Upotreba digitalnih platformi za potrebe političke propagande: slučaj lažne Fejsbuk stranice protesta Protiv diktature

  • Dalibor Petrović Univerzitet u Beogradu, Saobraćajni fakultet
Ključne reči: digital platforms||, ||digitalne platforme, propaganda||, ||propaganda, trolls||, ||trolovi, bots||, ||botovi, Facebook||, ||Fejsbuk, protest Against dictatorship||, ||protest Protiv diktature, Serbia||, ||Srbija,

Sažetak


Sve intenzivnija kriza poverenja u tradicionalne medije dovela je do toga da se ključna borba za kontrolu javne sfere danas odvija u sajberprostorima interneta. Ovi trendovi su posebno izraženi u takozvanim umreženim autokratijama, režimima koji su uspostavili čvrstu kontrolu nad mejnstrim medijima, ali koji su isto tako razvili delotvorne strategije i tehnike za borbu sa političkim oponentima na digitalnim platformama. U umreženim autokratijama na delu je poseban vid političke propagande koja se može okarakterisati kao kompjuterizovana propaganda koja se odvija uz pomoć digitalnih platformi, političkih botova i Interneta stvari. Osnovna uloga kompjuterizovane propagande nije, toliko, prenošenje pozitivne slike onoga u čije ime se ona sprovodi već, pre svega, zagađivanje i polarizacija javnih prostora interneta sa ciljem odvraćanja što većeg broja ljudi od društveno-političkog onlajn aktivizma. Srbija je jedna od zemalja koja ima veoma razvijenu kompjuterizovanu propagandu, bilo da govorimo o broju ljudi koji u ime vladajućih struktura i za njihov račun propagandno deluje na internetu bilo da govorimo o obimu njihovih akcija. Jedan od primera njihovog dejstva činilo je pokretanje lažne Fejsbuk stranice protesta Protiv diktature, sa ciljem izazivanja konfuzije kod pristalica ovog protesta. Naša empirijska studija pokazuje da su pokretači ove stranice bili vrlo uspešni u sprovođenju svoje kampanje, doprinoseći tome da jedan od najvećih antivladinih protesta u postmiloševićevskoj eri relativno brzo i, po vlast, bezbolno bude okončan.

Biografija autora

Dalibor Petrović, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Saobraćajni fakultet
Vanredni profesor

Reference

Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Hooker, C. M., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2018). Online News Creation, Trust in the Media, and Political Participation: Direct and moderating effects over time. Journalism, 19(5), 611–631.

Balać, R. (2019, 3. januar). Daško Milinović: Moje hapšenje je politička svinjarija. Danas. URL: https://www.danas.rs/drustvo/dasko-milinovic-moje-hapsenje-je-politicka-svinjarija/.

Bennett, W. L., & Livingston, S. (2018). The Disinformation Order: Disruptive Communication and the Decline of Democratic Institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122–139.

Bishop, J. (2014). Representations of ‘Trolls’ in Mass Media Communication: A Review of Media-Texts and Moral Panics Relating to ‘Internet Trolling’. International Journal of Web Based Communities, 10(1), 7–24.

Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. The Computational Propaganda Project. URL: http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/troops-trolls-and-trouble-makersa-global-inventory-of-organized-social-media-manipulation/.

Bradshaw, S., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging Тruth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. The Computational Propaganda Project. URL: https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2018/07/ct2018.pdf.

Ceron, A. (2015). Internet, News, and Political Trust: The Difference Between Social Media and Online Media Outlets. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(5), 487–503.

Derakhshan, H. (2015, 29. decembar) Iran's blogfather: Facebook, Instagram and Twitter are Killing the Web. The Guardian. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/dec/29/irans-blogfather-facebook-instagram-and-twitter-are-killing-the-web.

Deibert, R., & Rohozinski, R. (2010). Liberation vs. Control: The Future of Cyberspace. Journal of Democracy, 21(4), 43–57.

EBU (2018). Trust in Media. Media intelligence service. Februar 2018. URL: https://www.ebu.ch/publications/trust-in-media-2018.

Fletcher, R., & Park, S. (2017). The Impact of Trust in the News Media on Online News Consumption and Participation. Digital Journalism, 5(10), 1281–1299.

Freedom House (2018). Freedomon the Net 2018. URL: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTN_2018_Final%20Booklet_11_1_2018.pdf.

Freedom House (2019). Freedom in the world 2019. URL: https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Feb2019_FH_FITW_2019_Report_ForWeb-compressed.pdf.

Gorwa, R., & Guilbeault, D. (2018). Unpacking the Social Media Bot: A Typology to Guide Research and Policy. Policy & Internet (online first). doi: 10.1002/poi3.184.

Haciyakupoglu, G., & Zhang, W. (2015). Social Media and Trust during the Gezi Protests in Turkey. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 450–466

Kastels, M. (2014). Moć komunikacija. Beograd: Clio.

Kastels M. (2018). Mreže revolta i nade. Beograd: Službeni glasnik

Kim, D., Graham, T., Wan, Z., & Rizoiu, M. A. (2019). Tracking the Digital Traces of Russian Trolls: Distinguishing the Roles and Strategy of Trolls On Twitter. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.05228. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.05228.pdf

King, G., Pan, J., & Roberts, M. E. (2017). How the Chinese Government Fabricates Social Media Posts for Strategic Distraction, Not Engaged Argument. American Political Science Review, 111(3), 484–501.

Liber. (2015). “Astroturfng u Srbiji: društveni eksperiment i digitalna pismenost”

Lightfoot, S., & Jacobs, S. (2017). Political Propaganda Spread Through Social Bots. Media, Culture, & Global Politics, 1-22.

MacKinnon, R. (2011). China's "Networked Authoritarianism". Journal of Democracy, 22(2), 32–46.

Marković, Т. (2018, 23. decembar). Kako su SNS botovi napisali 10 miliona komentara. Al Jazeera Balkans. URL: http://balkans.aljazeera.net/vijesti/kako-su-sns-botovi-napisali-10-miliona-komentara.

Marwick, A., & Lewis, R. (2017). Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online. New York: Data & Society Research Institute.

Murthy, D., Powell, A. B., Tinati, R., Anstead, N., Carr, L., Halford, S. J., & Weal, M. (2016). Automation, Algorithms, and Politics| Bots and Political Influence: A Sociotechnical Investigation of Social Network Capital. International Journal of Communication, 10(20), 4952–4971.

Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. & Nielsen, R. (2018). Digital News Report 2018. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism and University of Oxford. Posećeno 15. 1. 2019. URL: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/digital-news-report-2018.pdf.

Otkrivena tajna „tvrđava“ SNS botova: procureo najnoviji program koji aktivisti SNS koriste za komentarisanje na Internetu (2015, 18. april). Nova srpska politička misao. URL: http://www.nspm.rs/politicki-zivot/teleprompter-otkrivena-tajna-tvrdjava-sns-botova-procureo-najnoviji-program-koji-aktivisti-sns-koriste-za-komentarisanje-na-internetu.html?alphabet=l.

Pavlović, J. (2017). Digitalizacija javne sfere u Srbiji: Online pritisci izvršne vlasti na ombudsmana i reakcija opoziciono opredeljene Tviter zajednice. Političke perspektive, 7(3), 51–74.

Pearce, K. E., & Kendzior, S. (2012). Networked Аuthoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 283–298.

Petrović, D. (2016). Društveno-aktivistički potencijal onlajn platformi za društveno umrežavanje. Sociološki pregled, 50(3), 397–430.

Petrović, J., & Petrović, D. (2017). Konektivna akcija kao novi obrazac protestnog aktivizma. Sociologija, 59(4), 405–426.

Polat, R. K. (2005). The Internet and Political Participation: Exploring the Explanatory Links. European Journal of Communication, 20(4), 435–459.

Radojković, M. (2017). Digitalni mediji u Srbiji – koristi i opasnosti. Politeia, 7(13), 15–27.

RZS (2018). Upotreba informaciono-komunikacionih tehnologija u Republici Srbiji za 2018. godinu. Beograd. Republički zavod za statistiku.

Splichal, S. (2014). Masovni mediji između javnosti i javne sfere. Medijska istraživanja: znanstveno-stručni časopis za novinarstvo i medije, 20(1), 5–25.

Swift, А. (2004, 14. septembar). Americans' Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low. Gallup. Posećeno 1. 12. 2018. URL: https://news.gallup.com/poll/195542/americans-trust-mass-media-sinks-new-low.aspx.

Vajdijanatan, S. (2018) Antidruštveni mediji. Clio: Beograd

Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policymaking. Council of Europe report, DGI (2017), 9.

Weedon, J., Nuland, W., & Stamos, A. (2017, 27. april). Information Operations and Facebook. version, 1. URL: https://www.mm.dk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/facebook-and-information-operations-v1.pdf.

Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2016). Automation, Algorithms, and Politics: Political Communication, Computational Propaganda, and Autonomous Agents —Introduction. International Journal of Communication, 10, 9.

Zannettou, S., Caulfield, T., Setzer, W., Sirivianos, M., Stringhini, G., & Blackburn, J. (2018). Who Let The Trolls Out? Towards Understanding State-Sponsored Trolls. arXiv preprint arXiv:1811.03130. URL: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.03130.pdf

Zelenkauskaite, A., & Niezgoda, B. (2017). “Stop Kremlin trolls:” Ideological Trolling as Calling Out, Rebuttal, and Reactions on Online News Portal Commenting. First Monday, 22(5).

Objavljeno
2019/06/04
Rubrika
Originalni naučni članak