Using Indicators to Assess Sustainable Tourism Development - The Case of Protected Natural Areas of Vojvodina (Northern Serbia)
Keywords:
indicators, sustainable tourism, tourism development, protected areas, ecotourism
Abstract
The selected protected areas represent significant examples for analyzing the tourism offer whose results largely interpret the state and the perspective of sustainable development. Considering these indicators at the level of tourism development in the analyzed protected areas can contribute to the development of planning models and strategies of sustainable development. On the other hand, with proper implementation, the values of all elements of the environment that is significant for the users of the areas are directly improved which directly enables the sustainable development of a destination. Research data have been collected through a questionnaire, processed and displayed by the Chi-Square and Friedman Tests, which identified average values and obvious differences in displayed values of sustainable tourism development indicators in selected protected areas.
References
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Ceausu, S., Gomes, I., Pereira, H.M. 2015. Conservation Planning for Biodiversity and Wilderness: A Real-World Example. Environmental Management 55(5), 1168-1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0453-9
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Janssen, J. 2009. Sustainable Development and Protected Landscapes: the Case of The Netherlands. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 16(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500902757981
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., Pal, D.K. 2015. Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 7(4), 396-403. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975
Kar, D. 2013. Wetlands and Lakes of the World. Springer, New York. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1023-8
Kruger, M., Viljoen, A., & Saayman, M. 2017. Who Visits the Kruger National Park and Why? Identifying Target Markets. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 34(3), 312-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1156618
Lazić, L., Pavić, D., Stojanović, V., Tomić, P., Romelić, J., Pivac, T., et al. 2008. Zaštićena prirodna dobra i ekoturizam Vojvodine Protected Areas and Ecotourism of Vojvodina. Departman za Geografiju, Turizam i Hotelijerstvo, Prirodno-matematički fakultet, Novi Sad.
Lehtomäki, J., Moilanen, A. 2013. Methods and Workflow for Spatial Conservation Prioritization Using Zonation. Environmental Modelling & Software 47, 128-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.05.001
Liburd, J.J., Becken, S. 2017. Values in Nature Conservation, Tourism and UNESCO World Heritage Site Stewardship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25(12), 1719-1735. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1293067
Maksin, M., Ristić, V., Nenković-Riznić, M., Mićić, S. 2018. The Role of Zoning in the Strategic Planning of Protected Areas: Lessons Learnt From EU Countries and Serbia. European Planning Studies 26(4), 838-872. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1426736
McCool, S.F. 2016. The Changing Meanings of Sustainable Tourism. In: McCool, S.F., Keith-Bosak, K. (Eds.) Reframing sustainable tourism. Springer, New York, 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7209-9
Minin, E.D., Soutullo, A., Bartesaghi, L., Rios, M., Szephegyi, M.N., Moilanen, A. 2017. Integrating Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Socio-Economic Data to Identify Priority Areas and Landowners for Conservation Actions at the National Scale. Biological Conservation 206, 56-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.037
Muñoz, L., Hausner, V., Brown, G., Runge, C., Fauchald, P. 2019. Identifying Spatial Overlap in the Values of Locals, Domestic and International Tourists to Protected Areas. Tourism Management 71, 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.07.015
Oprea, L., Ienciu, I., Tudorascu, M., Filip, L. 2015. Implications of Topography and Cadastre in Tourism Planning and Sustainable Development of “Alba Carolina” Vauban Citadel. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 16(3), 1016-1023.
Pfueller, S.L., Lee, D., Laing, J. 2011. Tourism Partnerships in Protected Areas: Exploring Contributions to Sustainability. Environmental Management 48, 734-749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9728-y
Price, M.F. 2006. Global Recognition of Special Landscapes: Reconciling Sustainable Development and Conservation. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management 2(3), 142–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618110
Romão, J. 2018. Tourism, Territory and Sustainable Development, Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Applications in Japan and Europe. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0426-2
Savić, D., Anačkov, G., Boža, P. 2008. New Chorological Data for Flora of the Pannonian Region of Serbia. Central European Journal of Biology 3(4), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-008-0036-3
Selva, N., Kreft, S., Kati, V., Schluck, M., Jonsson, B.G., Mihok, B., et al. 2011. Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe. Environmental Management 48, 865-877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9751-z
Shafer, C.L. 2015. Cautionary Thoughts on IUCN Protected Area Management Categories V–VI. Global Ecology and Conservation 3, 331–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.12.007
Trišić, I., Štetić, S., Privitera, D., Nedelcu, A. 2020. Wine Routes in Vojvodina Province, Northern Serbia - A Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development. Sustainability 12(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010082
Stojanović, V. 2005. Degradation and Protection of Wetlands in Special Nature Reserves in Vojvodina. Geographica Pannonica 9, 24-28.
Stojanović, V., Savić, S. 2013. Management Challenges in Special Nature Reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” and Preparations for its Proclamation of Biosphere Reserve. Geographica Pannonica 17(4), 98-105.
Stojanović, V., Lazić, L., Đunić, J. 2018. Nature Protection and Sustainable Tourism Interaction in Selected Ramsar Sites in Vojvodina (Northern Serbia). Geographica Pannonica 22(3), 201-207. doi:10.5937/gp22-16637
Tisdell, C., Wilson, C. 2005. Perceived Impacts of Ecotourism on Environmental Learning and Conservation: Turtle Watching as a Case Study. Environment, Development and Sustainability 7(3), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-004-7619-6
Valdivieso, J.C., Eagles, P.F.J., Gil, J.C. 2015. Efficient Management Capacity Evaluation of Tourism in Protected Areas. Journal of Environmental Planning & Management 58(9), 1544-1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.937479
Ward, C., Stringer, L.C., Holmes, G. 2018. Protected Area Co-Management and Perceived Livelihood Impacts. Journal of Environmental Management 228, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.018
Webb, J.A., Watts, R.J., Allan, C., Conallin, J.C. 2018. Adaptive Management of Environmental Flows. Environmental Management 61(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0981-6
West, J.M., Julius, S.H., Kareiva, P., Enquist, C., Lawler, J.J., Petersen, B., et al. 2009. U. S. Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Management Adaptation. Environmental Management 44, 1001–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9345-1
Whitelaw, P.A., King-Brian E.M., Tolkach, D. 2014. Protected Areas, Conservation and Tourism – Financing the Sustainable Dream. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22(4), 584-603. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.873445
Bennett, N.J., Whitty, T.S., Finkbeiner, E., Pittman, J., Bassett, H., Gelcich, S., Allison, E.H. 2018. Environmental Stewardship: A Conceptual Review and Analytical Framework. Environmental Management 61(4), 597–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0993-2
Brandt, J., Christensen, A.A., Svenningsen, S.R., Holmes, E. 2013. Landscape Practise and Key Concepts for Landscape Sustainability. Landscape Ecology 28(6), 1125–1137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-012-9777-5
Buclet, N., Lazarević, D. 2015. Principles for Sustainability: the Need to Shift to a Sustainable Conventional Regime. Environment, Development and Sustainability 17(1), 83-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9539-4
Carr, A., Ruhanen, L., Whitford, M. 2016. Indigenous Peoples and Tourism: the Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 24(8-9), 1067-1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1206112
Castro, A.J., Martín-Lopez, B., López, E., Plieninger, T., Alcaraz-Segura, D., Vaughn, C.C., Cabello, J. 2015. Do Protected Areas Networks Ensure the Supply of Ecosystem Services? Spatial Patterns of Two Nature Reserve Systems in Semi-Arid Spain. Applied Geography 60, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.02.012
Ceausu, S., Gomes, I., Pereira, H.M. 2015. Conservation Planning for Biodiversity and Wilderness: A Real-World Example. Environmental Management 55(5), 1168-1180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0453-9
Eagles P.F.J. 2014. Research Priorities in Park Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22(4), 528-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.785554
Environmental protection programme of AP Vojvodina, for period 2016-2025 – “Official Gazette of AP Vojvodina”, 10/2016. Serbia (in Serbian).
Fennell, D.A. 2015a. Ecotourism. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London & New York.
Fennell, D.A. 2015b. Tourism and the Precautionary Principle in Theory and Practice. In: Hall, C.M., Gössling, S., Scott, D. (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Tourism and Sustainability. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London & New York, 67-77.
Fennell, D., Weaver, D. 2005. The Ecotourium Concept and Tourism-Conservation Symbiosis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 13(4), 373-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580508668563
Gambino, R. 2015. Introduction: Reasoning on Parks and Landscapes. In: Gambino, R., Peano, A. (Eds.) Nature Policies and Landscape, Policies Towards an Alliance. Springer, New York, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05410-0
Geneletti, D., Scolozzi, R., Esmail, B.A. 2018. Assessing Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity Tradeoffs Across Agricultural Landscapes in a Mountain Region. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 14(1), 188-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2018.1526214
Ghanem, M., Elgammal, I. 2016. Communicating Sustainability Through a Destination’s Website: A Checklist to Inform, Motivate, and Engage Stakeholders. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 34(6), 793-805. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1233928
Gordon, J.E., Crofts, R., Díaz-Martínez, E., Woo, K.S. 2018. Enhancing the Role of Geoconservation in Protected Area Management and Nature Conservation. Geoheritage 10(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0240-5
Hall, C.M. 2010. Tourism and Biodiversity: More Significant Than Climate Change? Journal of Heritage Tourism 5(4), 253-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2010.517843
Hoang, T.T.H., Rompaey, A.V., Meyfroidt, P., Govers, G., Vu, K. C., Nguyen, A. T., Hens L., Vanacker, V. 2020. Impact of Tourism Development on the Local Livelihoods and Land Cover Change in the Northern Vietnamese Highlands. Environment, Development and Sustainability 22, 1371-1395. doi:10.1007/s10668-018-0253-5
Hodder, K.H., Newton, A.C., Cantarello, E., Perrella, L. 2014. Does Landscape-Scale Conservation Management Enhance the Provision of Ecosystem Services? International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 10(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2014.883430
Holden, A. 2016. Environment and Tourism. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London & New York.
Janssen, J. 2009. Sustainable Development and Protected Landscapes: the Case of The Netherlands. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 16(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504500902757981
Joshi, A., Kale, S., Chandel, S., Pal, D.K. 2015. Likert Scale: Explored and Explained. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 7(4), 396-403. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJAST/2015/14975
Kar, D. 2013. Wetlands and Lakes of the World. Springer, New York. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1023-8
Kruger, M., Viljoen, A., & Saayman, M. 2017. Who Visits the Kruger National Park and Why? Identifying Target Markets. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 34(3), 312-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2016.1156618
Lazić, L., Pavić, D., Stojanović, V., Tomić, P., Romelić, J., Pivac, T., et al. 2008. Zaštićena prirodna dobra i ekoturizam Vojvodine Protected Areas and Ecotourism of Vojvodina. Departman za Geografiju, Turizam i Hotelijerstvo, Prirodno-matematički fakultet, Novi Sad.
Lehtomäki, J., Moilanen, A. 2013. Methods and Workflow for Spatial Conservation Prioritization Using Zonation. Environmental Modelling & Software 47, 128-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.05.001
Liburd, J.J., Becken, S. 2017. Values in Nature Conservation, Tourism and UNESCO World Heritage Site Stewardship. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 25(12), 1719-1735. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1293067
Maksin, M., Ristić, V., Nenković-Riznić, M., Mićić, S. 2018. The Role of Zoning in the Strategic Planning of Protected Areas: Lessons Learnt From EU Countries and Serbia. European Planning Studies 26(4), 838-872. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1426736
McCool, S.F. 2016. The Changing Meanings of Sustainable Tourism. In: McCool, S.F., Keith-Bosak, K. (Eds.) Reframing sustainable tourism. Springer, New York, 13-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7209-9
Minin, E.D., Soutullo, A., Bartesaghi, L., Rios, M., Szephegyi, M.N., Moilanen, A. 2017. Integrating Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Socio-Economic Data to Identify Priority Areas and Landowners for Conservation Actions at the National Scale. Biological Conservation 206, 56-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.11.037
Muñoz, L., Hausner, V., Brown, G., Runge, C., Fauchald, P. 2019. Identifying Spatial Overlap in the Values of Locals, Domestic and International Tourists to Protected Areas. Tourism Management 71, 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.07.015
Oprea, L., Ienciu, I., Tudorascu, M., Filip, L. 2015. Implications of Topography and Cadastre in Tourism Planning and Sustainable Development of “Alba Carolina” Vauban Citadel. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology 16(3), 1016-1023.
Pfueller, S.L., Lee, D., Laing, J. 2011. Tourism Partnerships in Protected Areas: Exploring Contributions to Sustainability. Environmental Management 48, 734-749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9728-y
Price, M.F. 2006. Global Recognition of Special Landscapes: Reconciling Sustainable Development and Conservation. International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management 2(3), 142–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/17451590609618110
Romão, J. 2018. Tourism, Territory and Sustainable Development, Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Applications in Japan and Europe. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0426-2
Savić, D., Anačkov, G., Boža, P. 2008. New Chorological Data for Flora of the Pannonian Region of Serbia. Central European Journal of Biology 3(4), 461-470. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-008-0036-3
Selva, N., Kreft, S., Kati, V., Schluck, M., Jonsson, B.G., Mihok, B., et al. 2011. Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe. Environmental Management 48, 865-877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-011-9751-z
Shafer, C.L. 2015. Cautionary Thoughts on IUCN Protected Area Management Categories V–VI. Global Ecology and Conservation 3, 331–348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.12.007
Trišić, I., Štetić, S., Privitera, D., Nedelcu, A. 2020. Wine Routes in Vojvodina Province, Northern Serbia - A Tool for Sustainable Tourism Development. Sustainability 12(1), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010082
Stojanović, V. 2005. Degradation and Protection of Wetlands in Special Nature Reserves in Vojvodina. Geographica Pannonica 9, 24-28.
Stojanović, V., Savić, S. 2013. Management Challenges in Special Nature Reserve “Gornje Podunavlje” and Preparations for its Proclamation of Biosphere Reserve. Geographica Pannonica 17(4), 98-105.
Stojanović, V., Lazić, L., Đunić, J. 2018. Nature Protection and Sustainable Tourism Interaction in Selected Ramsar Sites in Vojvodina (Northern Serbia). Geographica Pannonica 22(3), 201-207. doi:10.5937/gp22-16637
Tisdell, C., Wilson, C. 2005. Perceived Impacts of Ecotourism on Environmental Learning and Conservation: Turtle Watching as a Case Study. Environment, Development and Sustainability 7(3), 291-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-004-7619-6
Valdivieso, J.C., Eagles, P.F.J., Gil, J.C. 2015. Efficient Management Capacity Evaluation of Tourism in Protected Areas. Journal of Environmental Planning & Management 58(9), 1544-1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.937479
Ward, C., Stringer, L.C., Holmes, G. 2018. Protected Area Co-Management and Perceived Livelihood Impacts. Journal of Environmental Management 228, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.018
Webb, J.A., Watts, R.J., Allan, C., Conallin, J.C. 2018. Adaptive Management of Environmental Flows. Environmental Management 61(3), 339–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0981-6
West, J.M., Julius, S.H., Kareiva, P., Enquist, C., Lawler, J.J., Petersen, B., et al. 2009. U. S. Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Management Adaptation. Environmental Management 44, 1001–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9345-1
Whitelaw, P.A., King-Brian E.M., Tolkach, D. 2014. Protected Areas, Conservation and Tourism – Financing the Sustainable Dream. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 22(4), 584-603. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.873445