Developing ecological indicators of sustainable tourism in new protected areas: a case study of saline steppe and forest steppe habitats in Serbia
Keywords:
protected areas, sustainable tourism, WTO indicators, salt steppes, forest steppes
Abstract
This paper is one of the results of three years research (2016-2019) of specific habitats of saline steppes and forest steppes along the Mostonga River, in the northern part of Serbia (Autonomous Province of Vojvodina), with the aim of their valorization and protection in the future. Here is also situated a natural area in the process of protection known as "Middle Mostonga". An integral part of protection declaration procedure is the creation of so-called "Protection study", as a basic document for the planning of protection guidelines for certain natural areas. It also includes tourism development analysis that aims to analyze and suggest its future development. Therefore, the working group, composed of representatives of the Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province in Novi Sad and the University of Novi Sad (Faculty of Sciences – Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management), examined the opportunities for ecotourism development in the area of "Middle Mostonga". The working group will be strongly dedicated to the interpretation of natural phenomena and processes, that are in many ways unique, but for employees in tourism sector and the tourism industry in general, still invisible and unrecognizable places. The goal is to forthwith frame the possibility for consistent application of sustainable development goals in the future protected area "Middle Mostonga" and its surroundings by setting a scheme of indicators of sustainable tourism.
References
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Mádl-Szőnyi, J., Tóth, J . 2009. A hydrogeological type section for the Duna-Tisza Interfluve, Hungary. Hydrogeology Journal 17, 961–980.
Meadows, D. 1998. Indicators and Information Systems for Sustainable Development. Sustainability Institute, Hartland/VT.
Milošević, D., Dunjić, J., Stojanović, V. 2020. Investigating micrometeorological differences between steppe, forest-steppe and forest environment in northern Serbia during a clear and sunny autumn day. Geographica Pannonica 24(3). 10.5937/gp24-25885
Modica, P., Capocchi, A., Foroni, I., Zenga, M. 2018. An assessment of the implementation of the European Tourism Indicator System for Sustainable Destinations in Italy. Sustainability 10, 3160; doi:10.3390/su10093160.
Molnár, Z., Borhidi, A. 2003. Hungarian alkali vegetation: Origins, landscape history, syntaxonomy, conservation. Phytocoenologia 33(2-3), 377-408.
Müller, F., Burkhard, B., Kandziora, M., Schimming, C.G., Windhorst, W. 2020. Ecological Indicators: Ecosystem Health. DOI: 10.1201/9780429346170-23.
Mycoo, M. 2006. Sustainable tourism using regulations, market mechanisms and green certification: a case study of Barbados. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14, 489–511.
Noss, R.F., Dobson, A.P., Baldwin, R., Beier, P., Davis, C.R., Dellasala, D.A., Francis, J., Locke, H., Nowak, K., Lopez, R., Reining, C., Trombulak, S.C., Tabor, G. 2012. Bolder Thinking For Conservation. Conservation Biology 26, 1-4. Doi:10.1111/J.1523-1739.2011.01738.X
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Schüpbach, B., Grünig, A. Walter, T. 2004. Grassland and landscape aesthetics. Grassland Science in Europe, 186–188.
Sharareh, A.D., Badaruddin, M. 2013. Local Perception of Tourism Development: A Conceptual Framework for the Sustainable Cultural Tourism. Journal of Management and Sustainability 3(2), 31-39.
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Šefferová Stanová, V., Janák, M., Ripka, J. 2008. Management of Natura 2000 habitats * Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes 1530. European Commission.
Tanguay, A.G., Rajaonson, J., Lefebvre, J.-F., Lanoie, P. 2009. Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators 10, 407–418.
Tanguay, A.G., Rajaonson, J., Therrien, M. C. 2013. Sustainable tourism indicators: selection criteria for policy implementation and scientific recognition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 (6), 1-18.
Torres-Delgado, A., Saarinen, J. 2014. Using indicators to access sustainable tourism development: a review. Tourism Geographies 16 (1), 31-47, DOI: 10.1080/14616688. 2013.867530
Turnhout, E., Hisschemöller, M., Eijsackers, H. 2007. Ecological Indicators: between the two fires of science and policy. Ecological Indicators 7(2),215–228.
Twining-Ward, L. Butler, R. 2002. Implementing STD on a small island: development and use of sustainable tourism development indicators in Samoa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(5), 363 – 387.
Wearing, S., Neil, J. 2009. Ecotourim Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities?. Elsevier, Oxford. pp. 286.
Weaver, D. 2001. Deserts, Grasslands and Savannahs. In: Weaver, D., (eds.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
Weaver, D. 2006. Sustainable tourism: Theory and Practice. Routledge. Oxon. pp. 240.
WTO (World Tourism Organization). (2004). Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations: A guidebook. UN-WTO, Madrid, pp. 514.
www.ekologija.gov.rs
Bodnár, R. 2004. The effect of the tourism of the Hortobágy National Park on the surrounding settlements – lesson of a questionnaire survey. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute. (www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2004/mwp002.htm)
Buckley, R. 2003. Ecological Indicators of Tourist Impacts in Parks. Journal of Ecotourism 2(1). 54-66.
Buckley, R. 2009. Ecotourism: Principles & Practices. CABI. Oxfordshire. (p. 368)
Bushell, R., Bricker, K. 2016. Tourism in protected areas: Developing meaningful standards. Tourism and Hospitality Research 1-15.
Butler, R.W. 1999. Sustainable Tourism: A State of the Art Review. Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment 1(1) 7-25.
Chape, S., Blyth, S., Fish, L., Fox, P., Spalding, M. 2003. 2003 United Nations List of Protected Areas: IUCN - World Conservation Union and UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Cairngorms National Park. 2006. Park Plan (Proposed) Indicators. (http://macaulay. webarchive.hutton.ac.uk/ruralsustainability/ExampleSetsofIndicators.pdf)
Cannas, T., Theuma, N. 2013. Strategies And Tools For Sustainable Tourism Destination Management: Applying The European Tourism. ICOT International Conference On Tourism. Limassol, Cyprus.
Castley, J., Hill, W., Pickering, C. 2012. Developing ecological indicators of visitor use of protected areas: a new integrated framework from Australia. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 16(4), 196-207.
Cloquell-Ballester, V.A., Cloquell-Ballester, V.A., Monterde-Diaz, R., Santamarina-Siurana, M.C. 2006. Indicators validation for the improvement of environmental and social impact quantitative assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 26, 79-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.eiar.2005.06.002.
Dahl, A.L. 2012. Achievements and gaps in indicators for sustainability. Ecological Indicators 17, 14–19.
Dale, V., Beyeler, S. 2001. Challenges in the development and use of ecological indicators. Ecological Indicators 1, 3-10. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-160X(01)00003-6.
Daly, H.E., Cobb, J.B. 1989. For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy towards Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future, Beacon Press, Boston.
Derous, S., Agardy, T., Hillewaert, H., Wal, J.T. 2007. A concept for biological valuation in the marine environment. Oceanologia = Oceanology 49, 1-41.
Dimoska, T., Petrevska, B. 2012. Indicators for sustainable tourism development in Macedonia. Conference Proceedings, First International Conference on Business, Economics and Finance "From Liberalization to Globalization: Challenges in the Changing World", (389-400). Stip, Macedonia.
Durović, M., Lovrjentev, S. 2014. Indicators of sustainability in cultural tourism. The Macrotheme Review 3(7), 180-189.
Dwyer, L., Kim, C. 2010. Destination Competitiveness: Determinants and Indicators. Current Issues in Tourism 6. DOI: 10.1080/13683500308667962.
Eagles, P., McCool, S., Haynes, D. 2002. Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas Guidelines for Planning and Management. IUCN Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. xv + 183 pp.
English Tourism Council. 2002. National Sustainable Tourism Indicators.
European Commission. 2016. European Tourism Indicator System for Sustainable Destinations (ETIS) —Detailed Indicator Reference Sheets; European Union, Brussels, Belgium.
Fehér, A. 2007. Origin and development of the salt steppes and marshes in SW Slovakia. Flora Pannonica 5, 67–94
Ferraro, P., Hanauer, M., Sims, K. 2011. Conditions associated with protected area success in conservation and poverty reduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(34), 13913-8. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1011529108.
Gallopin, G. 1997. Indicators and their use: information for decision making, In: Moldan, B., Billharz, S. (Eds.), Sustainability Indicators, Report on the Project on Indicators of Sustainable Development, Wiley, Chicheste.
Gaston, K., Jackson, S., Cantú-Salazar, L., Cruz-Piñón, G. 2008. The Ecological Performance of Protected Areas. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 39, 93-113. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173529.
Indicators of Sustainable Development. 2006. Meeting the Needs. Scotland.
Isselstein, J., Jeangros, B., Pavlu, V. 2005. Agronomic aspects of biodiversity targeted management of temperate grasslands in Europe – A review. Agronomy research 3(2), 139-151.
Holden, A. 2000. Environment and Tourism, Routledge Introductions to Environment Series. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, London and New York.
Jurinčić, I., Popič, A. 2009. Sustaianble tourism development in protected areas on the pattern of Strunjan Landscape Park. Varstvo Narave 22, 177-192.
Kalamandeen, M., Gillson, L. 2007. Demything "wilderness": Implications for protected area designation and management. Biodiversity and Conservation 16, 165-182. DOI: 10.1007/s10531-006-9122-x.
Kier, G., Kreft, H., Lee, T., Jetz, W., Ibisch, P., Nowicki, C., Mutke, J., Barthlott, W. 2009. A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106. 9322-7. 10.1073/pnas.0810306106.
Khalyani, H.A., Mayer, A., Webster, C., Falkowski, M. 2012. Ecological indicators for protection impact assessment at two scales in the Bozin and Marakhil protected area, Iran. Ecological Indicators 25, 99–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.09.011.
Laguna, E., Deltoro, V.I., Perez-Botella, J., Perez-Rovira, P., Serra, L.L., Olivares, A., Fabregat, C. 2004. The role of small reserves in plant conservation in a region of high diversity in eastern Spain. Biological Conservation 119(3), 421-426.
Latip, A., N., Marzuki, A., Umar, M.U., Pimid, M. 2015. Sustainable Tourism’s Indicator in the Protected Area: the Case of Kinabalu Park, Sabah. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 9, 95-103.
Laurance, W., Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C., Sloan, S., Laurance, S., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez-Loayza, P., Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K., Cannon, C., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., Zamzani, F. 2012. Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature 489, 290-4. 10.1038/nature11318.
Mádl-Szőnyi, J., Tóth, J . 2009. A hydrogeological type section for the Duna-Tisza Interfluve, Hungary. Hydrogeology Journal 17, 961–980.
Meadows, D. 1998. Indicators and Information Systems for Sustainable Development. Sustainability Institute, Hartland/VT.
Milošević, D., Dunjić, J., Stojanović, V. 2020. Investigating micrometeorological differences between steppe, forest-steppe and forest environment in northern Serbia during a clear and sunny autumn day. Geographica Pannonica 24(3). 10.5937/gp24-25885
Modica, P., Capocchi, A., Foroni, I., Zenga, M. 2018. An assessment of the implementation of the European Tourism Indicator System for Sustainable Destinations in Italy. Sustainability 10, 3160; doi:10.3390/su10093160.
Molnár, Z., Borhidi, A. 2003. Hungarian alkali vegetation: Origins, landscape history, syntaxonomy, conservation. Phytocoenologia 33(2-3), 377-408.
Müller, F., Burkhard, B., Kandziora, M., Schimming, C.G., Windhorst, W. 2020. Ecological Indicators: Ecosystem Health. DOI: 10.1201/9780429346170-23.
Mycoo, M. 2006. Sustainable tourism using regulations, market mechanisms and green certification: a case study of Barbados. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14, 489–511.
Noss, R.F., Dobson, A.P., Baldwin, R., Beier, P., Davis, C.R., Dellasala, D.A., Francis, J., Locke, H., Nowak, K., Lopez, R., Reining, C., Trombulak, S.C., Tabor, G. 2012. Bolder Thinking For Conservation. Conservation Biology 26, 1-4. Doi:10.1111/J.1523-1739.2011.01738.X
OECD (1998). Towards Sustainable Development—Environmental Indicators. OECD, Paris, France.
Official Gazette RS. 36/2009; 88/2010; 91/2010; 14/2016; 95/2018. The Law on Nature Conservation. (in Serbian)
Parks, S.A., Harcourt, A.H. 2002. Reserve size, local human density and mammalian extinctions in U.S. protected areas, Conservation Biology 16, 800–808. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00288.x
Pasape, L., Anderson V., Lindi, G. 2014. Assessment of indicators of sustainable ecotourism in Tanzania. International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research 26(1), 73-84.
Pintér, L., Hardi, P.,Martinuzzi, A., Hall, J. 2012. Bellagio STAMP: Principles for sustainability assessment and measurement. Ecological Indicators 17, 20–28.
Reihanian, A., Hin, T.W., Kahrom, T.W., Binti, E., & Mahmood, N.Z. 2014. A framework for implementing sustainable tourism in national parks of Iran: development and use of sustainable tourism indicators in Boujagh National Park, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 13(1), 41-52.
Rossberg, A. G., Uusitalob, L., Bergc, T., Zaikod, A., Chenuile, A., Uyarraf, M.A., Borjaf, A., Lynamg, C.T. 2016. Quantitative criteria for choosing targets and indicators forsustainable use of ecosystems. Ecological Indicators 72 (2017) 215–224.
Schüpbach, B., Grünig, A. Walter, T. 2004. Grassland and landscape aesthetics. Grassland Science in Europe, 186–188.
Sharareh, A.D., Badaruddin, M. 2013. Local Perception of Tourism Development: A Conceptual Framework for the Sustainable Cultural Tourism. Journal of Management and Sustainability 3(2), 31-39.
Protection Study. 2018. Landscape of Outstanding Features Middle Mostonga, proposal for protection as a category II protected area. Institute of Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province. Novi Sad. (Studija zaštite. Predeo izuzetnih odlika Srednja Mostonga, predlog za stavljanje pod zaštitu kao zaštićenog područja II kategorije. Pokrajinski zavod za zaštitu prirode. Novi Sad) (In Serbian).
Svancara, L. K., Brannon, R., Scott, J.M., Groves, C.R., Noss, R.F., Pressey, R.L. 2005. Policy-driven vs. evidence-based conservation: a review of political targets and biological needs. Biological Sciences 55, 989–995.
Šefferová Stanová, V., Janák, M., Ripka, J. 2008. Management of Natura 2000 habitats * Pannonic salt steppes and salt marshes 1530. European Commission.
Tanguay, A.G., Rajaonson, J., Lefebvre, J.-F., Lanoie, P. 2009. Measuring the sustainability of cities: An analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecological Indicators 10, 407–418.
Tanguay, A.G., Rajaonson, J., Therrien, M. C. 2013. Sustainable tourism indicators: selection criteria for policy implementation and scientific recognition. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 (6), 1-18.
Torres-Delgado, A., Saarinen, J. 2014. Using indicators to access sustainable tourism development: a review. Tourism Geographies 16 (1), 31-47, DOI: 10.1080/14616688. 2013.867530
Turnhout, E., Hisschemöller, M., Eijsackers, H. 2007. Ecological Indicators: between the two fires of science and policy. Ecological Indicators 7(2),215–228.
Twining-Ward, L. Butler, R. 2002. Implementing STD on a small island: development and use of sustainable tourism development indicators in Samoa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 10(5), 363 – 387.
Wearing, S., Neil, J. 2009. Ecotourim Impacts, Potentials and Possibilities?. Elsevier, Oxford. pp. 286.
Weaver, D. 2001. Deserts, Grasslands and Savannahs. In: Weaver, D., (eds.) The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
Weaver, D. 2006. Sustainable tourism: Theory and Practice. Routledge. Oxon. pp. 240.
WTO (World Tourism Organization). (2004). Indicators of sustainable development for tourism destinations: A guidebook. UN-WTO, Madrid, pp. 514.
www.ekologija.gov.rs