Tourists’ Perception of Ecotourism Development in Lagos Nigeria: The Case of Lekki Conservation Centre.
Keywords:
destination image, destination loyalty, ecotourism, inbound tourism, sustainable tourism, tourist destination
Abstract
This study examined tourists’ perception of ecotourism services in Lagos, Nigeria, with the specificity of Lekki Conservation Centre. Specific objectives were to identify the elements of tourists demand in relation to destination loyalty in the study area. A total of 300 domestic and inbound tourists were sampled, over a period of ten months, using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The findings revealed an availability of vital tourism related products to meet tourist demand, a conducive tourism atmosphere and a dispersed location of the species in the conservation center with the availability of quality tourism facilities. However, tourists’ perception and experience were poor compared to available infrastructural components. The study concludes that managers of the centre have not employed quality destination management and marketing techniques to improve its image and enhance inbound tourism. Recommendations included the need for provision of more facilities and species, and an improved means of transportation to enhance tourist accessibility to the centre.
References
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Aluko O.E. 2010. The Impact of Urbanization on Housing Development: The Lagos Experience, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 3(3), 64-74.
Andersson, T., Mossberg, L., Therkelsen, A. 2017. Food and Tourism Synergies: Perspectives on Consumption, Production And Destination Development. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(1), 1-8.
Ares, G., Gámbaro, A. 2007. Influence of Gender, Age and Motives Underlying Food Choice on Perceived Healthiness and Willingness to try Functional Foods. Appetite, Oxford, 49(1), 148-158.
Arowosafe, F.C., Oladeji, S.O. 2017. Visitors Perception Opportunities: A Strategy for Development of Marketing Plan in Kanji Lake National Park, Nigeria. An International Journal of Tropical Environment, 14:1-15.
Artal-Tur, A., Kozak, M., Kozak, N, 2019. Trends in Tourist Behavior: New Products and Experiences from Europe. AG, Switzerland: Springer.
Asbollah, A.Z., Hassan, N., Yusoff, S.Y.M., Idris, H. 2017. The Tourist Behaviour in Different Environments: A Literature Review. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 15(1), 279-288.
Asuk, S.A., Nchor, A.A. 2018. Challenges of Community-Based Ecotourism Development in Southern Eastern Nigeria: Case study of Iko Esai Community. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 20(1), 1-10.
Ayeni, D.A., Ebohon, O.J. 2012. Exploring Sustainable Tourism in Nigeria for Developmental Growth. European Scientific Journal, 8(20), 126-140.
Bankole, A.O. 2013. Harnessing Cultural Heritage for Tourism Development in Nigeria: Issues and Prospects. Global Journal of Commerce and Management Perspective, 2(3), 121-131.
Bjork, P., Kauppinen-Raisanen, H. 2017. Interested in Eating and Drinking? How Food Affects Travel Satisfaction and the Overall Holiday Experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(1), 9-26.
CEIC 2020. Nigeria Visitor Arrivals. Retreieved from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nigeria/visitor-arrivals
Chan, J.K.L., Baum, T. 2007. Ecotourists' Perception of Ecotourism Experience in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(5), 574-590.
Cui, X., Lee, G., Lee, S.J., Kim, T.T. 2019. Structural Relationships Among Antecedents to Perceived Value of Ecotourism for Sichuan Giant Pandas in China. Sustainability, 11(210).
Dabour, N. (2003). Problems and Prospects of Sustainable Tourism Development in the OIC Countries: Ecotourism. Journal of Economic Cooperation, 24(1), 25-62.
Dekhili, S., Achabou, M.A. 2015. The Perception of Ecotourism: Semantic Profusion and Tourists’ Expectations. Management & Human Enterprise, 3(19), 1-21.
Dinu, A. 2018. The Importance of Transportation to Tourism Development. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 4(4), 183-187.
Egbulonu, K.G. 2007. Statistical Inference for Science and Business. Owerri, Nigeria: Peace Publishers.
Evans, B. R., Peterson, B.L., Demark-Wahenfried, W. 2004. No Difference in Response Rate to a Mailed Survey among Prostate Cancer Survivors using Conditional versus Unconditional Incentive. Cancer Epidemial Biomarketers & Preventions, 13(2), 277-278.
Gisore, R., Ogutu, H. (2015). Sustainable Tourism in Africa: Standards as Essential Catalysts. Sector Standardization Needs Review, 9(3), 1-26.
Guri, A. 2016. The Role Of Sustainable Tourism in the Economic Development of Vlora District. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, 4(4), 53-62.
Haddle, J.B. 2005. Community Residents’ Perceptions of Ecotourism Impacts and Conservation Issues in Rural Creole Belize: A Case Study of Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary (Master’s dissertation, University of Florida, Florida, USA). Retreived from http://plaza.ufl.edu/jbhaddle/haddle_j.pdf
Hakim, L. 2017. Managing Biodiversity for a Competitive Ecotourism Industry in Tropical Developing Countries: New opportunities in Biological Fields. AIP Conference Proceedings. Retrieved from https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5012708
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Handriana, T., Ambara, R. 2016. Responsible Environmental Behavior Intention of Travelers on Ecotourism Sites. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 22(2), 135-150.
Idumah, F.O., Onyeanusi, A.E., Akinyem, O.D., Bello, M.A. 2009. Prospects and Challenges of Ecotourism Development in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Extension, 8(1), 15-21.
Ijeomah, H.M., Eniang, A.E. 2018. Ecotourism and National Development in Nigeria. Prospects and Challenges. Proceedings of the 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference, Uyo, Nigeria, 1-12.
Ijeomah, H.M., Abubarkar, S.I., Ezeano, C.I., Adetola, B.O. 2019. Assessment of Tourist Attraction and Satisfaction in Selected Eco-destinations in Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agriculture, Technology and Environment, 8(1), 85-104.
Jovanović, S., Ilić, I. 2016. Infrastructure as Important Determinant of Tourism Development in the countries of Southeast Europe. Ecoforum, 5(1), 288-294.
Juvan, E., Omerzel, D.G., Maravić, M.U. 2017. Tourist Behaviour: An Overview of Models to Date. Management International Conference, Monastier di Treviso (Venice) Italy, May 24-27. Retreieved o from http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-7023-71-8/2.pdf
Kiper, T. 2013. Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development. In: Özyavuz, M. ed. Advances in Landscape Architecture. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech.
Krelling, A.P., Williams, A.T., Turra, A. 2017. Differences in Perception and Reaction of Tourist Groups to Beach Marine Debris that can Influence a Loss of Tourism Revenue in Coastal Areas. Marine Policy, 85, 87-99.
Kyzy, J.D., Öztüre, A. 2018. Perceptions of Tourism Impacts and Sustainability Concept: Insights from Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 254-264.
Lagos Bureau of Statistics 2016. Abstract of Local Government Statistics. Lagos Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget, Secretariat, Alausa, Ikeja. Retreived from https://mepb.lagosstate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/01/ABSTRACT-OF-LOCAL-GOVERNMENT-STATISTICS-2016.pdf
Lau, G., McKercher, B. 2006. Understanding Tourist Movement Patterns in a Destination : A GIS Approach. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(1), 39-49.
Long, L.M. 2017. Comfort Food in Culinary Tourism: Negotiating “Home” as Exotic and Familiar. In M.O. Jones & L.M. Long (eds), Comfort Food: Meanings and Memories, pp. 126-149. Jackson MS: University Press of Mississippi.
Maars, M.Y. 2009. Applied Statistics. London: Heinemann.
Marković, I., Klarić, Z. 2015. Attitudes of Local Population of Tourism Impacts on Destination Sustainability – Case of Croatia. International Scientific Journal Turizam, 19(3), 98-110.
McGuffin, D. 2017. Describe the Main Elements Of Ecotourism. Retreieved from https://getawaytips.azcentral.com/describe-the-main-elements-of-ecotourism-12311082.html
Morin, C.M., Vallières, A., Guay, B., Ivers, H., Savard J., Mérrette, C., Bastien, C., Baillargeon, L. 2009. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Singly and Combined with Medication, for Persistent Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 301(19), 2005-2015.
Nigerian Conservation Foundation 2016. 2016 Annual Reports and Financial Statements. Retrieved from https://www.ncfnigeria.org/Reports/2016%20NCF%20Annual%20Report.pdf
Nwokorie, E.C., Adiukwu, I.K. 2020. Hospitality and Tourism Entrepreneurship: Administrative Barriers in Imo State, Nigeria. International Scientific Journal Turizam, 24(1), 13-32.
Nwokorie, E.C., Igbojekwe, P. 2019. Security Challenges for the Hotel Industry: Implications for Selected Hotels in Owerri, Nigeria. Academica Turistica – Tourism and Innovation Journal, 12(2), 193-205.
Nwokorie, E.C. 2015. Food Tourism in Local Economic Development and National Branding in Nigeria. HATMAN Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 5(1), 20-26.
Nwokorie, E.C., Obiora, J.N. 2018. Sustainable Development Practices for the Hotel Industry in Nigeria: Implications for the Ilaro Area of Ogun State. Research in Hospitality Management, 8(2), 125-131.
Nwokorie, E.C., Everest, D.A., Ojo, O.O. 2014. Emerging Security Challenges for Tourism Development: Effect on the Nigerian Economy. Journal of Women in Technical Education, 7(2), 33-40.
Obiora, J.N., Nwokorie, E.C. 2019. Enhancing Destination Loyalty through Online Presence in the Tourism Industry in South-East Nigeria. Accounting and Taxation Review, 3(1), 69-81.
Oohlala, R. 2013. Sustainable Tourism: Sustainable and Responsible Development. Retreieved from https://www.slideshare.net/reymarieoohlala/sustainable-tourism-28775238
Orimaye, J.O., Ogunjinmi, A.A., Ogunyemi, O.O., Okosodo, E.F., Kolawole, O.O., Daramola, D.O. 2018. Residents’ Perception of Ecotourism Impact in Ekiti State: A Case Study of Ikogosi Warm Spring. Agricultural Extension Journal, 2(2), 144-150.
Padin, C. 2012. A Sustainable Tourism Planning Model: Components and Relationships. European Business Review, 24(6), 510-518.
Prideaux, B. 2000. The Role of the Transport System in Destination Development. Tourism Management, 21(1), 53-63.
Roy, B., Saxena, A.K. 2020. Destination Competitiveness, Tourism Facilities and Problems in Promoting Uttarakhand as a Tourism Destination. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 12 (2), 1-20.
Salako, T.E., Oyeleke, O.O., Ogunjimi, A.A. 2018. Assessment of Guided Tour on Visitors’ Behaviour in Lekki Conservation Centre and Osun Osogbo Sacred Groove, Osogbo, Osun State. Journal of Sustainable Technology, 9(1), 89-98.
Sandaruwani, J.A.R.C., Gnanapala, W.K.A.C. 2016. The Role of Tourist Guides and their Impacts on Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique on Sri Lanka. Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, 3, 62-73.
Sangpikul, A. 2020. Tourist Perceptions of Guided Ecotourism Tours in Thailand. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(2), 245-256.
Santos, C., Silva, D., Amorim, E. 2018.The Impact of Tourism Security on the Image of the Destination - The case of Portugal. Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 207-216.
Schawnms, R.C. 1994. Advanced Statistics: An Introduction. London: Knightbridge Publications Ltd.
Sorupia, E. 2005. Rethinking the Role of Transportation in Tourism. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5, pp. 1767-1777.
TIES 2015. What is Ecotourism? Retreieved online on February 10, 2020 from https://ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism/
Ukabuilu, E.N., Nwokorie, E.C., Ezeibe, N. 2018. Empirical investigation of Problems of Inbound Tourism in South-Eastern Nigeria: Catalyst for Regional Development. HATMAN Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 8(1), 29-35.
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UNWTO. 2017. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2017 Edition. Retreieved online on August 25, 2019, from https://www.unwto.org/archive/global/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2017
Ursache, M. 2015. Tourism – Significant Driver Shaping a Destinations Heritage. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, 130-137.
Vengesayi, S., Mavondo, F.T., Reisinger, Y. 2009. Tourism Destination Attractiveness: Attractions, Facilities, and People as Predictors. Tourism Analysis, 14, 621-636.
World Data Atlas. 2019. Nigeria: International Tourism, Number of Arrivals. Retreieved from https://knoema.com/atlas/Nigeria/topics/Tourism/Key-Tourism-Indicators/Number-of-arrivals
Yamada, N. 2011. Why Tour Guiding is Important for Ecotourism: Enhancing Guiding Quality with the Ecotourism Promotion Policy in Japan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 139-152.
Yamane, T. 1967. Statistics: An Introductory Analysis (2nd Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Zhuang, X., Yao, Y., Li, J.J. 2019. Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism on Residents of World Cultural Heritage Sites in China. Sustainability, 11, (840).
Ajayi, O.O., Eveso, J.O. 2017. Ecotourism in Nigeria: The Okomu National Park Context. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports. 28:22-33.
Alam, S.S., Sayuti, N.M. 2011. Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) In Halal Food Purchasing. International Journal of Commerce and Management, 21(1), 8-20.
Aluko O.E. 2010. The Impact of Urbanization on Housing Development: The Lagos Experience, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 3(3), 64-74.
Andersson, T., Mossberg, L., Therkelsen, A. 2017. Food and Tourism Synergies: Perspectives on Consumption, Production And Destination Development. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(1), 1-8.
Ares, G., Gámbaro, A. 2007. Influence of Gender, Age and Motives Underlying Food Choice on Perceived Healthiness and Willingness to try Functional Foods. Appetite, Oxford, 49(1), 148-158.
Arowosafe, F.C., Oladeji, S.O. 2017. Visitors Perception Opportunities: A Strategy for Development of Marketing Plan in Kanji Lake National Park, Nigeria. An International Journal of Tropical Environment, 14:1-15.
Artal-Tur, A., Kozak, M., Kozak, N, 2019. Trends in Tourist Behavior: New Products and Experiences from Europe. AG, Switzerland: Springer.
Asbollah, A.Z., Hassan, N., Yusoff, S.Y.M., Idris, H. 2017. The Tourist Behaviour in Different Environments: A Literature Review. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 15(1), 279-288.
Asuk, S.A., Nchor, A.A. 2018. Challenges of Community-Based Ecotourism Development in Southern Eastern Nigeria: Case study of Iko Esai Community. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 20(1), 1-10.
Ayeni, D.A., Ebohon, O.J. 2012. Exploring Sustainable Tourism in Nigeria for Developmental Growth. European Scientific Journal, 8(20), 126-140.
Bankole, A.O. 2013. Harnessing Cultural Heritage for Tourism Development in Nigeria: Issues and Prospects. Global Journal of Commerce and Management Perspective, 2(3), 121-131.
Bjork, P., Kauppinen-Raisanen, H. 2017. Interested in Eating and Drinking? How Food Affects Travel Satisfaction and the Overall Holiday Experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(1), 9-26.
CEIC 2020. Nigeria Visitor Arrivals. Retreieved from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/nigeria/visitor-arrivals
Chan, J.K.L., Baum, T. 2007. Ecotourists' Perception of Ecotourism Experience in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah, Malaysia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(5), 574-590.
Cui, X., Lee, G., Lee, S.J., Kim, T.T. 2019. Structural Relationships Among Antecedents to Perceived Value of Ecotourism for Sichuan Giant Pandas in China. Sustainability, 11(210).
Dabour, N. (2003). Problems and Prospects of Sustainable Tourism Development in the OIC Countries: Ecotourism. Journal of Economic Cooperation, 24(1), 25-62.
Dekhili, S., Achabou, M.A. 2015. The Perception of Ecotourism: Semantic Profusion and Tourists’ Expectations. Management & Human Enterprise, 3(19), 1-21.
Dinu, A. 2018. The Importance of Transportation to Tourism Development. Academic Journal of Economic Studies, 4(4), 183-187.
Egbulonu, K.G. 2007. Statistical Inference for Science and Business. Owerri, Nigeria: Peace Publishers.
Evans, B. R., Peterson, B.L., Demark-Wahenfried, W. 2004. No Difference in Response Rate to a Mailed Survey among Prostate Cancer Survivors using Conditional versus Unconditional Incentive. Cancer Epidemial Biomarketers & Preventions, 13(2), 277-278.
Gisore, R., Ogutu, H. (2015). Sustainable Tourism in Africa: Standards as Essential Catalysts. Sector Standardization Needs Review, 9(3), 1-26.
Guri, A. 2016. The Role Of Sustainable Tourism in the Economic Development of Vlora District. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Management Sciences, 4(4), 53-62.
Haddle, J.B. 2005. Community Residents’ Perceptions of Ecotourism Impacts and Conservation Issues in Rural Creole Belize: A Case Study of Crooked Tree Wildlife Sanctuary (Master’s dissertation, University of Florida, Florida, USA). Retreived from http://plaza.ufl.edu/jbhaddle/haddle_j.pdf
Hakim, L. 2017. Managing Biodiversity for a Competitive Ecotourism Industry in Tropical Developing Countries: New opportunities in Biological Fields. AIP Conference Proceedings. Retrieved from https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.5012708
Han, X., Liu, A., Liu, M. 2017. Noise Perception and its Effects on Tourists' Satisfaction: A Case Study of Nanluoguxiang Lane in Beijing. INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, InterNoise17, Hong Kong CHINA, pages 1-1003, pp. 136-146(11).
Handriana, T., Ambara, R. 2016. Responsible Environmental Behavior Intention of Travelers on Ecotourism Sites. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 22(2), 135-150.
Idumah, F.O., Onyeanusi, A.E., Akinyem, O.D., Bello, M.A. 2009. Prospects and Challenges of Ecotourism Development in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Extension, 8(1), 15-21.
Ijeomah, H.M., Eniang, A.E. 2018. Ecotourism and National Development in Nigeria. Prospects and Challenges. Proceedings of the 6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference, Uyo, Nigeria, 1-12.
Ijeomah, H.M., Abubarkar, S.I., Ezeano, C.I., Adetola, B.O. 2019. Assessment of Tourist Attraction and Satisfaction in Selected Eco-destinations in Lagos State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agriculture, Technology and Environment, 8(1), 85-104.
Jovanović, S., Ilić, I. 2016. Infrastructure as Important Determinant of Tourism Development in the countries of Southeast Europe. Ecoforum, 5(1), 288-294.
Juvan, E., Omerzel, D.G., Maravić, M.U. 2017. Tourist Behaviour: An Overview of Models to Date. Management International Conference, Monastier di Treviso (Venice) Italy, May 24-27. Retreieved o from http://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-7023-71-8/2.pdf
Kiper, T. 2013. Role of Ecotourism in Sustainable Development. In: Özyavuz, M. ed. Advances in Landscape Architecture. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech.
Krelling, A.P., Williams, A.T., Turra, A. 2017. Differences in Perception and Reaction of Tourist Groups to Beach Marine Debris that can Influence a Loss of Tourism Revenue in Coastal Areas. Marine Policy, 85, 87-99.
Kyzy, J.D., Öztüre, A. 2018. Perceptions of Tourism Impacts and Sustainability Concept: Insights from Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 254-264.
Lagos Bureau of Statistics 2016. Abstract of Local Government Statistics. Lagos Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Economic Planning and Budget, Secretariat, Alausa, Ikeja. Retreived from https://mepb.lagosstate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/01/ABSTRACT-OF-LOCAL-GOVERNMENT-STATISTICS-2016.pdf
Lau, G., McKercher, B. 2006. Understanding Tourist Movement Patterns in a Destination : A GIS Approach. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 7(1), 39-49.
Long, L.M. 2017. Comfort Food in Culinary Tourism: Negotiating “Home” as Exotic and Familiar. In M.O. Jones & L.M. Long (eds), Comfort Food: Meanings and Memories, pp. 126-149. Jackson MS: University Press of Mississippi.
Maars, M.Y. 2009. Applied Statistics. London: Heinemann.
Marković, I., Klarić, Z. 2015. Attitudes of Local Population of Tourism Impacts on Destination Sustainability – Case of Croatia. International Scientific Journal Turizam, 19(3), 98-110.
McGuffin, D. 2017. Describe the Main Elements Of Ecotourism. Retreieved from https://getawaytips.azcentral.com/describe-the-main-elements-of-ecotourism-12311082.html
Morin, C.M., Vallières, A., Guay, B., Ivers, H., Savard J., Mérrette, C., Bastien, C., Baillargeon, L. 2009. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Singly and Combined with Medication, for Persistent Insomnia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 301(19), 2005-2015.
Nigerian Conservation Foundation 2016. 2016 Annual Reports and Financial Statements. Retrieved from https://www.ncfnigeria.org/Reports/2016%20NCF%20Annual%20Report.pdf
Nwokorie, E.C., Adiukwu, I.K. 2020. Hospitality and Tourism Entrepreneurship: Administrative Barriers in Imo State, Nigeria. International Scientific Journal Turizam, 24(1), 13-32.
Nwokorie, E.C., Igbojekwe, P. 2019. Security Challenges for the Hotel Industry: Implications for Selected Hotels in Owerri, Nigeria. Academica Turistica – Tourism and Innovation Journal, 12(2), 193-205.
Nwokorie, E.C. 2015. Food Tourism in Local Economic Development and National Branding in Nigeria. HATMAN Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 5(1), 20-26.
Nwokorie, E.C., Obiora, J.N. 2018. Sustainable Development Practices for the Hotel Industry in Nigeria: Implications for the Ilaro Area of Ogun State. Research in Hospitality Management, 8(2), 125-131.
Nwokorie, E.C., Everest, D.A., Ojo, O.O. 2014. Emerging Security Challenges for Tourism Development: Effect on the Nigerian Economy. Journal of Women in Technical Education, 7(2), 33-40.
Obiora, J.N., Nwokorie, E.C. 2019. Enhancing Destination Loyalty through Online Presence in the Tourism Industry in South-East Nigeria. Accounting and Taxation Review, 3(1), 69-81.
Oohlala, R. 2013. Sustainable Tourism: Sustainable and Responsible Development. Retreieved from https://www.slideshare.net/reymarieoohlala/sustainable-tourism-28775238
Orimaye, J.O., Ogunjinmi, A.A., Ogunyemi, O.O., Okosodo, E.F., Kolawole, O.O., Daramola, D.O. 2018. Residents’ Perception of Ecotourism Impact in Ekiti State: A Case Study of Ikogosi Warm Spring. Agricultural Extension Journal, 2(2), 144-150.
Padin, C. 2012. A Sustainable Tourism Planning Model: Components and Relationships. European Business Review, 24(6), 510-518.
Prideaux, B. 2000. The Role of the Transport System in Destination Development. Tourism Management, 21(1), 53-63.
Roy, B., Saxena, A.K. 2020. Destination Competitiveness, Tourism Facilities and Problems in Promoting Uttarakhand as a Tourism Destination. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts, 12 (2), 1-20.
Salako, T.E., Oyeleke, O.O., Ogunjimi, A.A. 2018. Assessment of Guided Tour on Visitors’ Behaviour in Lekki Conservation Centre and Osun Osogbo Sacred Groove, Osogbo, Osun State. Journal of Sustainable Technology, 9(1), 89-98.
Sandaruwani, J.A.R.C., Gnanapala, W.K.A.C. 2016. The Role of Tourist Guides and their Impacts on Sustainable Tourism Development: A Critique on Sri Lanka. Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, 3, 62-73.
Sangpikul, A. 2020. Tourist Perceptions of Guided Ecotourism Tours in Thailand. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(2), 245-256.
Santos, C., Silva, D., Amorim, E. 2018.The Impact of Tourism Security on the Image of the Destination - The case of Portugal. Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 207-216.
Schawnms, R.C. 1994. Advanced Statistics: An Introduction. London: Knightbridge Publications Ltd.
Sorupia, E. 2005. Rethinking the Role of Transportation in Tourism. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 5, pp. 1767-1777.
TIES 2015. What is Ecotourism? Retreieved online on February 10, 2020 from https://ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism/
Ukabuilu, E.N., Nwokorie, E.C., Ezeibe, N. 2018. Empirical investigation of Problems of Inbound Tourism in South-Eastern Nigeria: Catalyst for Regional Development. HATMAN Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 8(1), 29-35.
UNEP., UNWTO. 2005. Making Tourism More Sustainable - A guide for Policy Makers, Paris, France & Madrid, Spain: UNEP & UNWTO.
UNWTO. 2017. UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2017 Edition. Retreieved online on August 25, 2019, from https://www.unwto.org/archive/global/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2017
Ursache, M. 2015. Tourism – Significant Driver Shaping a Destinations Heritage. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 188, 130-137.
Vengesayi, S., Mavondo, F.T., Reisinger, Y. 2009. Tourism Destination Attractiveness: Attractions, Facilities, and People as Predictors. Tourism Analysis, 14, 621-636.
World Data Atlas. 2019. Nigeria: International Tourism, Number of Arrivals. Retreieved from https://knoema.com/atlas/Nigeria/topics/Tourism/Key-Tourism-Indicators/Number-of-arrivals
Yamada, N. 2011. Why Tour Guiding is Important for Ecotourism: Enhancing Guiding Quality with the Ecotourism Promotion Policy in Japan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 139-152.
Yamane, T. 1967. Statistics: An Introductory Analysis (2nd Ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
Zhuang, X., Yao, Y., Li, J.J. 2019. Sociocultural Impacts of Tourism on Residents of World Cultural Heritage Sites in China. Sustainability, 11, (840).
