H. Trained lay first responders reduce trauma mortality : a
controlled study of rural trauma in Iraq. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010;25(6): 533–9.
27. Ahuja R, Tiwari G, Bhalla K. Going to the nearest hospital vs. designated trauma centre
for road traffic crashes: estimating the time difference in Delhi, India. Int J Inj Contr Saf
Promot. 2019;26(3):271-282.
28. Murad MK, Larsen S, Husum H. Prehospital trauma care reduces mortality. Ten- year
results from a time-cohort and trauma audit study in Iraq. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg
Med. 2012;20(1):13.
29. Kobusingye OC. Emergency medical systems in low- and middle- income countries:
recommendations for action. Bull of the World Health. 2005;83(8):626–31.
30. Carr BG, Caplan JM, Pryor JP, Branas CC: A meta-analysis of prehospital care times
for trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10 (2): 198-206.
31. Casey ER, Muro F, Thielman NM, Maya E, Ossmann EW, Hocker MB, et al. Analysis
of traumatic injuries presenting to a referral hospital emergency department in Moshi,
Tanzania. Int J Emerg Med. 2012;5(1):28.
32. Boniface R, Museru L, Kiloloma O, Munthali V. Factors associated with road traffic
injuries in Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;23(1):1–8.
33. Lukumay GG, Ndile ML, Outwater AH, Mkoka DA, Padyab M, Saveman B, et al.
Provision of post-crash first aid by traffic police in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania : a cross-
sectional survey. BMC Emerg Med. 2018;18(1):4–5.
34. Band RA, Salhi RA, Holena DN, Powell E, Branas CC, Carr BG. Severityadjusted
mortality in trauma patients transported by police. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(5):608–
614.e3.
35. Lukumay GG, Outwater AH, Mkoka DA, Ndile ML, Saveman BI. Traffic police officers' experience of post-crash care to road traffic injury victims: a qualitative study
in Tanzania". BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):51.
36. Kobusingye OC, Hyder AA, Bishai D, Hicks ER, Mock C, Joshipura M: Emergency
medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: recommendations for action.
Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(8):626-631.
37. Mock CN, Tiska M, Adu-Ampofo M, Boakye G: Improvements in prehospital trauma
care in an African country with no formal emergency medical services. J Trauma. 2002;
53(1):90-97.
38. Podolsky S, Baraff LJ, Simon RR, Hoffman JR, Larmon B, Ablon W: Efficacy of
cervical spine immobilization methods. J Trauma. 1983;23(6):461-465.
39. Khorasani-Zavareh D, Haglund BJ, Mohammadi R, Naghavi M, Laflamme L: Traffic
186. injury deaths in West Azarbaijan province of Iran: a cross-sectional interview-
based study on victims' characteristics and pre-hospital care. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot.
2009;16(3):119-126.
40. European Commission, Post-impact Care, European Commission, Directorate General
for Transport, February 2018.
41. Rzońca P, Gałązkowski R, Wójcik-Fatla A, Panasiuk L, Gotlib J. Missions of the
helicopter emergency medical service in rural and urban areas in Poland—A
comparative retrospective analysis. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2019;26:355–360.
42. Genowska A, Jamiołkowski J, Szafraniec K, Fryc J, Pająk A. Health Care Resources and 24,910 Deaths Due to Traffic Accidents: An Ecological Mortality Study in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5561.
43. Newgard CD, Fu R, Bulger E, Hedges JR, Mann NC, Wright DA, Lehrfeld D. Shields
C, Hoskins G,Warden C et all. Evaluation of rural vs urban trauma patients served by
9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:11–18.
44. Jarman MP, Hashmi Z, Zerhouni Y, Udyavar R, Newgard C, Salim A, Haider AH.
Quantifying geographic barriers to trauma care: Urban-rural variation in prehospital
mortality. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87:173–180.
45. Rhinehart ZJ, Guyette FX, Sperry JL, Forsythe RM, Murdock A, Alarcon LH, Peitzman
AB, Rosengart MR. The association between air ambulance distribution and trauma
mortality. Ann. Surg. 2013;257:1147–1153.ž
46. Zhu TH, Hollister L, Opoku D, Galvagno SM. Improved survival for rural trauma
patients transported by helicopter to a verified trauma center: A propensity score
analysis. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2018;25:44–53.
47. Lawson FL, Schuurman N, Oliver L, Nathens AB. Evaluating potential spatial access
to trauma center care by severely injured patients. Health Place. 2013;19:131–137.đ
48. Baier N., Pieper J., Schweikart J., Busse R., Vogt V. Capturing modelled and perceived spatial access to ambulatory health care services in rural and urban areas in German. Soc. Sci. Med. 2020;265:113328.
49. Kmet L., Macarthur C. Urban–rural differences in motor vehicle crash fatality and
hospitalization rates among children and youth. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2006;38:122–127.
50. Newgard C.D., Fu R., Bulger E., Hedges J.R., Mann N.C., Wright D.A., Lehrfeld D.P.,
Shields C., Hoskins G., Warden C., et al. Evaluation of rural vs urban trauma patients
served by 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:11–18.
51. Jarman M.P., Hashmi Z., Zerhouni Y., Udyavar R., Newgard C., Salim A., 1Haider A.H. Quantifying geographic barriers to trauma care: Urban-rural variation in
prehospital mortality. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87:173–180.
52. Tobin, JM, Via, DK, Carter, T. Tactical evacuation: extending critical care on rotary
wing platforms to forward surgical facilities. J Spec Oper Med 2011;11(4):42-43.
53. Buchanan I, Coates A. Does Mode of Transport Confer a Mortality Benefit in Trauma
Patients? Characteristics and Outcomes at an Ontario Lead Trauma Hospital. CJEM,
2016;18(5):363-369.
54. Demetriades D, Martin M, Salim A, Rhee P, Brown C, Chan L: The effect of
trauma center designation and trauma volume on outcome in specific
injuries. Ann Surg 2005;242:512-17.
55. Allen B, Cummer E, Sarma AK. Traumatic Brain Injury in Select Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Neurotrauma. 2022 Nov 24.
56. Pelicic D, Ristic B, Radojevic N, Djonovic N, Radevic S. Influence of Spatial and Temporal Distance of the Hospital on Survival of Patients with Dangerous Injuries Sustained in Traffic Accidents. Iran J Public Health. 2022 Oct;51(10):2289-2297.
2. Moore L, Champion H, O'Reilly G, Leppaniemi A, Cameron P, Palmer C, et el; International Injury Care Improvement Initiative. Impact of trauma system structure on injury outcomes: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 21;6(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0408-8.
3. Pešić I, Holcer Vukelić S, Tutuš N. Mass disaster or accident with a large number of injured: Case report. ABC - časopis urgentne medicine. 2016;16(3):62-8.
4. Allan K, Hayes K, Thomas M, Barnard K. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in traumatic brain injury: a scoping review protocol. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2019 Sep;17(9):1901-1908. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003984.
5. Chughtai T, Parchani A, Strandvik G, Verma V, Arumugam S, El-Menyar A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Trauma intensive care unit (TICU) at Hamad General Hospital. Qatar Med J. 2020;2019(2):5.
6. Šijački A, Ercegovac M, Đikić M. Rana hospitalna trijaža pacijenata sa urgentnim stanjima. Medicinski glasnik Specijalne bolnice za bolesti štitaste žlezde i bolesti metabolizma 'Zlatibor'. 2017;22(64):7-17.
7. Frink M, Lechler P, Debus F, Ruchholtz S. Multiple Trauma and Emergency Room Management. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(29-30):497-503.
8. DiMaggio CJ, Avraham JB, Lee DC, Frangos SG, Wall SP. The Epidemiology of Emergency Department Trauma Discharges in the United States. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(10):1244-1256.
9. Smith D, Bowden T. Using the ABCDE approach to assess the deteriorating patient. Nurs Stand. 2017;32(14):51-63.
10. Olgers TJ, Dijkstra RS, Drost-de Klerck AM, Ter Maaten JC. The ABCDE primary assessment in the emergency department in medically ill patients: an observational pilot study. Neth J Med. 2017;75(3):106-111.
11. World Health Orgnatization. Prehospital Trauma Care Sytems. World Health
Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
12. Kondo Y, Abe T, Kohshi K, Tokuda Y, Cook EF, Kukita I. Revised trauma scoring system to predict in-hospital mortality in the emergency department: Glasgow Coma Scale, Age, and Systolic Blood Pressure score. Crit Care 2011;15(4): R191.
13. Short Communications From AAAM's 60th Annual Scientific Conference. Traffic Inj Prev. 2016 Sep;17 Suppl 1:175-218.
14. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (AAAM). The ab-
breviated injury scale 2005. Barrington, IL; 2005.
15. Navarro S, Koo M, Orrego C, Munoz-Vives JM, Rivero M, Montmany S, et al. Study on the improvement of trauma patient care: TRAUMACAT project. Med Clin. 2014;143 Suppl 1:25-31.
16. Avramov S. Prehospitalno zbrinjavanje i intrahospitalno zbrinjavanje teško povređenih. In: Avramov S, Somer T, editors. Savremeni pravci zbrinjavanja povređenih. Novi Sad: Srpsko lekarsko društvo-Društvo lekara Vojvodine; 1992: p. 31-2.
17. Hearns S. Checklists in emergency medicine. Emerg Med J. 2018;35(9):530-531.
18. Pfeifera R, Tarkina I, Rocosb B, Papea HC. Patterns of mortality and causes of death in polytrauma patients-has anything changed? Injury. 2009;40(9):907-11.
19. Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:637-46.
20. Preporuka za zbrinjavanje traume. Beograd: Ministarstvo zdravlja; 2010.
21. Dinh MM, Bein K, Roncal S, Byrne CM, Petchell J, Brennan J. Redefining the golden hour for severe head injury in an urban setting: the effect of prehospital arrival times on patient outcomes. Injury. 2013;44(5):606-10.
22. Kreis DJ, Plasencia G, Augenstein D, Davis J, Echenique M, Vopal J, Byers P, Gomez G: Preventable trauma deaths: Dade County, Florida. J Trauma. 1986; 26(7): 649-654.
23. Elvik R, Vaa T: Handbook of road safety measures. 2004, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
24. von Elm E: Prehospital emergency care and the global road safety crisis. JAMA. 2004,
292 (8): 923-10.1001/jama.292.8.923-a.
25. World Health Orgnatization. Prehospital Trauma Care Sytems. World Health
Organisation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
26. Murad MK, Husum H. Trained lay first responders reduce trauma mortality : a
controlled study of rural trauma in Iraq. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2010;25(6): 533–9.
27. Ahuja R, Tiwari G, Bhalla K. Going to the nearest hospital vs. designated trauma centre
for road traffic crashes: estimating the time difference in Delhi, India. Int J Inj Contr Saf
Promot. 2019;26(3):271-282.
28. Murad MK, Larsen S, Husum H. Prehospital trauma care reduces mortality. Ten- year
results from a time-cohort and trauma audit study in Iraq. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg
Med. 2012;20(1):13.
29. Kobusingye OC. Emergency medical systems in low- and middle- income countries:
recommendations for action. Bull of the World Health. 2005;83(8):626–31.
30. Carr BG, Caplan JM, Pryor JP, Branas CC: A meta-analysis of prehospital care times
for trauma. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10 (2): 198-206.
31. Casey ER, Muro F, Thielman NM, Maya E, Ossmann EW, Hocker MB, et al. Analysis
of traumatic injuries presenting to a referral hospital emergency department in Moshi,
Tanzania. Int J Emerg Med. 2012;5(1):28.
32. Boniface R, Museru L, Kiloloma O, Munthali V. Factors associated with road traffic
injuries in Tanzania. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;23(1):1–8.
33. Lukumay GG, Ndile ML, Outwater AH, Mkoka DA, Padyab M, Saveman B, et al.
Provision of post-crash first aid by traffic police in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania : a cross-
sectional survey. BMC Emerg Med. 2018;18(1):4–5.
34. Band RA, Salhi RA, Holena DN, Powell E, Branas CC, Carr BG. Severityadjusted
mortality in trauma patients transported by police. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(5):608–
614.e3.
35. Lukumay GG, Outwater AH, Mkoka DA, Ndile ML, Saveman BI. Traffic police officers' experience of post-crash care to road traffic injury victims: a qualitative study
in Tanzania". BMC Emerg Med. 2019;19(1):51.
36. Kobusingye OC, Hyder AA, Bishai D, Hicks ER, Mock C, Joshipura M: Emergency
medical systems in low- and middle-income countries: recommendations for action.
Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(8):626-631.
37. Mock CN, Tiska M, Adu-Ampofo M, Boakye G: Improvements in prehospital trauma
care in an African country with no formal emergency medical services. J Trauma. 2002;
53(1):90-97.
38. Podolsky S, Baraff LJ, Simon RR, Hoffman JR, Larmon B, Ablon W: Efficacy of
cervical spine immobilization methods. J Trauma. 1983;23(6):461-465.
39. Khorasani-Zavareh D, Haglund BJ, Mohammadi R, Naghavi M, Laflamme L: Traffic
186. injury deaths in West Azarbaijan province of Iran: a cross-sectional interview-
based study on victims' characteristics and pre-hospital care. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot.
2009;16(3):119-126.
40. European Commission, Post-impact Care, European Commission, Directorate General
for Transport, February 2018.
41. Rzońca P, Gałązkowski R, Wójcik-Fatla A, Panasiuk L, Gotlib J. Missions of the
helicopter emergency medical service in rural and urban areas in Poland—A
comparative retrospective analysis. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2019;26:355–360.
42. Genowska A, Jamiołkowski J, Szafraniec K, Fryc J, Pająk A. Health Care Resources and 24,910 Deaths Due to Traffic Accidents: An Ecological Mortality Study in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5561.
43. Newgard CD, Fu R, Bulger E, Hedges JR, Mann NC, Wright DA, Lehrfeld D. Shields
C, Hoskins G,Warden C et all. Evaluation of rural vs urban trauma patients served by
9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:11–18.
44. Jarman MP, Hashmi Z, Zerhouni Y, Udyavar R, Newgard C, Salim A, Haider AH.
Quantifying geographic barriers to trauma care: Urban-rural variation in prehospital
mortality. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87:173–180.
45. Rhinehart ZJ, Guyette FX, Sperry JL, Forsythe RM, Murdock A, Alarcon LH, Peitzman
AB, Rosengart MR. The association between air ambulance distribution and trauma
mortality. Ann. Surg. 2013;257:1147–1153.ž
46. Zhu TH, Hollister L, Opoku D, Galvagno SM. Improved survival for rural trauma
patients transported by helicopter to a verified trauma center: A propensity score
analysis. Acad. Emerg. Med. 2018;25:44–53.
47. Lawson FL, Schuurman N, Oliver L, Nathens AB. Evaluating potential spatial access
to trauma center care by severely injured patients. Health Place. 2013;19:131–137.đ
48. Baier N., Pieper J., Schweikart J., Busse R., Vogt V. Capturing modelled and perceived spatial access to ambulatory health care services in rural and urban areas in German. Soc. Sci. Med. 2020;265:113328.
49. Kmet L., Macarthur C. Urban–rural differences in motor vehicle crash fatality and
hospitalization rates among children and youth. Accid. Anal. Prev. 2006;38:122–127.
50. Newgard C.D., Fu R., Bulger E., Hedges J.R., Mann N.C., Wright D.A., Lehrfeld D.P.,
Shields C., Hoskins G., Warden C., et al. Evaluation of rural vs urban trauma patients
served by 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services. JAMA Surg. 2017;152:11–18.
51. Jarman M.P., Hashmi Z., Zerhouni Y., Udyavar R., Newgard C., Salim A., 1Haider A.H. Quantifying geographic barriers to trauma care: Urban-rural variation in
prehospital mortality. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2019;87:173–180.
52. Tobin, JM, Via, DK, Carter, T. Tactical evacuation: extending critical care on rotary
wing platforms to forward surgical facilities. J Spec Oper Med 2011;11(4):42-43.
53. Buchanan I, Coates A. Does Mode of Transport Confer a Mortality Benefit in Trauma
Patients? Characteristics and Outcomes at an Ontario Lead Trauma Hospital. CJEM,
2016;18(5):363-369.
54. Demetriades D, Martin M, Salim A, Rhee P, Brown C, Chan L: The effect of
trauma center designation and trauma volume on outcome in specific
injuries. Ann Surg 2005;242:512-17.
55. Allen B, Cummer E, Sarma AK. Traumatic Brain Injury in Select Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Narrative Review of the Literature. J Neurotrauma. 2022 Nov 24.
56. Pelicic D, Ristic B, Radojevic N, Djonovic N, Radevic S. Influence of Spatial and Temporal Distance of the Hospital on Survival of Patients with Dangerous Injuries Sustained in Traffic Accidents. Iran J Public Health. 2022 Oct;51(10):2289-2297.
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