TERRORISM FINANCING AND THE ROLE OF CHARITIES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Abstract
It is known to the scientific, professional and lay public that the United States of America, after the terrorist act of September 11, 2001, which was carried out on its territory, designated Osama Bin Laden and Al Qaeda as the culprit. The subject of research in this paper is the financing of terrorism from the territory of the United States of America. The aim of the work is to provide reasoned, objective and systematized findings on the support of terrorist financing on the territory of the USA, through the activities of charitable organizations that collected money on its territory. Almost all basic analytical and synthetic methods of knowledge were applied in the preparation of the work, with an emphasis on analysis, synthesis, generalization and the inductive-deductive method. From the corpus of general scientific methods, the general scientific statistical and hypothetical-deductive method was applied in the research of the topic, and from the group of methods for data collection, the method of content analysis of available documents was used, that is, its technique of qualitative analysis of documents. Two results emerged from the research. One, which indicates that in the decades before the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Islamic charities in the United States developed donor networks, perfected techniques and covertly aided and financed terrorist groups and individuals, often with the tacit approval of American security organizations. Second, that just a few days after the terrorist attacks carried out on September 11, 2001, the President of the United States of America, with Executive Order 13224, designated a number of Islamic charitable organizations in the United States that covertly worked, supported and financed terrorism with funds collected from American citizens and organization.
References
Barsky: 2002. Yehudit Barsky. Terrorism Briefing. Islamic Jihad. Movement in Palestine.
Bergen: 2006. Peter L. Bergen. The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda's Leader. Simon and Schuster.
Bilandžić: 2011. Mirko Bilandžić. Terrorism in Theories and Theoretical. Perspectives, Društveno istraživanje, vo. 20, br. 3 (113).
Biddlecombe: 2012. Wendy J. Biddlecmbe. Framing Terrorism: How the Tampa Tribune and Tampa Bay Times Portrayed Sami Al‐Arian in 2001. USF St. Petersburg campus Master's, 91.
Bilsky: 2011. Leora Bulsky. The habibi libel trial: defamation and the hidden-community basis of criminal law. The University of Toronto Law Journal, 61, (4), 617–655.
Bowers: 2009. Charls B. Bowers. "Hawala, money laundering, and terrorism finance: Mirco-lending as an end to illicit remittance." Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 37, 379-419.
Burke-Seumas: 2021. Paul Burke-Miller Seumas. Global Jihadist Terrorism. Paul Burke. Chapter 2: Al-Qaeda Terrorist Groups, Zones of Armed Conflict and National Counter-Terrorism Strategies. Elgar, 10-35.
„CASE No. 8:03-CR- -T18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), 18 U.S.C. § 956(a)(1),18 U.S.C. § 2339B,18 U.S.C. § 371,18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(2) and (3),18 U.S.C. § 1425(b),18 U.S.C. § 1546(a),18 U.S.C. § 1505,18 U.S.C. § 1621,18 U.S.C. § 1963“- уnited states district court middle district of florida tampa division.
Danilović:2009. Danilović Neđo. Mile Matijević (ur). Metodologija pranja novca., Sarajevo: Internacionalnа asocijacijа kriminalista.
Executive Order 13224: 2001. Current List of Terrorists and Groups Identified Under E.O. 13224. U.S: Department of the Treasury Specially Designated Nationals List.
Eikmeier: 2007. Dale C. Eikmeier. Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism. Corporate Author: Army war coll carlisle barracks. US Army War College Quarterly, Parameters Vol. 37, No. 1, 85-97.
Emerson: 2003. Stevan Emerson. American Jihad: The Terrorists Living Among US: Simon and Schuster.
Farrall: 2017. Leah Farrall. Revisiting al-Qaida’s Foundation and Early History. Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 11,(6), 17–37.
Flower: 2009. Scott Flower. The history of terrorism and its analysis in Melanesia: Implications for security and policy. Doomed to repeat: Terrorism and the lessons of history. University of Western Australia. Washington: New Academia,
Gibbs: 1989. Jack P. Gibbs. Concepualization of terrorism. American Sociological Review, Vol. 54, (3), 329-340.
Halilović: 2016. Muamer Halilović. Filozofija i religija, dva temelja socijalne misli društva Ihvanu safa, Grupa za religijsku civilizaciju, Kom: časopis za religijske nauke , vol. 5, br. 3, str. 37-65, Beograd: Centar za religijske nauke "Kom".
House Document Individuals and Entities Designated by the State Department Under E.O. 13224, U.S. Department of the Treasury Specially Designated Nationals List: From the U.S. Government Publishing Office, 107-264.
Jackson: 2007. Richard Jackson. Constructing Enemies: Islamic Terrorism in Political and Academic Discourse. Government and Opposition, 42, (3), 394-426.
Jacquard: 2002. Roland Aacguard. In the Name of Osama Bin Laden: Global Terrorism & the Bin Laden Brotherhood. Duke University Press, 320.
Lappen: 2010. Alyssia A. Lappen. appen, Alyssa A. "The Muslim Brotherhood in North America." The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 161-179.
Jenkins: 2010. Brian Michel Jenkins. Would-Be Warriors: Incidents of Jihadist Terrorist Radicalization in the United States Since September 11, 2001. Rand Corporation, 1-32.
Lehmkuhler: 2003. Sina Lehmkuhler. Countering terrorist financing: we need a long-term prioritizing strategy. Journal of homeland security, 1-13.
Levitt: 2008. Matthew Levitt.Will Hamas Target the West. Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, Yale: University Press, 203-228.
Maliach, А., 2010. Asaf Maliach. Abdullah Azzam, al-Qaeda, and Hamas: Concepts of Jihad and Istishhad. Military and Strategic Affairs, Vol.2, No.2., 79-94.
Manojllović: 2010. Dragan Manojlović. Kriminalistička operativa. Beograd: Beosing.
McGregor: 2003. Andrew McGregor. Jihad and the Rifle Alone: Abdullah Azzam and the Islamist Revolution. Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, 92-113.
Merley: 2007. Steven Merley. Global Muslim Brotherhood. Research Center Extremism and the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), 84.
Nikbay–Hancerli: 2007. Ozgur Nikbay-Suleyman Hancerli. Understanding and Responding to the Terrorism Phenomenon: A Multi-Dimensional Perspective. IOS Press.
Novotny: 2007. Daniel D. Novotny. What is Terrorism?. Linden, Edward V., ed. Focus on Terrorism, Vol. 8, (2), 23–32.
Peattie: 2013. Shane Peattie. After bin Laden: Al-Qa'ida- The Next Generation Saqi. Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, Vol. 8, Issue 1, 101-103.
Rehman: 2007. Javaid Rehman. Islam, War on Terror and the Future of Muslim Minorities in the United Kingdom: Dilemmas of Multiculturalism in the Aftermath of the London Bombings. Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 29, (4), 831–878.
Shideler – Daoud: 2014. Kyle Shideler–David Daoud. The Muslim Brotherhood’s Think Tank. International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). Center for Security Policy Occasional Paper Series.
Spencer: 2006. Alexander Spencer. Questioning the Concept of New Terrorism. In: Peace, Conflict and Development, Vol. 8, 1-33.
Zagaris: 2001. Bruce Zagaris . "The merging of the anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financial enforcement regimes after September 11, 2001." Berkeley: Journal International Law, Vol. 22 123-158.
Ziyād: 1994. Ziyād A. A. Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad. Indiana Indiana: University Press, 169.