Acute Effects of Various Exercise Modalities on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Mini Systematic Review
Keywords:
exercise, fitness, glucose, diabetes mellitus
Abstract
The aim of this mini systematic review is to critically analyze and synthesize the existing body of research on the acute effects of various exercise modalities on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This systematic review included studies involving adults (≥18 years) with T2DM where structured exercise program is the primary or significant intervention, assessing outcomes related to glycemic control (HbA1c, and fasting glucose). A comprehensive search was conducted across two electronic databases (Web of Science and PubMed) using structured search terms like "acute," "exercise," "type 2 diabetes," and "glycemic control." Study selection involved two independent reviewers screening articles, with disagreements resolved through discussion or third-party consultation, followed by detailed data extraction on study characteristics, intervention details, and outcomes. Ten studies were identified that met all inclusion criteria. This systematic review highlights that moderate–intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training, particularly when structured and supervised, can have positive acute effects on glycemic control in individuals with T2DM. These findings suggest that both modalities are effective non-pharmacological strategies for optimizing glycemic control in patients T2DM.
References
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Andrews, R. C., Cooper, A. R., Montgomery, A. A., Norcross, A. J., Peters, T. J., Sharp, D. J. & Dayan, C. M. (2011). Diet or diet plus physical activity versus usual care in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the Early ACTID randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 378(9786), 129-139.
Aqeel, M., Forster, A., Richards, E. A., Hennessy, E., McGowan, B., Bhadra, A. & Eicher-Miller, H. A. (2020). The effect of timing of exercise and eating on postprandial response in adults: a systematic review. Nutrients, 12(1), 221.
Babir, F. J., Riddell, M. C., Adamo, L. M., Richards, D. L., & Gibala, M. J. (2023). The effect of bodyweight exercise on 24-h glycemic responses determined by continuous glucose monitoring in healthy inactive adults: a randomized crossover study. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 20884.
Bellini, A., Nicolò, A., Bazzucchi, I., & Sacchetti, M. (2021). Effects of different exercise strategies to improve postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(7), 1334-1344.
Boulé, N. G., Haddad, E., Kenny, G. P., Wells, G. A., & Sigal, R. J. (2001). Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Jama, 286(10), 1218-1227.
Ceriello, A., Esposito, K., Piconi, L., Ihnat, M. A., Thorpe, J. E., Testa, R. & Giugliano, D. (2008). Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes, 57(5), 1349-1354.
Ceriello, A., Hanefeld, M., Leiter, L., Monnier, L., Moses, A., Owens, D. & Tuomilehto, J. (2004). Postprandial glucose regulation and diabetic complications. Archives of internal medicine, 164(19), 2090-2095.
Ceriello, A., Hanefeld, M., Leiter, L., Monnier, L., Moses, A., Owens, D. & Tuomilehto, J. (2004). Postprandial glucose regulation and diabetic complications. Archives of internal medicine, 164(19), 2090-2095.
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C. & Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 39(11), 2065.
Coutinho, M., Gerstein, H. C., Wang, Y., & Yusuf, S. (1999). The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes care, 22(2), 233-240.
Cruz, L. C., Teixeira-Araujo, A. A., Andrade, K. T. P., Rocha, T. C. O. G., & Moreira, S. R. (2018). Low intensity resistance exercise attenuates the relationship between glucose and autonomic nervous system indicators during 24 hours in women with type 2 diabetes. Science & Sports, 33(2), e75-e83.
Erickson, M. L., Little, J. P., Gay, J. L., McCully, K. K., & Jenkins, N. T. (2017). Effects of postmeal exercise on postprandial glucose excursions in people with type 2 diabetes treated with add-on hypoglycemic agents. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 126, 240-247.
Esposito, K., Nappo, F., Marfella, R., Giugliano, G., Giugliano, F., Ciotola, M. & Giugliano, D. (2002). Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation, 106(16), 2067-2072.
Gonder-Frederick, L. (2013). Fear of hypoglycemia: a review. Diabetic Hypoglycemia, 5(3), 3-11.
Grace, A., Chan, E., Giallauria, F., Graham, P. L., & Smart, N. A. (2017). Clinical outcomes and glycaemic responses to different aerobic exercise training intensities in type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular diabetology, 16, 1-10.
Henderson, G. C., Fattor, J. A., Horning, M. A., Faghihnia, N., Johnson, M. L., Luke-Zeitoun, M., & Brooks, G. A. (2008). Glucoregulation is more precise in women than in men during postexercise recovery. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(6), 1686-1694.
Henderson, G. C., Fattor, J. A., Horning, M. A., Faghihnia, N., Johnson, M. L., Mau, T. L. & Brooks, G. A. (2007). Lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism in men and women during the postexercise recovery period. The Journal of physiology, 584(3), 963-981.
Iida, Y., Takeishi, S., Fushimi, N., Tanaka, K., Mori, A., & Sato, Y. (2020). Effect of postprandial moderate-intensity walking for 15-min on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetology international, 11, 383-387.
Ivy, J. L., & Holloszy, J. O. (1981). Persistent increase in glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle following exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 241(5), C200-C203.
Kemps, H., Kränkel, N., Dörr, M., Moholdt, T., Wilhelm, M., Paneni, F. & Guazzi, M. (2019). Exercise training for patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: What to pursue and how to do it. A Position Paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). European journal of preventive cardiology, 26(7), 709-727.
Kjaer, M., Hollenbeck, C. B., Frey-Hewitt, B., Galbo, H., Haskell, W., & Reaven, G. M. (1990). Glucoregulation and hormonal responses to maximal exercise in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(5), 2067-2074.
Koopman, R., Manders, R. J., Zorenc, A. H., Hul, G. B., Kuipers, H., Keizer, H. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2005). A single session of resistance exercise enhances insulin sensitivity for at least 24 h in healthy men. European journal of applied physiology, 94, 180-187.
Koopman, R., Manders, R. J., Zorenc, A. H., Hul, G. B., Kuipers, H., Keizer, H. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2005). A single session of resistance exercise enhances insulin sensitivity for at least 24 h in healthy men. European journal of applied physiology, 94, 180-187.
Larsen, J. J. S., Dela, F., Kjær, M., & Galbo, H. (1997). The effect of moderate exercise on postprandial glucose homeostasis in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia, 40, 447-453.
Li, Z., Hu, Y., Yan, R., Zhang, D., Li, H., Li, F. & Ma, J. (2018). Twenty minute moderate-intensity post-dinner exercise reduces the postprandial glucose response in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 24, 7170.
Liubaoerjijin, Y., Terada, T., Fletcher, K., & Boulé, N. G. (2016). Effect of aerobic exercise intensity on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized trials. Acta diabetologica, 53, 769-781.
Lu, J., Wang, C., Shen, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Cai, J., ... & Zhou, J. (2021). Time in range in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care, 44(2), 549-555.
Lunde, M. S., Hjellset, V. T., & Høstmark, A. T. (2012). Slow post meal walking reduces the blood glucose response: an exploratory study in female Pakistani immigrants. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 14, 816-822.
MacLeod, S. F., Terada, T., Chahal, B. S., & Boule, N. G. (2013). Exercise lowers postprandial glucose but not fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis of studies using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 29(8), 593-603.
Marcotte-Chénard, A., Tremblay, R., Deslauriers, L., Geraldes, P., Gayda, M., Christou, D. & Riesco, E. (2023). Comparison of 10× 1-minute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus 4× 4-minute HIIT on glucose control and variability in females with type 2 diabetes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 49(4), 487-500.
Monnier, L., & Colette, C. (2015). Postprandial and basal hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: contributions to overall glucose exposure and diabetic complications. Diabetes & metabolism, 41(6), 6S9-6S15.
Munan, M., Oliveira, C. L., Marcotte-Chénard, A., Rees, J. L., Prado, C. M., Riesco, E., & Boulé, N. G. (2020). Acute and chronic effects of exercise on continuous glucose monitoring outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11, 495.
Nathan, D. M., Kuenen, J., Borg, R., Zheng, H., Schoenfeld, D., Heine, R. J., & A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) Study Group. (2008). Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes care, 31(8), 1473-1478.
Praet, S. F., Manders, R. J., Meex, R. C., Lieverse, A. G., Stehouwer, C. D., Kuipers, H., ... & van Loon, L. J. (2006). Glycaemic instability is an underestimated problem in Type II diabetes. Clinical Science, 111(2), 119-126.
Rees, J. L., Chang, C. R., François, M. E., Marcotte-Chénard, A., Fontvieille, A., Klaprat, N. D., ... & Little, J. P. (2019). Minimal effect of walking before dinner on glycemic responses in type 2 diabetes: outcomes from the multi-site E-PAraDiGM study. Acta diabetologica, 56, 755-765.
Sparks, J. R., Kishman, E. E., Sarzynski, M. A., Davis, J. M., Grandjean, P. W., Durstine, J. L., & Wang, X. (2021). Glycemic variability: Importance, relationship with physical activity, and the influence of exercise. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 3(4), 183-193.
Terada, T., Wilson, B. J., Myette-Côté, E., Kuzik, N., Bell, G. J., McCargar, L. J., & Boulé, N. G. (2016). Targeting specific interstitial glycemic parameters with high-intensity interval exercise and fasted-state exercise in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 65(5), 599-608.
Tushuizen, M. E., Diamant, M., & Heine, R. J. (2005). Postprandial dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Postgraduate medical journal, 81(951), 1-6.
Umpierre, D., Ribeiro, P. A., Kramer, C. K., Leitao, C. B., Zucatti, A. T., Azevedo, M. J. & Schaan, B. D. (2011). Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 305(17), 1790-1799.
Van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Canfora, E. E., Van Mechelen, W., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., & Van Loon, L. J. (2013). Exercise and 24-h glycemic control: equal effects for all type 2 diabetes patients?. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(4), 628-635.
Van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Canfora, E. E., Van Mechelen, W., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., & Van Loon, L. J. (2013). Exercise and 24-h glycemic control: equal effects for all type 2 diabetes patients?. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(4), 628-635.
van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., Praet, S. F., & van Loon, L. J. (2011). Postprandial hyperglycemia is highly prevalent throughout the day in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 93(1), 31-37.
van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., Praet, S. F., & van Loon, L. J. (2011). Postprandial hyperglycemia is highly prevalent throughout the day in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 93(1), 31-37.
Zhang, Q. Q., Ding, Y. J., Zhang, J. J., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of acute exercise with different intensities on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest), 17(2), 212.
Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature reviews endocrinology, 14(2), 88-98.
Andrews, R. C., Cooper, A. R., Montgomery, A. A., Norcross, A. J., Peters, T. J., Sharp, D. J. & Dayan, C. M. (2011). Diet or diet plus physical activity versus usual care in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the Early ACTID randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 378(9786), 129-139.
Aqeel, M., Forster, A., Richards, E. A., Hennessy, E., McGowan, B., Bhadra, A. & Eicher-Miller, H. A. (2020). The effect of timing of exercise and eating on postprandial response in adults: a systematic review. Nutrients, 12(1), 221.
Babir, F. J., Riddell, M. C., Adamo, L. M., Richards, D. L., & Gibala, M. J. (2023). The effect of bodyweight exercise on 24-h glycemic responses determined by continuous glucose monitoring in healthy inactive adults: a randomized crossover study. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 20884.
Bellini, A., Nicolò, A., Bazzucchi, I., & Sacchetti, M. (2021). Effects of different exercise strategies to improve postprandial glycemia in healthy individuals. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 53(7), 1334-1344.
Boulé, N. G., Haddad, E., Kenny, G. P., Wells, G. A., & Sigal, R. J. (2001). Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Jama, 286(10), 1218-1227.
Ceriello, A., Esposito, K., Piconi, L., Ihnat, M. A., Thorpe, J. E., Testa, R. & Giugliano, D. (2008). Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes, 57(5), 1349-1354.
Ceriello, A., Hanefeld, M., Leiter, L., Monnier, L., Moses, A., Owens, D. & Tuomilehto, J. (2004). Postprandial glucose regulation and diabetic complications. Archives of internal medicine, 164(19), 2090-2095.
Ceriello, A., Hanefeld, M., Leiter, L., Monnier, L., Moses, A., Owens, D. & Tuomilehto, J. (2004). Postprandial glucose regulation and diabetic complications. Archives of internal medicine, 164(19), 2090-2095.
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C. & Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 39(11), 2065.
Coutinho, M., Gerstein, H. C., Wang, Y., & Yusuf, S. (1999). The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes care, 22(2), 233-240.
Cruz, L. C., Teixeira-Araujo, A. A., Andrade, K. T. P., Rocha, T. C. O. G., & Moreira, S. R. (2018). Low intensity resistance exercise attenuates the relationship between glucose and autonomic nervous system indicators during 24 hours in women with type 2 diabetes. Science & Sports, 33(2), e75-e83.
Erickson, M. L., Little, J. P., Gay, J. L., McCully, K. K., & Jenkins, N. T. (2017). Effects of postmeal exercise on postprandial glucose excursions in people with type 2 diabetes treated with add-on hypoglycemic agents. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 126, 240-247.
Esposito, K., Nappo, F., Marfella, R., Giugliano, G., Giugliano, F., Ciotola, M. & Giugliano, D. (2002). Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress. Circulation, 106(16), 2067-2072.
Gonder-Frederick, L. (2013). Fear of hypoglycemia: a review. Diabetic Hypoglycemia, 5(3), 3-11.
Grace, A., Chan, E., Giallauria, F., Graham, P. L., & Smart, N. A. (2017). Clinical outcomes and glycaemic responses to different aerobic exercise training intensities in type II diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular diabetology, 16, 1-10.
Henderson, G. C., Fattor, J. A., Horning, M. A., Faghihnia, N., Johnson, M. L., Luke-Zeitoun, M., & Brooks, G. A. (2008). Glucoregulation is more precise in women than in men during postexercise recovery. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 87(6), 1686-1694.
Henderson, G. C., Fattor, J. A., Horning, M. A., Faghihnia, N., Johnson, M. L., Mau, T. L. & Brooks, G. A. (2007). Lipolysis and fatty acid metabolism in men and women during the postexercise recovery period. The Journal of physiology, 584(3), 963-981.
Iida, Y., Takeishi, S., Fushimi, N., Tanaka, K., Mori, A., & Sato, Y. (2020). Effect of postprandial moderate-intensity walking for 15-min on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetology international, 11, 383-387.
Ivy, J. L., & Holloszy, J. O. (1981). Persistent increase in glucose uptake by rat skeletal muscle following exercise. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, 241(5), C200-C203.
Kemps, H., Kränkel, N., Dörr, M., Moholdt, T., Wilhelm, M., Paneni, F. & Guazzi, M. (2019). Exercise training for patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: What to pursue and how to do it. A Position Paper of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC). European journal of preventive cardiology, 26(7), 709-727.
Kjaer, M., Hollenbeck, C. B., Frey-Hewitt, B., Galbo, H., Haskell, W., & Reaven, G. M. (1990). Glucoregulation and hormonal responses to maximal exercise in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 68(5), 2067-2074.
Koopman, R., Manders, R. J., Zorenc, A. H., Hul, G. B., Kuipers, H., Keizer, H. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2005). A single session of resistance exercise enhances insulin sensitivity for at least 24 h in healthy men. European journal of applied physiology, 94, 180-187.
Koopman, R., Manders, R. J., Zorenc, A. H., Hul, G. B., Kuipers, H., Keizer, H. A., & van Loon, L. J. (2005). A single session of resistance exercise enhances insulin sensitivity for at least 24 h in healthy men. European journal of applied physiology, 94, 180-187.
Larsen, J. J. S., Dela, F., Kjær, M., & Galbo, H. (1997). The effect of moderate exercise on postprandial glucose homeostasis in NIDDM patients. Diabetologia, 40, 447-453.
Li, Z., Hu, Y., Yan, R., Zhang, D., Li, H., Li, F. & Ma, J. (2018). Twenty minute moderate-intensity post-dinner exercise reduces the postprandial glucose response in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 24, 7170.
Liubaoerjijin, Y., Terada, T., Fletcher, K., & Boulé, N. G. (2016). Effect of aerobic exercise intensity on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized trials. Acta diabetologica, 53, 769-781.
Lu, J., Wang, C., Shen, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Cai, J., ... & Zhou, J. (2021). Time in range in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care, 44(2), 549-555.
Lunde, M. S., Hjellset, V. T., & Høstmark, A. T. (2012). Slow post meal walking reduces the blood glucose response: an exploratory study in female Pakistani immigrants. Journal of immigrant and minority health, 14, 816-822.
MacLeod, S. F., Terada, T., Chahal, B. S., & Boule, N. G. (2013). Exercise lowers postprandial glucose but not fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis of studies using continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 29(8), 593-603.
Marcotte-Chénard, A., Tremblay, R., Deslauriers, L., Geraldes, P., Gayda, M., Christou, D. & Riesco, E. (2023). Comparison of 10× 1-minute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus 4× 4-minute HIIT on glucose control and variability in females with type 2 diabetes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 49(4), 487-500.
Monnier, L., & Colette, C. (2015). Postprandial and basal hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: contributions to overall glucose exposure and diabetic complications. Diabetes & metabolism, 41(6), 6S9-6S15.
Munan, M., Oliveira, C. L., Marcotte-Chénard, A., Rees, J. L., Prado, C. M., Riesco, E., & Boulé, N. G. (2020). Acute and chronic effects of exercise on continuous glucose monitoring outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11, 495.
Nathan, D. M., Kuenen, J., Borg, R., Zheng, H., Schoenfeld, D., Heine, R. J., & A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) Study Group. (2008). Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes care, 31(8), 1473-1478.
Praet, S. F., Manders, R. J., Meex, R. C., Lieverse, A. G., Stehouwer, C. D., Kuipers, H., ... & van Loon, L. J. (2006). Glycaemic instability is an underestimated problem in Type II diabetes. Clinical Science, 111(2), 119-126.
Rees, J. L., Chang, C. R., François, M. E., Marcotte-Chénard, A., Fontvieille, A., Klaprat, N. D., ... & Little, J. P. (2019). Minimal effect of walking before dinner on glycemic responses in type 2 diabetes: outcomes from the multi-site E-PAraDiGM study. Acta diabetologica, 56, 755-765.
Sparks, J. R., Kishman, E. E., Sarzynski, M. A., Davis, J. M., Grandjean, P. W., Durstine, J. L., & Wang, X. (2021). Glycemic variability: Importance, relationship with physical activity, and the influence of exercise. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 3(4), 183-193.
Terada, T., Wilson, B. J., Myette-Côté, E., Kuzik, N., Bell, G. J., McCargar, L. J., & Boulé, N. G. (2016). Targeting specific interstitial glycemic parameters with high-intensity interval exercise and fasted-state exercise in type 2 diabetes. Metabolism, 65(5), 599-608.
Tushuizen, M. E., Diamant, M., & Heine, R. J. (2005). Postprandial dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Postgraduate medical journal, 81(951), 1-6.
Umpierre, D., Ribeiro, P. A., Kramer, C. K., Leitao, C. B., Zucatti, A. T., Azevedo, M. J. & Schaan, B. D. (2011). Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 305(17), 1790-1799.
Van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Canfora, E. E., Van Mechelen, W., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., & Van Loon, L. J. (2013). Exercise and 24-h glycemic control: equal effects for all type 2 diabetes patients?. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(4), 628-635.
Van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Canfora, E. E., Van Mechelen, W., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., & Van Loon, L. J. (2013). Exercise and 24-h glycemic control: equal effects for all type 2 diabetes patients?. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 45(4), 628-635.
van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., Praet, S. F., & van Loon, L. J. (2011). Postprandial hyperglycemia is highly prevalent throughout the day in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 93(1), 31-37.
van Dijk, J. W., Manders, R. J., Hartgens, F., Stehouwer, C. D., Praet, S. F., & van Loon, L. J. (2011). Postprandial hyperglycemia is highly prevalent throughout the day in type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 93(1), 31-37.
Zhang, Q. Q., Ding, Y. J., Zhang, J. J., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of acute exercise with different intensities on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest), 17(2), 212.
Zheng, Y., Ley, S. H., & Hu, F. B. (2018). Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nature reviews endocrinology, 14(2), 88-98.
Published
2025/11/19
Section
Pregledni rad / Review article