Ezofagealni, gastrični, kolorektalni, pankreatični, hepatocelularni karcinomi i holangiokarcinomi u Severnoj Makedoniji: serija pacijenata lečenih na Univerzitetskoj klinici, između 2015. i 2019. godine
Keywords:
gastrointestinal carcinoma, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular cancer, esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer
Abstract
Introduction/Aim: The global cancer burden tends to increase. Tumours originating from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as stomach, colon and liver are among the five most common cancers in both men and women worldwide. The incidence of GI cancers shows significant geographical variation, with colorectal cancer incidence higher in Western Europe and North America, and gastric and liver cancer incidence higher in Asia and Africa. The incidence and mortality rate in North Macedonia is similar to those of Western European countries.
Material and methods: The paper provides an overview of cases at the University Clinic for Gastroenterohepatology in Skopje over a five-year period (2015-2019), analysed by age, gender and cancer site.
Results: A total of 1484 patients with colorectal cancer were detected, followed by763 patients with gastric cancer and 88 patients with esophageal cancer. Most patients were in age group 60-69, with exception to esophageal cancer. In addition, hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 48 patients, cholangiocarcinoma in 34 patients and carcinoma of extrahepatic bile duct in 59 patients. In 355 patients nonspecific malignancy of liver was diagnosed. Increasing incidence of pancreaticcarcinoma was observed, with 528 patients (287 male and 241 female) diagnosed, mostly in age groups 60-69 and 70-79 years.
Conclusions: Gastrointestinal cancers in North Macedonia, show increasing trend, especially in men with a predominance of colorectal, pancreatic and liver cancer. To decrease incidence of these diseases, it is important to ensure access and availability to therapy for B and C hepatitisand to update the colorectal cancer screening program.
References
LITERATURE
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45. European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology. 2018 Jul 1;69(1):182-236.
1. DeSantis CE, Lin CC, Mariotto AB, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014; 64:252-71.
2. Rustgi AK, El-serag HB. Esophageal carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:2499-509.
3. Arnold M, Soerjomataram I, Ferlay J, et al. Global incidence of esophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012. Gut 2015; 64:381-7.
4. Ferlay J EM, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Pineros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer observatory: cancer today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available at: https://gco.iarc. Fr/today, accessed 20 January 2021.
5. Shichijo S, Hirata Y. Characteristics and predictors of gastric cancer after H. pylori eradication; World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24(20): 2163-2172.
6. Hsu PI, Lai KH, Hsu PN, Lo GH, Yu HC, Chen WC, Tsay FW, LinHC, Tseng HH, Ger LP, Chen HC. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric malignancy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:725-730.
7. Shichijo S, Hirata Y, Niikura R, Hayakawa Y, Yamada A, Koike K. Association between gastric cancer and the Kyoto classification of gastritis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32: 1581-1586.
8. Handa Y, Saitoh T, Kawaguchi M, Misaka R, Ohno H, Tsai CR, Tani Y, Tsurui M, Yoshida H, Morita S, Midorikawa S, Sanji T. Association of Helicobacter pylori and diffuse type gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol 1996; 31 Suppl 9: 29-32.
9. Klein AP, Brune KA, Petersen GM, Goggins M, Tersmette AC, Offerhaus GJ, Griffin C, et al. Prospective risk of pancreatic cancer in familial pancreatic cancer kindreds. Cancer Res. 2004; 64(7):2634-2638.
10. Hidalgo M, Cascinu S, Kleeff J, Labianca R, Lohr JM, Neoptolemos J, Real FX, et al. Addressing the challenges of pancreatic cancer: future directions for improving outcomes. Pancreatology. 2015; 15(1):8-18.
11. Wild C. World cancer report 2014. Wild CP, Stewart BW, editors. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014.
12. Starley BQ, Calcagno CJ, Harrison SA. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: a weighty connection. Hepatology. 2010; 51(5):1820-1832.
13. Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011; 34(3):274-285.
14. Noureddin M, Rinella ME. Nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis 2015; 19: 361-379.
15. Satapathy SK, Sanyal AJ. Epidemiology and Natural History of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Semin Liver Dis 2015; 35: 221-235.
16. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1118-1127.
17. Lepage C, Drouillard A, Jouve J, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Digestive and Liver Disease 2013; 45:625-9.
18. Wang C, Yuan Y, Hunt RH. The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1789-1798.
19. Fukase K, Kato M, Kikuchi S, Inoue K, Uemura N, Okamoto S, Terao S, Amagai K, Hayashi S, Asaka M; Japan Gast StudyGroup. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 392-397.
20. Hanaoka N, Uedo N, Shiotani A, Inoue T, Takeuchi Y, Higashino K, Ishihara R, Iishi H, Haruma K, Tatsuta M. Autofluorescence imaging for predicting development of metachronous gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 1844-1849.
21. Mori G, Nakajima T, Asada K, Shimazu T, Yamamichi N, MaekitaT, Yokoi C, Fujishiro M, Gotoda T, Ichinose M, Ushijima T, Oda I. Incidence of and risk factors for metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection and successful Helicobacter pylori eradication: results of a large-scale, multicenter cohort study in Japan. Gastric Cancer 2016; 19: 911-918.
22. Sugimoto T, Yamaji Y, Sakitani K, Isomura Y, Yoshida S, Yamada A, Hirata Y, Ogura K, Okamoto M, Koike K. Neutrophil infiltration and the distribution of intestinal metaplasia is associated with metachronous gastric cancer following endoscopic submucosal dissection. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 29: 321-325.
23. Maeda M, Nakajima T, Oda I, Shimazu T, Yamamichi N, Maekita T, Asada K, Yokoi C, Ando T, Yoshida T, Nanjo S, Fujishiro M, Gotoda T, Ichinose M, Ushijima T. High impact of methylation accumulation on metachronous gastric cancer: 5-year follow-up of a multicentre prospective cohort study. Gut 2017; 66: 1721-1723.
24. Shiotani A, Haruma K, Graham DY. Metachronous gastric cancer after successful Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 11552-11559.
25. Kobayashi M, Sato Y, Terai S. Endoscopic surveillance of gastric cancers after Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10553-10562.
26. Ohba R, Iijima K. Pathogenesis and risk factors for gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2016; 8: 663-672.
27. Kamada T, Hata J, Sugiu K, Kusunoki H, Ito M, Tanaka S, Inoue K, Kawamura Y, Chayama K, Haruma K. Clinical features of gastric cancer discovered after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori: results from a 9-year prospective follow-up study in Japan. Aliment PharmacolTher2005; 21: 1121-1126.
28. Maehata Y, Nakamura S, Esaki M, Ikeda F, Moriyama T, Hida R, Washio E, Umeno J, Hirahashi M, Kitazono T, Matsumoto T. Characteristics of Primary and Metachronous Gastric Cancers Discovered after Helicobacter pylori Eradication: A Multicenter Propensity Score-Matched Study. Gut Liver 2017; 11: 628-634.
29. Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Arano T, Yoshida S, Yamashita H, Hata K, Kanai T, Yahagi N, Toyoshima O. Characteristics of gastric cancer detected within 1 year after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. J Clin BiochemNutr2016; 59: 226-230.
30. Matsuo T, Ito M, Tatsugami M, Boda T, Takata S, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Gastric cancer development after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: a new form of gastric neoplasia. Digestion 2012; 85: 61-67.
31. Yamamoto K, Kato M, Takahashi M, Haneda M, Shinada K, Nishida U, Yoshida T, Sonoda N, Ono S, Nakagawa M, Mori Y, Nakagawa S, Mabe K, Shimizu Y, Moriya J, Kubota K, Matsuno Y, Shimoda T, Watanabe H, Asaka M. Clinicopathological analysis of early-stage gastric cancers detected after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2011; 16: 210-216.
32. Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, and Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018; 68(6):394- 424.
33. Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, Gulati R, Mariotto AB, et al. Personalizing age of cancer screening cessation based on comorbid conditions: model estimates of harms and benefits. Ann Intern Med 2014;161:104-12.
34. Brenner H, Altenhofen L, Stock C, et al. Expected long-term impact of the German screening colonoscopy programme on colorectal cancer prevention: analyses based on 4,407,971 screening colonoscopies. Eur J Cancer 2015; 51:1346-53.
35. Brenner H, Altenhofen L, Stock C, et al. Prevention, early detection, and overdiagnosis of colorectal cancer within 10 years of screening colonoscopy in Germany. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:717-23.
36. Brenner H, Kretschmann J, Stock C, et al. Expected long-term impact of screening endoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence: a modelling study. Oncotarget 2016; 7:48168-79.
37. Chen C, Stock C, Hoffmeister M, et al. How long does it take until the effects of endoscopic screening on colorectal cancer mortality are fully disclosed?: a Markov model study. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2718-24.
38. Cottet V, Jooste V, Fournel I, et al. Long-term risk of colorectal cancer after adenoma removal: a population-based cohort study. Gut 2012; 61:1180-6.
39. Bosetti C, Lucenteforte E, Silverman DT, Petersen G, Bracci PM, Ji BT, Negri E, et al. Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4). Ann Oncol. 2012; 23(7):1880-1888.
40. Alsheridah N, Akhtar S. Diet, obesity and colorectal carcinoma risk: results from a national cancer registry-based middle-eastern study. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):1-0.
41. Milevska Kostova N, Chichevalieva S, Ponce NA, van Ginneken E, Winkelmann J. The fYR of Macedonia: Health System Review. Health Systems in Transition. 2017;19(3):1-160.
42. Adams LA, Lindor KD. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(11):863-869.
43. Margini C, Dufour JF. The story of HCC in NAFLD: from epidemiology, across pathogenesis, to prevention and treatment. Liver Int 2016; 36: 317-324 [PMID: 26601627 DOI: 10.1111/ liv.13031]
44. Khan SA, Tavolari S, Brandi G. Cholangiocarcinoma: Epidemiology and risk factors. Liver International. 2019;39:19-31.
45. European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology. 2018 Jul 1;69(1):182-236.
Published
2021/07/11
Section
Original articles