Начини реаговања жртава у случајевима вршњачког насиља у Београдским средњим школама
Ključne reči:
вршњачко насиље, вршњачко насиље у средњим школама, изложеност вршњачком насиљу, улоге ученика у вршњачком насиљу, реакције ученика на вршњачко насиље
Sažetak
У раду су представљени резултати истраживања о начинима реаговања жртава у случајевима вршњачког насиља и везама између начина реаговања и пола и узраста жртава. Истраживање је реализовано током школске 2020/2021. године применом анкетног испитивања 1506 ученика од II до IV разреда у 19 средњих школа на подручју школске управе Београд. Главни резултат истраживања је да су избегавање насилника и узвраћање насилнику најчешћи начини реаговања жртава и да већина жртава не тражи заштиту. Утврђене су значајне подударности, али и разлике, у односу на досадашње резултате у вези са начином реаговања жртава у основним школама у Србији. Две су подударности: 1) на врху листе најчешћих начина реаговања се налази избегавање насилника; и 2) када жртве траже заштиту, чешће је траже од одраслих него од вршњака и чешће од наставника него од родитеља. С друге стране, утврђене су две разлике: 1) редослед осталих начина реаговања на листи је различит, при чему је трпљење насиља чешће код жртава из основне школе, а узвраћање чешће код жртава из средње; и 2) у основним школама су утврђене везе између начина реаговања жртава и њиховог пола и узраста, док у средњим школама нису. У односу на школе у иностранству, резултати се подударају у погледу тога да већина жртава не тражи заштиту, а разлике постоје у случају када жртве траже заштиту – у иностранству је чешће траже од вршњака него од одраслих и чешће од родитеља него од наставника, док је у Београду супротно.
Reference
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Aceves, M. J., Hinshaw, S. P., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Page-Gould, E. (2010). Seek help from teachers or fight back? Student perceptions of teachers’ actions during conflicts and responses to peer victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(6), 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9441-9.
Bjereld, Y. (2018). The challenging process of disclosing bullying victimization: A grounded theory study from the victim’s point of view. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591 05316 64497 3.
Blomqvist, K., Saarento-Zaprudin, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2019). Telling adults about one's plight as a victim of bullying: Student- and context-related factors predicting disclosure. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12521.
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Causey, D. L., & Dubow, E. F. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2101_8.
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Progress, problems, and potential. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87.
Cornell, D., Klein, J., Konold, T., & Huang, F. (2012). Effects of validity screening items on adolescent survey data. Psycholological Assessment, 24(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024 824.
Cortes, K. I., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2014). To tell or not to tell: What influences children’s decisions to report bullying to their teachers? School Psychology Quarterly, 29(3), 336–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000078.
DeLara, E.W. (2012) Why Adolescents Don't Disclose Incidents of Bullying and Harassment, Journal of School Violence, 11(4), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2012.705931.
Fekkes, M. F., Pijpers, I. M. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2005). Bullying: Who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research, 20(1), 81–91.
Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 123(3), 1059–1065.
Hunter, S. C., Boyle, J. M. E. & Warden, D. (2004). Help seeking amongst child and adolescent victims of peer-aggression and bullying: The influence of school-stage, gender, victimization, appraisal, and emotion. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(3), 375–390.
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. J., & Pelletier, M. E. (2008). Teachers' views and beliefs about bullying: Influences on classroom management strategies and students' coping with peer victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 46(4), 431-453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.07.005-
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York, NY: Springer–Verlag.
Matuschka, L. K., Scott, J. G., Campbell, M. A., Lawrence, D., Zubrick, S. R., Bartlett, J., & Thomas, H. J. (2021). Correlates of Help-Seeking Behaviour in Adolescents Who Experience Bullying Victimisation. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 4(8), 1–16. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00090-x.
Migliaccio, Т., Raskauskas, Ј., & Schmidtlein, М. (2017). Mapping the landscapes of bullying. Learning Environments Resеаrch, 20(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-017-9229-x.
Mishna, F., & Alaggia, R. (2005). Weighing the Risks: A Child’s Decision to Disclose Peer Victimization. Children and Schools, 27(4), 217–226.
Naylor, P., & Cowie, H. (1999). The effectiveness of peer support systems in challenging school bullying: The perspectives and experiences of teachers and pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0241.
Newman, R. S., & Murray, B. J. (2005). How students and teachers view the seriousness of peer harassment: When is it appropriate to seek help? Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(3), 347–365.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Parris, L., Varjas, K., Meyers, J., Henrich, C., & Brack, J. (2019). Coping with bullying: The moderating effects of self-reliance. Journal of School Violence, 18(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2017.1387131.
Potard, C., Kubiszewski, V., & Combes, C. (2022). How Adolescents Cope with Bullying at School: Exploring Differences Between Pure Victim and Bully-Victim Roles. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 4(10), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00095-6.
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41, 813–819.
Saarento, S., Karna, A., Hodges, E. V. E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Student-, classroom-, and school-level risk factors for victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 51(3), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.02.002.
Sitnik-Warchulska, K., Wajda, Z., Wojciechowski, B., & Izydorczyk B. (2021). The Risk of Bullying and Probability of Help-Seeking Behaviors in School Children: A Bayesian Network Analysis. Front Psychiatry, 12:640927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640927.
Smith, P. K. & Shu, S. (2000). What good schools can do about bullying: Findings from a decade of research and action. Childhood, 7, 193–212.
Sulkowski, M. L., Bauman, S. A., Dinner, S., Nixon, C., & Davis, S. (2014). An investigation into how students respond to being victimized by peer aggression. Journal of School Violence, 13(4), 339–358. https ://doi.org/10.1080/15388 220.2013.85734 4.
Thomas, H. J., Connor, J. P., Lawrence, D. M., Hafekost, J. M., Zubrick, S. R., & Scott, J. G. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of bullying victimisation and perpetration in a nationally representative sample of Australian youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51(9), 909–920. https ://doi.org/10.1177/00048 67417 70781 9.
Undheim, A. M., Wallander, J., & Sund, A. M. (2016). Coping strategies and associations with depression among 12- to 15-year-old Norwegian adolescents involved in bullying. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(4), 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000474.
Unnever, J. D. & Cornell, D. G. (2004). Middle school victims of bullying: Who reports being bullied? Aggressive Behavior, 30, 373–388.
Xie, S., Xu, J., & Gao, Y. (2020). Bullying Victimization, Coping Strategies, and Depression of Children of China. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1-2), 195–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520907361.
Попадић, Д., Плут, Д., и Павловић, З. (2014). Насиље у школама Србије: анализа стања од 2006. године до 2013. године. Београд: Институт за психологију.
Aceves, M. J., Hinshaw, S. P., Mendoza-Denton, R., & Page-Gould, E. (2010). Seek help from teachers or fight back? Student perceptions of teachers’ actions during conflicts and responses to peer victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(6), 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9441-9.
Bjereld, Y. (2018). The challenging process of disclosing bullying victimization: A grounded theory study from the victim’s point of view. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(8), 1110–1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591 05316 64497 3.
Blomqvist, K., Saarento-Zaprudin, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2019). Telling adults about one's plight as a victim of bullying: Student- and context-related factors predicting disclosure. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12521.
Boulton, M.J., Boulton, L., Down, J., Sanders, J., & Craddock, H. (2017). Perceived barriers that prevent high school students seeking help from teachers for bullying and their effects on disclosure intentions. Journal of Adolescence, 56, 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.11.009.
Causey, D. L., & Dubow, E. F. (1992). Development of a self-report coping measure for elementary school children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 21(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2101_8.
Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thomsen, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Progress, problems, and potential. Psychological Bulletin, 127(1), 87–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87.
Cornell, D., Klein, J., Konold, T., & Huang, F. (2012). Effects of validity screening items on adolescent survey data. Psycholological Assessment, 24(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024 824.
Cortes, K. I., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2014). To tell or not to tell: What influences children’s decisions to report bullying to their teachers? School Psychology Quarterly, 29(3), 336–348. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000078.
DeLara, E.W. (2012) Why Adolescents Don't Disclose Incidents of Bullying and Harassment, Journal of School Violence, 11(4), 288–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2012.705931.
Fekkes, M. F., Pijpers, I. M. & Verloove-Vanhorick, S. P. (2005). Bullying: Who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior. Health Education Research, 20(1), 81–91.
Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 123(3), 1059–1065.
Hunter, S. C., Boyle, J. M. E. & Warden, D. (2004). Help seeking amongst child and adolescent victims of peer-aggression and bullying: The influence of school-stage, gender, victimization, appraisal, and emotion. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74(3), 375–390.
Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. J., & Pelletier, M. E. (2008). Teachers' views and beliefs about bullying: Influences on classroom management strategies and students' coping with peer victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 46(4), 431-453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.07.005-
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York, NY: Springer–Verlag.
Matuschka, L. K., Scott, J. G., Campbell, M. A., Lawrence, D., Zubrick, S. R., Bartlett, J., & Thomas, H. J. (2021). Correlates of Help-Seeking Behaviour in Adolescents Who Experience Bullying Victimisation. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 4(8), 1–16. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00090-x.
Migliaccio, Т., Raskauskas, Ј., & Schmidtlein, М. (2017). Mapping the landscapes of bullying. Learning Environments Resеаrch, 20(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10984-017-9229-x.
Mishna, F., & Alaggia, R. (2005). Weighing the Risks: A Child’s Decision to Disclose Peer Victimization. Children and Schools, 27(4), 217–226.
Naylor, P., & Cowie, H. (1999). The effectiveness of peer support systems in challenging school bullying: The perspectives and experiences of teachers and pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1006/jado.1999.0241.
Newman, R. S., & Murray, B. J. (2005). How students and teachers view the seriousness of peer harassment: When is it appropriate to seek help? Journal of Educational Psychology, 97(3), 347–365.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Parris, L., Varjas, K., Meyers, J., Henrich, C., & Brack, J. (2019). Coping with bullying: The moderating effects of self-reliance. Journal of School Violence, 18(1), 62–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2017.1387131.
Potard, C., Kubiszewski, V., & Combes, C. (2022). How Adolescents Cope with Bullying at School: Exploring Differences Between Pure Victim and Bully-Victim Roles. International Journal of Bullying Prevention, 4(10), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-021-00095-6.
Roth, S., & Cohen, L. J. (1986). Approach, avoidance, and coping with stress. American Psychologist, 41, 813–819.
Saarento, S., Karna, A., Hodges, E. V. E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Student-, classroom-, and school-level risk factors for victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 51(3), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.02.002.
Sitnik-Warchulska, K., Wajda, Z., Wojciechowski, B., & Izydorczyk B. (2021). The Risk of Bullying and Probability of Help-Seeking Behaviors in School Children: A Bayesian Network Analysis. Front Psychiatry, 12:640927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640927.
Smith, P. K. & Shu, S. (2000). What good schools can do about bullying: Findings from a decade of research and action. Childhood, 7, 193–212.
Sulkowski, M. L., Bauman, S. A., Dinner, S., Nixon, C., & Davis, S. (2014). An investigation into how students respond to being victimized by peer aggression. Journal of School Violence, 13(4), 339–358. https ://doi.org/10.1080/15388 220.2013.85734 4.
Thomas, H. J., Connor, J. P., Lawrence, D. M., Hafekost, J. M., Zubrick, S. R., & Scott, J. G. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of bullying victimisation and perpetration in a nationally representative sample of Australian youth. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 51(9), 909–920. https ://doi.org/10.1177/00048 67417 70781 9.
Undheim, A. M., Wallander, J., & Sund, A. M. (2016). Coping strategies and associations with depression among 12- to 15-year-old Norwegian adolescents involved in bullying. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(4), 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000474.
Unnever, J. D. & Cornell, D. G. (2004). Middle school victims of bullying: Who reports being bullied? Aggressive Behavior, 30, 373–388.
Xie, S., Xu, J., & Gao, Y. (2020). Bullying Victimization, Coping Strategies, and Depression of Children of China. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1-2), 195–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520907361.
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