Participation of Women in the Decision-Making Process Vis-À-Vis the Development of Rural Tourism in Mawlynnong Village, Meghalaya
Keywords:
Tourism, Rural Tourism, Development, Participation, Decision Making, Mawlynnong
Abstract
Rural women have a vital role in many parts of community life, but they aren't usually allowed to be involved in major decisions, or their participation in any decisions is limited. In India, women are key players in tourism, but when it comes to decision making their roles are often restricted. However, in Meghalaya, women are considered and thought to be in good shape and have better autonomy when compared with other women in different parts of the country. The study of the research was conducted in the Mawlynnong village, which is found in Meghalaya. This study investigates women’s engagement in the decision-making process for rural tourism development. The Paper opted for an exploratory study using a field survey and questionnaire. The study's participants consist of the female residents of the village who are engaged in tourism-related activities. The results show that even though women faced challenges, they were positively involved in decision-making concerning tourism development.
References
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Li, W. (2006, January). Community decision-making participation in development. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.07.003
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Malek, A., & Costa, C. (2014). Fostering Gender Equality in Tourism Community Participation. Rrevista de Turismo e Desenvolvimento, 21/22. https://www.ua.pt/degeit/rtd/page/18791
Marbaniang, & Singh. (2022, June). Women empowerment in khasi society of Meghalaya. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 7(3), ISSN 2455–4197.
Misra, R., Srivastava, S., Mahajan, R., & Thakur, R. (2021). Decision Making as a Contributor for Women Empowerment. The Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 18(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.4018/jcad.2021010104
Mitchell, R. E., & Reid, D. G. (2001, January). Community integration. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(00)00013-x
Murphy, P. E. (1985, January 1). Tourism. Routledge. http://books.google.ie/books?id=GwAOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Tourism+a+community+approach.+New+York:+Methuen&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api
Nongsiej, E. P. (2018). Women and political participation in Meghalaya. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 8(5), 363–374. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijrss&volume=8&issue=5&article=032
Pathania. (2017). Role of women, security and safety: legal aspects in tourism. Global Journal of Transformation in Law, Human Rights and Social Justice, 1(1).
Priyanka, V., & Ghadei, K. (2022, April 2). Extent of Participation and Decision Making Pattern of Women in Family Related Activities in Rural Areas of Telangana. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2022/v40i630902
Rad, S., Çelik Ates, H., Delioğlan, A., Polatöz, S., & Özçömlekçi, G. (2012, March). Participation of rural women in sustainable development – demographical and socio‐economic determinants. Sustainable Development, 20(2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.451
Ramakrishna, H. (2013). The emerging role of NGOs in rural development of India: An assessment. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 43-51.
Shangpliang, R. M. (2012, September). Forest Legislations and Livelihood Strategies: Khasi Women in Rural Meghalaya. Sociological Bulletin, 61(3), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022920120306
Simmons, D. G. (1994, April). Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Management, 15(2), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5
Skelcher, C. (1993, July). Involvement and empowerment in local public services. Public Money & Management, 13(3), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540969309387770
Slathia, P.S. & Pal, N. & Nain, M.S., (2015). Socio economic empowerment of rural women through rural tourism projects in Jammu region of J&K state. Indian Journal of Extension Education. 51. 40-43. Retrieved from https://acspublisher.com/journals/index.php/ijee/article/view/5308
Soleman, N. (2020, June 7). Women’s Role in Tourism Development (Study Case: Tourism Awareness Group Galo-Galo Island, Morotai). AL-WARDAH, 13(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.46339/al-wardah.v13i1.159
Syahriani, T. (2018). Women’s Participation In Advancing Tourism In Samosir regency. Proceedings of the International Conference on Public Policy, Social Computing and Development 2017 (ICOPOSDev 2017). https://doi.org/10.2991/icoposdev-17.2018.45
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Timothy, D. J. (1999, April). Participatory planning a View of Tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 371–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(98)00104-2
Tosun, C. (2000, December). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management, 21(6), 613–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00009-1
VAN TIL, J. (1984, February). CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE FUTURE. Review of Policy Research, 3(2), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1984.tb00122.x
Wells, M. P. (1996, December). The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa. Environmental Conservation, 23(4), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900039187
Zahra, Arzjani., Vida, Rahiminezhad. (2011). Rural Women and their Roles in Tourism. International journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 2(1):1-4.
Adinda Fitri, R., Achlan Fahlevi, R., Mia, R., & Sakti Pratama, Y. (2022, December 22). WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF KEMBANGARUM TOURISM VILLAGE, SLEMAN, YOGYAKARTA. Journal of Tourism Destination and Attraction, 10(2), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.35814/tourism.v10i2.4313
Ahuja, B. (2012). Rural women and entrepreneurship in the tourism industry: a prototype for social entrepreneurship in India.
Antwal, P. N., Bellurkar, C. M., & Wakle, P. K. (2023). DECISION MAKING PATTERN OF RURAL WOMEN. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research. ISSN 0976-0563. https://arccjournals.com/journal/asian-journal-of-dairy-and-food-research/ARCC5337
Brohman, J. (1996, January). New directions in tourism for third world development. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(95)00043-7
Chok, S., Macbeth, J., & Warren, C. (2007, June). Tourism as a Tool for Poverty Alleviation: A Critical Analysis of ‘Pro-Poor Tourism’ and Implications for Sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2–3), 144–165. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit303
COHEN, E. (1972). TOWARD A SOCIOLOGY OF INTERNATIONAL TOURISM. Social Research, 39(1), 164–182. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40970087
Cohen, J. M., & Uphoff, N. T. (1980, March). Participation’s place in rural development: Seeking clarity through specificity. World Development, 8(3), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(80)90011-x
Cvijanović & Gajić. (2020, June). THE LEVEL OF ENGAGEMENT OF THE FEMALE WORKFORCE IN THE RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF SERBIA. Journal of Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality, 2(1). Article e-ISSN: 2687-3737.
De, U. K. (2013, January). Sustainable Nature-based Tourism, Involvement of Indigenous Women and Development: A Case of North-East India. Tourism Recreation Research, 38(3), 311–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2013.11081756
Fathizadeh, F., Azizpour, F., Sanati Sharghi, N., & Mair, H. L. (2022, April 28). Boolean Analysis of Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Rural Tourism. Sustainability, 14(9), 5305. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095305
Gibson, C. C., & Marks, S. A. (1995, June). Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: An assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development, 23(6), 941–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(95)00025-8
Gunn, C. A. (1994, January 1). Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases. Washington DC: Taylor and Francis.
Gupta, A. (2020, June). Participation of Rural Women in Decision Making Process of Dairy Farming in Surguja District of Chhattisgarh, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(6), 2982–2988. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.906.358
Ismail, S. M. (2014). Women participation in rural development particularly in community-based tourism. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/2588626
Kaihatu, J., Marjono, M., Ciptadi, G., & Kurniawan, A. (2020). Women Participation in Community-based Rural Tourism Development in North Minahasa Regency. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 13th International Interdisciplinary Studies Seminar, IISS 2019, 30-31 October 2019, Malang, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.23-10-2019.2293080
Khare, S. (2021). Impact of Women’s Education on Decision Making Regarding Their Children Affairs. Journal of Scientific Research, 65(04), 144–149. https://doi.org/10.37398/jsr.2021.650424
Kharkongor, E. (2018). Role of women in politics in Meghalaya. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 23(4), 1-3. DOI: 10.9790/0837-2304070103
Kharkongor, W. B., Chatterjee, A., & Chakrabarti, D. (2018, August 5). Meghalaya Tourism: A Study on Women’s Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Cultural Exposure and Interaction in the Context of Meghalaya Tourism. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 313–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96065-4_36
Komariah, N., Saepudin, E., & Rodiah, S. (2019). Women Empowerment In The Development Of Agro Tourism Villag. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Life, Innovation, Change and Knowledge (ICLICK 2018). https://doi.org/10.2991/iclick-18.2019.15
Kumari, A. P. Y. & Shankar, A. U. (2020). RURAL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TOURISM SECTOR: FINDINGS FROM CASE STUDIES. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(4). https://studylib.net/doc/25856308/article1778de40803c14705eff42450fd08bc24816
Lea, J. P. (1988, January 1). Tourism and Development in the Third World. Psychology Press. http://books.google.ie/books?id=DL8NAAAAQAAJ&dq=Tourism+and+development+in+the+third+world&hl=&cd=3&source=gbs_api
Li, W. (2006, January). Community decision-making participation in development. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.07.003
Lonely Planet, (2020, March 1). Sustainable Escapes. Lonely Planet.
Lyngdoh, B. (2017). Mawlynnong: Issues through a Dramatic Lens. [Online] Available at: http://theshillongtimes.com/2017/08/08/mawlynnong-issues-through-a-dramatic-lens/
Malek, A., & Costa, C. (2014). Fostering Gender Equality in Tourism Community Participation. Rrevista de Turismo e Desenvolvimento, 21/22. https://www.ua.pt/degeit/rtd/page/18791
Marbaniang, & Singh. (2022, June). Women empowerment in khasi society of Meghalaya. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 7(3), ISSN 2455–4197.
Misra, R., Srivastava, S., Mahajan, R., & Thakur, R. (2021). Decision Making as a Contributor for Women Empowerment. The Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 18(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.4018/jcad.2021010104
Mitchell, R. E., & Reid, D. G. (2001, January). Community integration. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(00)00013-x
Murphy, P. E. (1985, January 1). Tourism. Routledge. http://books.google.ie/books?id=GwAOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Tourism+a+community+approach.+New+York:+Methuen&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api
Nongsiej, E. P. (2018). Women and political participation in Meghalaya. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 8(5), 363–374. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijrss&volume=8&issue=5&article=032
Pathania. (2017). Role of women, security and safety: legal aspects in tourism. Global Journal of Transformation in Law, Human Rights and Social Justice, 1(1).
Priyanka, V., & Ghadei, K. (2022, April 2). Extent of Participation and Decision Making Pattern of Women in Family Related Activities in Rural Areas of Telangana. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2022/v40i630902
Rad, S., Çelik Ates, H., Delioğlan, A., Polatöz, S., & Özçömlekçi, G. (2012, March). Participation of rural women in sustainable development – demographical and socio‐economic determinants. Sustainable Development, 20(2), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.451
Ramakrishna, H. (2013). The emerging role of NGOs in rural development of India: An assessment. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, 2(4), 43-51.
Shangpliang, R. M. (2012, September). Forest Legislations and Livelihood Strategies: Khasi Women in Rural Meghalaya. Sociological Bulletin, 61(3), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022920120306
Simmons, D. G. (1994, April). Community participation in tourism planning. Tourism Management, 15(2), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(94)90003-5
Skelcher, C. (1993, July). Involvement and empowerment in local public services. Public Money & Management, 13(3), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540969309387770
Slathia, P.S. & Pal, N. & Nain, M.S., (2015). Socio economic empowerment of rural women through rural tourism projects in Jammu region of J&K state. Indian Journal of Extension Education. 51. 40-43. Retrieved from https://acspublisher.com/journals/index.php/ijee/article/view/5308
Soleman, N. (2020, June 7). Women’s Role in Tourism Development (Study Case: Tourism Awareness Group Galo-Galo Island, Morotai). AL-WARDAH, 13(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.46339/al-wardah.v13i1.159
Syahriani, T. (2018). Women’s Participation In Advancing Tourism In Samosir regency. Proceedings of the International Conference on Public Policy, Social Computing and Development 2017 (ICOPOSDev 2017). https://doi.org/10.2991/icoposdev-17.2018.45
The World Bank Participation Sourcebook. (1996, January 1). World Bank Publications. http://books.google.ie/books?id=HCxzU3NlIuEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=0-82113-3558-8&hl=&cd=1&source=gbs_api
Timothy, D. J. (1999, April). Participatory planning a View of Tourism in Indonesia. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 371–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-7383(98)00104-2
Tosun, C. (2000, December). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries. Tourism Management, 21(6), 613–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(00)00009-1
VAN TIL, J. (1984, February). CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN THE FUTURE. Review of Policy Research, 3(2), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1984.tb00122.x
Wells, M. P. (1996, December). The social role of protected areas in the new South Africa. Environmental Conservation, 23(4), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900039187
Zahra, Arzjani., Vida, Rahiminezhad. (2011). Rural Women and their Roles in Tourism. International journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 2(1):1-4.
