CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR PHARMACISTS: PREFERENCES, INTERESTS AND EXPERIENCE
Abstract
One of the models of lifelong learning, Continuing Professional Development is a targeted, systematic, and tailored form of professional development. This paper aims to show the pharmacists' preferences, interests and experiences about models and areas of education.
Moreover, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted through an online survey posted on the website of the Serbian Chamber of Pharmacy. Besides, a questionnaire was created with 11 questions for the purpose of the research. The survey was completed by 565 pharmacists, and 93.4% were employed by a community pharmacy. More than half of the respondents (56.7%) felt they needed to develop their professional competences. In addition, for most pharmacists surveyed, direct interaction with the lecturer was significant. Over two-thirds of the respondents showed the highest affinity for the "case report", labelling it as "the most interesting", followed by workshops and lectures. The most interesting were the education via the Internet (57.7%), where the digital choices available on the Internet with the possibility of automatic podcast download were the first choice among half of the respondents. When asked about participation in continuing education (CE) the previous year, pharmacists responded that 95% had participated in CE, of which nearly half were at more than 5 CE.
According to the results of this research, the development of information technologies, the availability and diversity of educational content and models, the choice and active participation in education, were recognized by pharmacists in Serbia as an appropriate approach in professional development.
References
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Accre-ditation standards for continuing pharmacy education. “cited 2021 January 17”. Available from: URL:accredit.org/pdf/CPE_Standards_Final.pdf
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Guidance on continuing professional development (CPD) for the profession of pharmacy. “cited 2020 November 15” Available from: URL:https://www.acpeaccredit.org/pdf/CPDGuidance%20ProfessionPharmacyJan2015.pdf
Anderson C, Bates I, Brock T, Nelson Brown A, Bruno A, Futter B, et al. Needs-Based Education in the Context of Globalization. Am J Pharm Educ 2012; 76(4):56. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Bickford JD, Wright DJ. Community: The Hidden Context for Learning. In: Oblinger DG, editor. Learning Spaces. Washington (DC): EDUCAUSE; 2006. p. 4.1-4.22.
Carraccio C, Wolfsthal SD, Englander R, Ferentz K, Martin C. Shifting paradigms: from Flexner to competencies. Acad Med 2002;77(5):361-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cervero RM, Gaines JK. The impact of CME on physician performance and patient health outcomes: an updated synthesis of systematic reviews. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2015;35(2):131-8. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Colthart I, Bagnall G, Evans A, Allbutt H, Haig A, Illing J, et al. The effectiveness of self-assessment on the identification of learner needs, learner activity, and impact on clinical practice: BEME guide no. 10. Med Teach. 2008;30(2):124-45. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Coombes I, Avent M, Cardiff L, Bettenay K, Coombes J, Whitfield K. Improvement in pharmacist’s per-formance facilitated by an adapted competency-based general level framework. J Pharm Prac Res 2010; 40(2):111-8. [CrossRef]
Crommelin DJA, Sindelar RD, editors. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: An introduction for pharmacists and pharmaceutical scientists. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2002. [CrossRef]
Driesen A, Leemans L, Baert H, Laekeman G. Flemish community pharmacists' motivation and views related to continuing education. Pharm World Sci 2005;27(6): 447-52. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
European Association of Hospital Pharmacists. The Pharmaceutical Association of Serbia, Hospital Phar-macy Section. “cited 2022 July 3”. Available from: URL: https://www.eahp.eu/members/serbia
Farmaceutska komora Srbije. Nacionalni dokument za procenu kompetencija farmaceuta. “cited 2020 February 18”. Available from: URL: http://www.farmkom.rs/images/stories/dokumenta/onama/ostala_dokumenta/nacionalni-okviri-za-procenu-kompetencija-farmaceuta-final.pdf
Greiner AC, Knebel E. editors. Health Professions Education: A Bridge to Quality, Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. [CrossRef]
International Pharmaceutical Federation – FIP. Con-tinuing professional development/continuing education in pharmacy: global report. The Hague: International Pharmaceutical Federation; 2014.
International Pharmaceutical Federation – FIP. FIP Statement of Professional Standards on Continuing Professional Development. Nice: International Pharmaceutical Federation; 2002.
Laaksonen R, Mills E, Duggan C, Davies JG, Bates I, Mackie C. The effect of training and service provision on the self-assessed competence of community phar-macists. Int J Pharm Pract 2007;15(2):141-7. [CrossRef]
Lander ES. The Heroes of CRISPR. Cell 2016;164:18–28. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mansouri M, Lockyer J. A meta-analysis of continuing medical education effectiveness. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2007;27(1):6-15. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Marriott JL, Duncan GJ, Namara KP. Barriers to pharmacist participation in continuing education in Australia. Pharm Educ 2007;7(1):11-7. [CrossRef]
Mills E, Farmer D, Bates I, Davies G, Webb DG. The General Level Framework: use in primary care and community pharmacy to support professional develop-ment. Int J Pharm Prac 2008;16:325-31. [CrossRef]
Namara KPM, Duncan GJ, McDowell J, Marriott JL. Community pharmacists' preferences for continuing education delivery in Australia. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2009;29(1):52-7. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Obreli-Neto PR, Marques Dos Reis T, Guidoni CM, Girotto E, Lima Guerra M, de Oliveira Baldoni A, et al. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Continuing Education Programs on Providing Clinical Community Pharmacy Services. Am J Pharm Educ. 2016;80(5): 88. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ong T. The FDA has approved the first digital pill [Internet]. The Verge 2017 “cited 12 December 2020”. Available from: https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/14/16648166/fda-digital-pill-abilify-otsuka-proteus
Pear Therapeutics. Sandoz Inc. and Pear Therapeutics obtain FDA clearance for RESET-O™ to treat opioid use disorder [Internet]. 2018 “cited 2020 December 12”. Available from: https://peartherapeutics.com/sandoz-inc-and-pear-therapeutics-obtain-fda-clearance-for-reset-o-to-treat-opioid-use-disorder/
Power A, Johnson BJ, Diack HL, McKellar S, Stewart D, Hudson SA. Scottish pharmacists’ views and attitudes towards continuing professional development. Pharm World Sci 2008;30(1):136-43. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Rijcken C, editor. Pharmaceutical care in digital revolution, insights towards circular innovation. Cambridge: Academic Press Publication, Elsevier; 2019.
Rutter V, Wong C, Coombes I, Cardiff L, Duggan C, Yee ML. Use of a General Level Framework to Facili-tate Performance Improvement in Hospital Pharma-cists in Singapore. Am J Pharm Educ 2012;76(6):107. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Sachdeva AK. Continuing professional development in the twenty-first century. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2016;36(Suppl1):S8–S13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije : Pravilnik o bližim uslovima za sprovođenje kontinuirane edukacije za zdravstvene radnike i zdravstvene saradnike. No. 2(2011), 23(2016).
Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije: Pravilnik o bližim uslovima za izdavanje, obnavljanje ili oduzimanje licence članovima komora zdravstvenih radnika. No. 119(2007), 23(2009), 40(2010) i 102(2015).
Službeni glasnik Republike Srbije: Zakon o komorama zdravstvenih radnika. No. 107(2005), 99(2010).
Stojkov S, Tadić I, Crnjanski T, Krajnović D, Bates I. Evaluation of Competences at the Community Pharmacy Settings. IJPER.2014;48(4):22-30. [CrossRef]
Stojkov S, Tadić I, Crnjanski T, Krajnović D. Asses-ment and self-assessment of the pharmacists' com-petencies using the Global Competency Framework (GBCF) in Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl 2016;73(00):40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Stojkov S. Development, implementation and evalua-tion of the instruments for pharmacists competency assessment in community pharmacies in Serbia [dissertation]. Belgrade: University of Belgrade; 2016.
The Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland 2013. A Core competence framework for Pharmacists. Dublin: PSI; 2013.
Toklu HZ, Hussain A. The changing face of pharmacy practice and the need for a new model of pharmacy education. J Young Pharm 2013;5(2):38-40. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Toklu HZ. Pharmaceutical Education Vs. Pharmacy Practice: Do We Really Teach What They Need For Practicing? J Pharma Care Health Sys 2015;2:e134. [CrossRef]
Travlos D. Baumgartner J. ACPE Update. Lecture presented at Alliance for Continuing Education in the Health Professions Annual Meeting. January 15, 2016.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval brings first gene therapy to the United States. “cited 2020 December 12”. Available from: URL:https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approval-brings-first-gene-therapy-united-states)
Wakefield JG. Commitment to change: exploring its role in changing physician behavior through continuing education. J Contin Educ Health prof. 2004;24:197–204. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wheeler JS, Chisholm-Burns M. The Benefit of Con-tinuing Professional Development for Continuing Pharmacy Education. Am J Pharm Educ 2018;82(3): 6461. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
World Health Organization. Guidelines for Trans-forming and scaling up health professionals’ education and training. Geneva: WHO; 2013.