Ethics and professional orientation of Serbian journalists
Sažetak
Studies of ethical orientations of journalists, based on large-scale surveys of professional norms and values, generate data that are an important indicator of journalism culture. While it is true that what journalists say they do is not always the same as what they actually do, the discourse about professional roles and ethical standards is a prominent marker of journalistic culture and an element that can be and is usually compared cross-nationally (Hanitzch & Vos, 2016). This study of Serbian journalists follows this stream of scholarship, offering an empirical contribution to the discussion about journalists and their professional orientation. Based on the survey conducted in 2014 as a part of the Worlds of Journalism Study, we first present a socio-demographic profile of Serbian journalists, and then focus on the views on the role of journalists in society, perceived influences on their everyday work and journalists’ perception of ethics. The study approaches journalism as a field of cultural production and adopts the community structure model (Tichenor, Donohue & Olien, 1980) to explore the link between professional orientations of journalists and the demographic characteristics of the community news media are based in. It tests the idea that the perception of the journalist’s role in society might be different in smaller, relatively homogenous towns than in larger, more demographically diverse cities. The study found Serbian journalism culture to be ambiguous, related to the complex set of interactions with political and economic fields, and based on the tension between different models of journalism that have historically influenced the development of the profession in the region, “interventionist” and “monitorial”.
Reference
Andresen, K., Hoxha, A. & Godole, J. (2017). New Roles for Media in the Western Balkans. Journalism Studies, 18(5): 614–628,
Bourdieu, P. (2005). The political field, the social science field, and the journalistic field. In Benson, R. & Neveu, E. (eds.), Bourdieu and the journalistic field (pp. 29–48). Cambridge: Polity Press.
Cetinić, G. (2017). Mediji na nizbrdici. Novi Magazin, 322, 29–30, 29 July 2017.
Clifford, C. (1999). The Common Good as the First Principle. In Glasser, T. (ed.), The Idea of Public Journalism (pp. 67–84). New York: Guilford Press.
Dobek‐Ostrowska, B. & Glowacki, M. (eds) (2008). Comparing Media Systems in Central Europe: Between Commercialization and Politicization. Wroclaw: University of Wroclaw Press.
Dunwoody, S. & Griffin, R. (1993). Journalistic strategies for reporting long-term environmental issues: a case study of three superfund sites. In Hansen, A. (ed.), The mass media and environmental issues (pp. 25–50). Leicester: Leicester University Press.
Freedom House (2016). Freedom of the Press: Serbia. Accessed 30.06.2017. URL: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/serbia.
Glasser, T. L. (Ed.). (1999). The Idea of Public Journalism. Guilford Press.
Hallin, D. & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hallin. D. (2005). Field theory, differentiation theory and comparative media research. In Benson, R. & Neveu, E. (eds.), Bourdieu and the journalistic field (pp. 224–243). Cambridge: Polity.
Hanitzsch, T., Anikina, M., Berganza, R., Cangoz, I., Coman, M., Hamada, B., Hanusch, F., Karadjov, C.D., Mellado, C., Moreira, S.V. & Mwesige, P.G., (2010). Modeling perceived influences on journalism: Evidence from a cross-national survey of journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(1), 5–22.
Hanitzsch, T. & Mellado, C. (2011). What Shapes the News around the World? How Journalists in 18 Countries Perceive Influences on Their Work. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(10): 1–23.
Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F. & Lauerer, C. (2014). Setting the Agenda, Influencing Public Opinion, and Advocating for Social Change: Determinants of Journalistic Interventionism in 21 Countries. Journalism Studies, 17(1): 1–20.
Media Sustainability Index (2017). IREX. Accessed 30.06.2017. URL: https://www.irex.org/resource/media-sustainability-index-msi.
Jackman, R. & Miller, R. (1996). A Renaissance of Political culture. American Journal of Political Science, 40(3): 632–659.
Jones, C. (1980). Mass Media Codes of Ethics and Councils: A comparative international study on professional standards. Paris: UNESCO.
Lauk, E. (2009). Reflections on Changing Patterns of Journalism in the New EU Countries. Journalism Studies, 10(1): 69–84.
Mancini, P. & Zielonka, J. (2012) Introduction. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(4): 379–387.
Milivojević, S. (2012). Low wages and high technology: Journalists and journalism in Serbia. Kultura, 135: 285–298.
Örnebring, H. (2009). Comparative European Journalism: State of Current Research. Oxford: Reuters Institute for Study of Journalism. Working paper. Accessed 30.06.2017. URL: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Comparative%20European%20Journalism_0.pdf.
Plaisance, P. L., Skewes, E. & Hanitzsch, T. (2012). Ethical Orientations of Journalists around the Globe. Communication Research, 39(5): 641– 661
Popović-Obradović, O. (2007). The roots of anti-modern political culture in Serbia. Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. Accessed 28.06.2017. URL: www.helsinki.org.rs/doc/Roots%20of%20anti%20modern.doc.
Press Council (2015). Serbian Journalists’ Code of Ethics. Accessed 30.06.2017. URL: http://www.savetzastampu.rs/english/serbian-journalists-code-of-ethics.
Shoemaker, P. & Reese, S. (2014). Mediating the Message in the 21st Century (3rd Edition). New York: Routledge.
Reljić, D. (2012). The West Balkans: Accessing the Union. Accessed 26.06.2017. URL: http://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publications/point-of-view/the-west-balkans-accessing-the-union.html.
Rupar, V. (2007). Investigating the journalistic field: The influence of objectivity as a journalistic norm on the public debate on genetic engineering in New Zealand (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Waikato).
Rupar, V. (2014). Journalism, environment and community structure: news and opinions in the coverage of the genetic engineering issue in New Zealand. MEDIANZ: Media Studies Journal of Aotearoa New Zealand, 12(1): 40–57.
Savet za borbu protiv korupcije (2015). Izveštaj o mogućem uticaju institucija javnog sektora na medije kroz plaćanje usluga oglašavanja i marketinga. Beograd: Savet za borbu protiv korupcije. Accessed 30.06.2017. URL: http://www.antikorupcija-savet.gov.rs/Storage/Global/Documents/izvestaji/Izvestaj%20o%20medijima%20konacna%20verzija.pdf.
Stamenova, S. (2005). “Peculiarities of Balkan Political Culture and Interethnic Understanding: The cases of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro, and Bulgaria”. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii, Mach 5, 2005.
Tichenor, J., Donohue A., & Olien, N. (1980). Community conflict and the press. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.
Topf, R. (1989). Political Change and Political Culture in Britain, 1959-87. In Gibbins, J.,
Contemporary Political Culture: Politics in a Postmodern Age (pp. 52–81). London: Sage.
Worlds of Journalism Study (2017). Accessed on 12.06. 2017.URL: http://www.worldsofjournalism.org/.
Autori zadržavaju autorska prava nad objavljenim člancima, a izdavaču daju neekskluzivno pravo da članak objavi, da u slučaju daljeg korišćenja članka bude naveden kao njegov prvi izdavač, kao i da distribuira članak u svim oblicima i medijima.
Licenciranje
Objavljeni članci distribuiraju se u skladu sa licencom Creative Commons Autorstvo - Deliti pod istim uslovima 4.0 International (CC BY-SA). Dopušteno je da se delo kopira i distribuira u svim medijima i formatima, da se prerađuje, menja i nadograđuje u bilo koje svrhe, uključujući i komercijalne, pod uslovom da se na pravilan način citiraju njegovi prvobitni autori, postavi link ka originalnoj licenci, naznači da li je delo izmenjeno i da se novo delo objavi pod istom licencom kao i originalno.
Korisnici su pri tome dužni da navedu pun bibliografski opis članka objavljenog u ovom časopisu (autori, naslov rada, naslov časopisa, volumen, sveska, paginacija), kao i njegovu DOI oznaku. U slučaju objavljivanja u elektronskoj formi takođe su dužni da postave HTML link, kako sa originalnim člankom objavljenim u časopisu CM: Communication and Media, tako i sa korišćenom licencom.
Autori mogu da stupaju u zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju rada objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je rad prvobitno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
Politika samoarhiviranja
Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu.
Autori su obavezni da pritom navedu pun bibliografski opis članka objavljenog u ovom časopisu (autori, naslov rada, naslov časopisa, volumen, sveska, paginacija) i postave link, kako na DOI oznaku tog članka, tako i na korišćenu licencu.Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu.
Odricanje od odgovornosti
Stavovi izneti u objavljenim radovima ne izražavaju stavove urednika i članova redakcije časopisa. Autori preuzimaju pravnu i moralnu odgovornost za ideje iznete u svojim radovima. Izdavač neće snositi nikakvu odgovornost u slučaju ispostavljanja bilo kakvih zahteva za naknadu štete.