Diskriminacija u multietničkoj sredini - važnost međugrupnog kontakta, socijalne distance i etničkog identiteta
Sažetak
Obrazovanje etničkih manjina u Srbiji (i ne samo kod nas) često se vezuje za pitanje da li nacionalne manjine treba da se obrazuju samo na maternjem jeziku i, što je još važnije za oblast međugrupnih odnosa, da li to obrazovanje treba da bude (i kako), integrisano u redovno obrazovanje? Obrazovni sistem u Srbiji etničkim manjinama nudi samo dve opcije: obrazovanje u potpunosti na srpskom ili obrazovanje u potpunosti na svom jeziku. U nekim regionima su čak i same škole razdvojene, pa deca imaju još manje kontakta sa vršnjacima. Ovaj rad se bavi pitanjem važnosti međugrupnog kontakta, socijalne distance i etničkog identiteta za diskriminaciju pripadnika tuđe grupe. Uzorak je činilo 795 dece uzrasta od 14 do 19 godina iz Vojvodine. Od toga 371 Srbin, 240 Mađara i 184 Slovaka. Korišćeni instrumenti bili su skala etničkog identiteta (koja meri verovanje u etničku superiornost i etnički ponos), skala socijalne distance i skala za merenje tendencije za diskriminaciju u svakodnevnom životu dece. Pored toga, merena je i učestalost kontakta sa decom iz većinske/manjinske grupe. Rezultati pokazuju da je regresioni model značajan (F(5,758)=77,29; p< .001; R²=0,33) i da su svi prediktori bili značajni: Socijalna distanca (β=.33; p< .001), učestalost kontakta sa tuđom grupom (β=.24; p< .001), verovanje u etničku superiornost (β=.19; p< .001) i etnički ponos (β=.11; p< .01).
Reference
Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its Social Psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Christ, O., & Wagner, U. (2013). Methodological issues in the study of intergroup contact: Towards a new wave of research. U: G. Hodson & M. Hewstone (Ur.), Advances in intergroup contact (pp. 233–261). New York: Psychology Press.
Čorkalo Biruški, D., & Ajduković, D. (2007). Separate schools – a divided community: The role of the school in post-war social reconstruction. Review of Psychology, 14(2), 93-108.
Čorkalo, D. i Kamenov, Ž. (1998). Nacionalni identitet i međunacionalna tolerancija. Izveštaj sa VIII ljetne psihologijske škole. Zagreb: Filozofski fakultet.
Dixon, J., Durrheim, K., & Tredoux, C. (2005). Beyond the optimal contact strategy: A reality check for the contact hypothesis. American Psychologist, 60(7), 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.7.697
Doosje, B., Ellemers, N. & Spears, R. (1995). Perceived intragroup variability as a function of group status and identification. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 31, 410-436. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1995.1018
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Kawakami, K. (2003). Intergroup contact: The past, present, and the future. Group Pocesses & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430203006001009
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Saguy, T. (2009). Commonality and the complexity of „we“: Social attitudes and social change. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868308326751
Hewstone, M., Ramiah, A. Al, Schmid, K., Floe, C., Zalk, M. van, Wölfer, R., & New, R. (2018). Influence of segregation versus mixing: Intergroup contact and attitudes among hite-British and Asian-British students in high schools in Oldham, England. Theory and Research in Education, 16(2), 179–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878518779879
Holtman, Z., Louw, J., Tredoux, C., & Carney, T. (2005). Prejudice and social contact in South Africa: A study of integrated schools ten years after apartheid. South African Journal of Psychology, 35(3), 473-493. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500306
Hughes, J., Campbell, A., Lolliot, S., Hewstone, M., & Gallagher, T. (2013). Inter-group contact and social attitudes: Evidence from Northern Ireland. Oxford Review of Education, 39(6), 761-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2013.857595
Hutnik, N. (1985). Aspects of identity in multi-ethnic society. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 12(2), 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1985.9975903
Levin, S., van Laar, C., & Sidanius, J. (2003). The effects of ingroup and outgroup friendships on ethnic attitudes in college: A longitudinal study. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(1), 76–92. https://doi. org/10.1177/1368430203006001013
McKeown, S., & Dixon, J. (2017). The “contact hypothesis”: Critical reflections and future directions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12295
Moscovici, S., & Paicheler, G. (1978). Social comparison and social recognition. U: Tajfel, H. (Ur.), Differentiation between social groups. (pp. 201-226). Cambridge: Academic Press.
Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22, 103-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420220202
Otten, S., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2000). Evidence for implicit evaluative in-group bias: Affect-based spontaneous trait inference in a minimal group paradigm. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36(1), 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1999.1399
Park, B., & Rothbart, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(6), 1051-1068. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.42.6.1051
Pehar, L., Čorkalo Biruški, D., & Jelić, M. (2022). Longitudinal effects of direct and extended intergroup contact in multi-ethnic communities in Croatia. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, Online first. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302221138340
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2006). A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 751-783. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.751
Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499-514. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
Rogler, L., Cooney, R., & Ortiz, V. (1980). Intergenerational change in ethnic identity in the Puerto Rican family. International Migration Review, 14(2), 193-214. https://doi.org/10.2307/2545473
Scheepers, D., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Doosje, B. (2009). The influence of discrimination and fairness on collective self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35(4), 506-515. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208329855
Simon, B., & Brown, R. (1987). Perceived intragroup homogenity in minority – majority context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(4), 703-711. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.53.4.703
Simon, B., Aufderheide, B., & Kampmeier, C. (2003). The social psychology of minority - majority relations. U: Brown, R., & Gaertner, S. (Ur). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes. (pp: 303-323). Malden: Blackwell.
Slavin, R. E., & Madden, N. A. (1979). School Practices that improve race relations. American Educational Research Journal, 16(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.2307/1162328
Smith, A. D. (1992). National identity and the idea of European unity. International Affairs, 68(1), 55-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/2620461
Tropp, L. R., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2005). Relationship between intergroup contact and prejudice among minority and majority status groups. Psychological Science, 16(12), 951-957. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01643.x
Turjačanin, V. (2014). Socijalna psihologija etničkog identiteta. Banja Luka: Filozofski fakultet.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
United Nations (2016). International Migration Report – 2015. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Verkuyten, M., & Martinović, B. (2016). Dual identity, in-group projection, and out-group feelings among ethnic minority groups. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2131
White, C. & Burke, P. (1987). Ethnic role identity among black and white college students: An interactionist approach. Sociological Perspectives, 30(3), 310-331. https://doi.org/10.2307/1389115
Wilder, D. A. (1986). Social categorization: Implications for creation and reduction of intergroup bias. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 291-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60217-8
Wong, C. A., Eccles, J. S., & Sameroff, A. (2003). The influence of ethnic discrimination and ethnic identification on African American Adolescents' school and socioemotional adjusment. Journal of Personality, 71(6), 1197-1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7106012
Autori zadržavaju autorska prava nad objavljenim člancima, a izdavaču daju neekskluzivno pravo da članak objavi, da u slučaju daljeg korišćenja članka bude naveden kao njegov prvi izdavač, kao i da distribuira članak u svim oblicima i medijima. Objavljeni članci distribuiraju se u skladu sa licencom Creative Commons Autorstvo – Deliti pod istim uslovima 4.0 International (CC BY-SA) . Dopušteno je da se delo kopira i distribuira u svim medijima i formatima, da se prerađuje, menja i nadograđuje u bilo koje svrhe, uključujući i komercijalne, pod uslovom da se na pravilan način citiraju njegovi prvobitni autori, postavi link ka originalnoj licenci, naznači da li je delo izmenjeno i da se novo delo objavi pod istom licencom kao i
originalno. Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni, u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu, uz adekvatno referisanje.