The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and neonates
Keywords:
Key wards: SARSCoV-2, COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease-2019, newborn
Abstract
Abstract
In late December 2019, Wuhan, China, became the center of an unknown outbreak of pneumonia that spread rapidly throughout China and around the world, including Iran, and the World Health Organization (WHO) declared novel disease a public health emergency with global concern. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, many studies have been performed on epidemiological data and clinical signs in adults. However, coherent studies in this field are very rare in infants, and support and attention to infants in the pandemic situation should be doubled due to the weakness and underdevelopment of the neonatal immune system. Therefore, the present study aimed to review COVID-19 infection in infants in which there are discussion on the topics such as diagnostic tests, clinical manifestations, recommendations on breastfeeding, criteria for discharge and family education in pandemic conditions. The literature review shows no existing evidence of COVID-19 placental transmission from mother to infant, and that all samples prepared from amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood and breast milk in mothers with COVID -19 was negative for COVID-19 infection, and the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 were non-specific in infants, especially premature infants. Given that there are a limited number of births from a mother with COVID-19, and because the epidemiological and clinical pattern of COVID-19 in infants is unclear, this review study describes about diagnostic tests, clinical manifestations, breastfeeding considerations, discharge criteria and family education, in the current understanding of COVID‐ 19 infection in newborns and provide information for better management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborns.
References
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2. Huang W-H, Teng L-C, Yeh T-K, Chen Y-J, Lo W-J, Wu M-J, et al. 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Taiwan: Reports of two cases from Wuhan, China. JMII. 2020, (doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.009).
3. WHO Emergency Committee. Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Geneva: WHO, 2020.
4. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. World Health Organization. 2020 Feb 11.
5. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Haagmans BL, Lauber C, Leontovich AM, Neuman BW, Penzar D. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. JNM. 2020 Apr 1;5(4).( doi: 10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z).
6. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Krüger N, Mueller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S. The novel coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) uses the SARS-coronavirus receptor ACE2 and the cellular protease TMPRSS2 for entry into target cells. BioRxiv. 2020 Jan 1.( doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.31.929042).
7. Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong JC, Turner AJ, Raizada MK, Grant MB, Oudit GY. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system: celebrating the 20th anniversary of the discovery of ACE2. Circulation research. 2020 May 8;126(10):1456-74.( doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317015).
8. Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):281-92.( doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058).
9. Bao L, Deng W, Huang B, Gao H, Liu J, Ren L, Wei Q, Yu P, Xu Y, Qi F, Qu Y. The pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 in hACE2 transgenic mice. Nature. 2020 May 7:1-6.( doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.07.939389).
10. Yang P, Wang X, Liu P, Wei C, He B, Zheng J, Zhao D. Clinical characteristics and risk assessment of newborns born to mothers with COVID-19. JCV. 2020 Apr 10:104356.( doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104356).
11. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, Li J, Zhao D, Xu D, Gong Q, Liao J. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. The Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):809-15.( doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30360-3).
12. Poon LC, Yang H, Lee JC, Copel JA, Leung TY, Zhang Y, Chen D, Prefumo F. Interim guidance on 2019 novel coronavirus infection during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals. JUOG. 2020 Mar 11. (doi: 10.1002/uog.22013).
13. Wang S, Guo L, Chen L, Liu W, Cao Y, Zhang J, Feng L. A case report of neonatal COVID-19 infection in China. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the infectious diseases society of America. 2020 Mar 12. (doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa225).
14. Chen ZM, Fu JF, Shu Q, Chen YH, Hua CZ, Li FB, Lin R, Tang LF, Wang TL, Wang W, Wang YS. Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus. WJP. 2020 Feb 5:1-7. (doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5).
15. Zeng LK, Tao XW, Yuan WH, Wang J, Liu X, Liu ZS. First case of neonate infected with novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. CJ P. 2020 Feb 17; 58:E009.
16. Cai J, Wang X, Ge Y, Xia A, Chang H, Tian H, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children in Shanghai. CJP. 2020; 58:E002. (DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0009).
17. Deng H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li F. Two cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children. CPEM. 2020; 27(22):81-3.
18. Lu Q, Shi Y. Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) and neonate: What neonatologist need to know. JMV. 2020 Jun; 92(6):564-7. (doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25740).
19. Zeng L, Xia S, Yuan W, Yan K, Xiao F, Shao J, Zhou W. Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMAP. 2020 Mar 26. (doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.0878).
20. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich NG, Lessler J. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. AIM. 2020 May 5; 172(9):577-82. (doi.org/10.7326/M20-0504).
21. Wang L, Shi Y, Xiao T, Fu J, Feng X, Mu D, Feng Q, Hei M, Hu X, Li Z, Lu G. Chinese expert consensus on the perinatal and neonatal management for the prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection. ATM. 2020 Feb; 8(3). (doi: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.20).
22. Hu F, Gao Z, Yuan H, Lu X, Guo E. Clinical features of acute kidney injury in coronavirus disease 2019: A case report with review of literature. (doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-18031/v1).
23. Shen K, Yang Y, Wang T, Zhao D, Jiang Y, Jin R, Zheng Y, Xu B, Xie Z, Lin L, Shang Y. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children: experts’ consensus statement. WJP. 2020 Feb 7:1-9. (doi.org/10.1007/s12519-020-00343-7).
24. Poon LC, Yang H, Kapur A, Melamed N, Dao B, Divakar H, McIntyre HD, Kihara AB, Ayres‐de‐Campos D, Ferrazzi EM, Di Renzo GC. Global interim guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium from FIGO and allied partners: Information for healthcare professionals. IJGO. 2020 Apr 4. (doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13156).
25. Gao ZC. Efficient management of novel coronavirus pneumonia by efficient prevention and control in scientific manner. CTRD. 2020 Mar 12; 43(3):163. (doi: 10.3760/cma.issn.1001-0939.2020.03.002).
26. Schwartz DA. An analysis of 38 pregnant women with COVID-19, their newborn infants, and maternal-fetal transmission of SARS-CoV-2: maternal coronavirus infections and pregnancy outcomes. JAPLM. 2020 Mar 17. (doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2020-0901-SA).
27. Tan W, Ye Y, Yang Y, Chen Z, Yang X, Zhu C, Chen D, Tan J, Zhen C. Whole-process emergency training of personal protective equipment (PPE) helps healthcare workers against COVID-19: Design and effect. JOEM. 2020 May 12. (doi: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000001877).
28. Cook TM. Personal protective equipment during the COVID‐19 pandemic–a narrative review. Anaesthesia. 2020 Apr 4. (doi.org/10.1111/anae.15071).
29. Neonatal Physician Branch of Chinese Physician Association, 2020. Neonatal Health Professional Committee of China Maternal and Child Health Association, Perinatal Medical Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Perinatal Medicine. Expert recommendations for the prevention and control of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in neonatal department. CJ PM, 23(02), 80-84.
30. Neonatal health professional committee of china maternal and child health association, perinatal medical branch of Chinese medical association. Expert recommendations for the prevention and control of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in neonatal department. CJPM. 2020; 23(02):80-4.
31. El-Gilany AH. COVID-19 and Breastfeeding. JAsp. 2020 May;3(2):102-5.( 10.36502/2020/ASJBCCR.6194)
32. WHO, Breastfeeding advice during the COVID-19outbreak. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/nutrition/nutrition-infocus/breastfeeding-advice-during-covid-19-outbreak.html.
33. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy & Breastfeeding: Information about coronavirus disease 2019. Available from: https://www. CDC. Gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prepare/pregnancy-breastfeeding. 2020.
34. Organization WH. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected: interim guidance, 13 March 2020. World Health Organization, 2020.
35. Davanzo R, Moro G, Sandri F, Agosti M, Moretti C, Mosca F. Breastfeeding and coronavirus disease‐2019: Ad interim indications of the Italian society of neonatology endorsed by the union of european neonatal & perinatal societies. JMCN. 2020 Apr 3:e13010.( doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13010).
36. Centers for disease control and prevention. Interim considerations for infection prevention and control of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in inpatient obstetric healthcare settings. 2020 Apr; 18(02).
37. World Health Organization. Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts: Interim guidance. In home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts: Interim guidance 2020 (pp. 4-4).
38. Obstetricians ACo, Gynecologists. Practice advisory: novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Dostopno na: https://www acog org/Clinical-Guidance-and-Publications/Practice-Advisories/Practice-Advisory-Novel-Coronavirus2019. 2020.
39. Centers for disease control and prevention.Interim guidance for implementing home care of people not requiring hospitalization for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Updated January 31, 2020.
Published
2025/12/21
Section
Pregledni rad / Review article