Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Novom Sadu

Religious Affiliation of Children in the Draft Interreligious Laws of the Kingdom of SCS and Yugoslavia 1919–1941

Dalibor B Đukić — 2025-01-29

Following the proclamation of the unified state of the South Slavs, the process of harmonizing legislation on religious organizations across the various historical provinces that became part of the state commenced. While regulations governing the organization and functioning of specific religious organizations were only enacted after 1929, efforts to draft comprehensive legislation to regulate interreligious relations and the legal status of all religious organizations continued until 1941, when they were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. One particularly sensitive issue addressed in these legislative drafts was the determination of children’s religious affiliation. This paper argues that, while the drafts of interreligious laws and regulations adopted several progressive and modern concepts for determining children’s religious affiliation, they simultaneously retained conservative provisions that favored recognized religions. These conservative elements reflected the broader framework of state-church relations in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) during the interwar period.

Definition and important features of concessions in European Union law

Drago Divljak — 2025-01-29

Abstract: The subject of the legal analysis in this work is the definition and important features of concessions in EU law. Special attention was paid to the transfer of the operational risk, which appears as the key feature of that definition. Consideration is based on relevant EU Regulations and to a more significant extent on the practice of the EU Court of Justice, which is inevitable in this area. At the same time, the analysis points to open issues and flaws regarding normative state of play in the given area.

The work contains a conclusion that the EU Directive on Concessions on 2013, for the first time, in a more comprehensive manner, tries to define the concession and establish its important features. In that autonomous concept of the concessions, it actually raises the transfer of the operational risk to a level of the most important concession feature in EU law. Nevertheless, even beside the significant attention paid to this matter, its norm frames keep containing open issues and flaws. It is particularly visible in reference to inaccuracy and non-alignment of legal solutions. The EU Court of Justice will have the leading role in making these flaws right. However, one should not omit also certain possibilities of the respective Members States’ national laws in that regard.

IMPLEMENTATION OF DECENT WORK STANDARDS ON PLATFORM WORKERS: DIFFERENT APPROACHES

Senad Jašarević — 2025-01-29

The question of the legal status of platform workers has occupied the attention of the professional public for quite a time, but still remains without an unified answer. Thus, in judicial practice there are situations where different courts make different decisions under the same or similar factual circumstances. On the other hand, there are different views in the labour law theory regarding the aformentioned question. They start from equating platform workers with the employees. This approach is undoubtedly the most favorable for platform workers because it implies that they enjoy all the employment relationship rights. Opposite to this position is the idea of introducing a certain scope of rights that would be enjoyed by platform workers. In this connection, the question arises as to what rights would that entail and to what is their scope? The answer contains several alternatives.

The first is based on establishing a special legal category for platform workers, for whom the enjoyment of a limited set of rights from the employment relationship is foreseen. Second alternative comes from the ILO. In this organization's study on digital platforms, the ILO lists three groups of rights that can and have to be applied to platform workers, citing specific sources of ILO in this regard. Although certain instruments that ensure the protection of the social and economic position of platform workers are aimed at particular occupations, the study concludes that it is about the rights that are necessary to protect the specific position of platform workers.

But still the main question remains unanswerd – how to ensure the application of all those instruments and the rights contained in them to platform workers?

On the one-year statute of limitations

Nenad Tešić — 2025-01-29

Закон о облигационом односима - ЗОО (1978) је захваљујући својим унутрашњим квалитетима опстао до данас и то не само у Републици Србији, већ и у свим државама које су настале дисолуцијом Југославије (уз мање измене и прилагођавања). Анализа одређених правних института, као што је застарелост показује да се промет роба и услуга значајно развио у односу на време када су формулисане норме Закона о облигационим односима и да њихова примена у бројним случајевима захтева више од пуког граматичког тумачења. Од колебања у судској пракси нису изузете ни норме о једногодишњем року застарелости потраживања (ЗОО члан 378). У раду планирам да се осврнем управо на такве случајеве, који су због своје сложености доспели и до највиших судских инстанци у Републици Србији и у региону Југоисточне Европе. Нека потраживања, као што су она мобилног оператора за испоруку услуге мобилне телефоније се релативно лако могу подвести под законску формулацију „потраживање поште, телеграфа и телефона за употребу телефона“ иако мобилни оператор није пошта и упркос томе што савремени паметни телефони ни мало не личе на своје претече из 1978. Слично је и са потраживањем за испоруку сигнала кабловске телевизије путем коаксијалног или оптичког кабла које се лако може изједначити са формулацијом „потраживање радио-станице и радио-телевизијске станице за употребу радио-пријемника и телевизијског пријемника.“ Међутим, ситације као што су потраживања за испоруку услуге коришћења интернета ради употребе рачунара, самостално или у пакету са потраживањима за испоруку других услуга и продају роба (отплата различитих уређаја на рате: паметног телефона, сата и сл.) ствара веће дилеме. Сличне недоумице се појављују код обједињене наплате комуналних потраживања, на пример, Инфостан у Београду, Информатика у Новом Саду и др. Поставља се питање, да ли законски израз „потраживање накнаде за одржавање чистоће“ обухвата: услуге канализације, сакупњање и транспорт комуналног отпада, третман кабастог отпада и одлагање комуналног отпада, или још сложеније да ли законски израз „потраживање накнаде за испоручену воду“ подразумева ставке хладна вода, накнада за коришћење водног добра и накнаду испуштену воду. Који је рок застарелости за потраживања управљања и одржавања зграде који настају по Закону о становању и одржавању стамбених зграда. Шта је са потраживањима накнаде за услугу паркирања на јавним паркиралиштима и сл.

Поред ових недоумица у пракси се отворило питање, да ли потраживање услуге телефона у истом року застарева и према домаћинству и ако је услуга испоручена правним лицима и сл. Напред наведено, указује на потребу да се приликом евентуалне реформе облигационог права размисли и о преформулацији члана 378 ЗОО. Од значаја је да будуће законодавно решење довољно широким изразима обухвати услуге које су актуелне, али и потраживања из оних услуга које данас можемо само наслутити на основу процеса убрзане дигиталне трансформације привредних активности и друштва у целини, на пример, потраживања накнаде на коришћење вештачке интелигенције и сл.

Comparative Analysis of the Systems of Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Pursuant to the Serbian Law on Resolution of Conflicts of Laws with Provisions of Other Countries and the 2019 Hague Judgments Convention

Marko Jovanović — 2025-01-29

Slightly more than a year ago, the Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters has entered into force. That Convention was adopted in July 2019 under the auspices of the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Seeing its drafting history, the quality of its solutions and the ambitions of its most vocal proponents, it is likely to expect that the Convention will become one of the most important sources of private international law in future. In light of the potential need for Serbia to join this Convention, it is useful to compare the rules on recognition contained in the domestic Law on Resolution of Conflicts of Laws with Provisions of Other Countries on the one side and the Convention on the other. The analyses show that, despite certain differences (mainly regarding the jurisdictional filters, the special rule on recognition of judgments awarding damages and the problem of recognition of a judgment in the matter where the proceedings in the requested State are still pending), there is no major divergence between the two systems. The differences noted can be explained by the differences in the nature between the two sources of law, as well as by the different times of their adoption. It should be particularly emphasized that the Convention contains a very sophisticated system of exclusions of some of its provisions from application. This can significantly ease the process of assessing the benefits of joining the Convention to all potentially interested States, including Serbia.

THE PRINCIPLE OF IMMEDIACY IN ABBREVIATED CRIMINAL PROCEDURE ACCORDING TO THE 2011 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF SERBIA (Part One: Structural and Modal Aspects of Immediacy)

Snežana S. Brkić — 2025-03-13

The subject of our research is the principle of immediacy in abbreviated criminal procedure under the 2011 Criminal Procedure Code (CPC) of Serbia. This article presents the results of the first part of the research, analyzing the structural and modal aspects of the principle of immediacy. The structural aspect is established in Article 419, Paragraph 1 of the CPC, which stipulates that the court can base its verdict only on evidence presented at the main trial. This rule applies without exception, both in general criminal proceedings and in abbreviated procedures.

The modal aspect of immediacy mandates the direct presentation of evidence at the main trial. In abbreviated proceedings, the provisions of general criminal procedure apply accordingly, both regarding the basic rule and the permissible exceptions to this aspect. This involves certain adjustments, such as the decision on indirect evidence presentation being made by a single judge rather than a trial panel. Furthermore, Article 404 of the CPC, which allows for evidence to be presented outside the main trial, constitutes a departure from the modal aspect of immediacy in general proceedings but not in abbreviated proceedings, precisely because such actions are undertaken by a single judge.

The most significant deviation from the rule of direct evidence presentation is found in Article 406 of the CPC. By equating non-judicial and judicial evidence, this provision contributes to a more radical distortion of the modal aspect of the principle of immediacy. A systematic interpretation of the CPC provisions reveals that a similar risk of evidence from the pre-investigation phase spilling over into the main proceedings exists in abbreviated procedures, despite the absence of an investigative phase.

Тhe TEN YEARS SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE LAW ON EXECUTION OF SANCTIONS AND MEASURES OUTSIDE OF THE PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS

Ivan Milić — 2025-03-13

The criminal sanctions that do not entail deprivation of liberty of a perpetrator of a criminal act have been increasingly proscribed. Also, the sentence of imprisonment has been modified in regard to the place of its execution – because it can be conducted either in a correctional facility or in a home of a convicted person. It is evident that there is the increase of the security measures. In reference to the proscribing the sanctions, there is a similar tendency in the field of misdemeanors as well.

If a penatly sanction is imposed and a judicial decision, by the rule, becomes final than follows the execution of a sanction. Тhe process of execution of criminal sanctions has been regulated by a number of documents of different legal strenght – by laws and by-laws. By the year 2014 ’the main regulation’ in the field of execution of criminal sanctions has been the Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions and by-laws adopted on the basis of the afore mentioned Law.

In 2014 the National Assembly adopted the Law on Execution of Sanctions and Measures Outside of the Penitentiary Institutions, by which the above mentioned Law has been supplemented. By the former Law, many important innovations regarding the execution of certain sanctions imposed on the perpetrators of punishable acts: criminal offences, misdemeanors and commercial offences. The execution of certain measures toward a suspected, accused or convicted person has been also regulated by the mentioned Law. It can be concluded that the Law on Execution of Sanctions and Measures Outside of the Penientiary Institutions is a lex specialis in relation to the Law on Execution of Criminal Sanctions.

INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION OF SERBIAN COURTS AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT OVER THE INTERNET: AN INTERPRETATION OF ARTICLE 53 PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE SERBIAN PIL CODE

Petar Đundić — 2025-03-13

The nature of the internet as a means of communication and information exchange gives rise to specific problems in private international law. One of them refers to the determination of international jurisdiction in cases of violation of economic and moral rights of authors committed through the use of the internet. In the context of Serbian law and in connection with this type of disputes, domestic courts have an opportunity to provide an answer to the question of how to interpret the provision of Article 53 paragraph 1 of the Serbian PIL Code, which establishes jurisdiction of Serbian courts for disputes arising from non-contractual liability in cases in which the damage occurred on the territory of Serbia. The paper argues that, in these type of disputes, it is inappropriate to equate the place where the damage occurred with the place from which it is possible to access the protected content. Instead, the existence of a strong connection between the dispute and Serbia and the protection of the interests of both parties in the proceedings are better protected by the acceptance of jurisdiction in a situation where it is possible to conclude that the actions of an alleged infringer were directed towards internet users on the territory of Serbia.

Preliminary Ruling Procedure in Serbian Civil Litigation

Olivera Jokić — 2025-03-13

The preliminary ruling procedure in Serbian civil litigation is initiated ex officio by the first-instance court during an ongoing proceeding. This process requires the Supreme Court to interpret legal rules or address legal gaps to ensure uniformity of case law. For such a ruling procedure to be justified, the specific legal issue must arise in a significant number of cases. However, the Supreme Court's case law regarding interpreting this legal standard is divergent. Therefore, one of the tasks of this paper is to determine that legal standard. The central focus of this paper is the subject matter of the procedure — the disputable or "unresolved" legal issue — and its characteristics. Various positions are taken in the doctrine regarding these issues, while the Supreme Court's case law remains inconsistent. As a result, the paper examines two theses: 1) the disputable legal issue is neither a preliminary nor a prejudicial question, and 2) it can be both substantive and procedural.

Consolidation of the creditor and debtor. Confusio in Roman law and in the Austrian Civil Code (ABGB)

Michael Binder — 2025-03-13

In both Roman law and Austrian civil law, there is a question regarding whether a consolidation between a creditor and his debtor leads to an expiration of the creditor’s claim and the debtor’s obligation. The following article focuses on legal relationships in which more than two parties are involved, meaning it would still be possible for the creditor (or his heir) to raise a claim against the debtor. Firstly, it is necessary to analyse a case from the Roman jurist Paulus (D. 46, 1, 71 pr.). Following this analysis, the legal situation in Roman law is compared to that in Austrian civil law.