Vizuelno uokvirivanje protesta Protiv dikatature
Sažetak
U radu se polazi od teorije uokvirivanja i unutar nje formulisane paradigme o medijskom izveštavanju o protestima. Protesti se posmatraju kao višedimenzionalni fenomeni u kojima je vizuelni izraz važan kako tokom protesta, tako i u njegovoj kasnijoj masmedijskoj obradi. Cilj ovog rada je da doprinese razumevanju vizuelnog medijskog uokvirivanja protesta, na osnovu studije slučaja protesta Protiv diktature koji je organizovan u Srbiji posle predsedničkih izbora 2017. godine. Analizom je obuhvaćeno izveštavanje televizija RTS 1, B92, Pink i N1, štampanih izdanja Kurira, Informera, Večernjih novosti, Politike i Danasa, i sajtova Blic.rs, Telegraf.rs. Metodom analize sadržaja ispitana je zastupljenost vizuelnih okvira nasilja, performativnosti, legitimisanja i delegitimisanja, a iz ugla socijalne semiotike kvalitativno je analiziran sadržaj ovih okvira. Rezultati pokazuju da je medijska scena podeljena između medija koji proteste prikazuju pozitivno i onih koji frekventno koriste negativne okvire nasilja i delegitimisanja. Za vizuelni performativni okvir može se reći da više od ostalih odslikava rutinu rada redakcija i stavlja u fokus vizuelnu atraktivnost događaja, dok se okvir legitimisanja i delegitimisanja pre mogu pripisati političkoj pristrasnosti i uređivačkoj politici određenih medija.
Reference
Babović, M., Blagojević, M., Bogdanović, M., Cvejić, S., Čičkarić, L., Ilić, V., ... Vuletić, V. (1997). Ajmo,'ajde, svi u šetnju!: građanski i studentski protest 96/97. Beograd: Medija centar.
Babović, M., Bajčeta, S., Veličković, K., Petrović, D., Stefanović, S., & Cvejić, S. (2017). Da li like-uješ proteste?. Beograd: SeConS grupa za razvojnu inicijativu Beograd.
Batziou, A. (2015). A Christmas Tree in Flames and Other Visual Stories: Looking at the Photojournalistic Coverage of the Greek Protests of December 2008. Social Movement Studies, 14(1), 22–41.
Blaagaard, B., Mortensen, M., & Neumayer, C. (2017). Digital Images and Globalized Conflict. Media, Culture & Society, 39(8), 1111–1121.
Boykoff, J. (2006). Framing Dissent: Mass-media Coverage of the Global Justice Movement. New Political Science, 28(2), 201–228.
Boyle, M. P., McLeod, D. M., & Armstrong, C. L. (2012). Adherence to the Protest Paradigm: The Influence of Protest Goals and Tactics on News Coverage in US and International Newspapers. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 17(2), 127–144.
Bruns, A. & Hanusch, F. (2017). Conflict Imagery in a Connective Environment: Audiovisual Content on Twitter Following the 2015/2016 Terror Attacks in Paris and Brussels. Media, Culture & Society, 39(8), 1122–1141.
Chan, J. M., & Lee, C. C. (1984). The Journalistic Paradigm on Civil Protests: A Case Study of Hong Kong. In A. Arno & W. Dissanayake (eds.), The News Media in National and International Conflict (pp. 183–202). Boulder, CO: Westview.
Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the Pictures in Our Heads: Exploring the Framing and Agenda-Setting Effects of Visual Images. In P. D'Angelo & J.A. Kuypers (eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 233–261). New York: Routledge
Corrigall-Brown, C., & Wilkes, R. (2012). Picturing Protest: The Visual Framing of Collective Action by First Nations in Canada. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(2), 223–243.
Čupić, Č. (1998). Duh vedrine: kultura protesta – protest kulture. Beograd: Fakultet političkih nauka.
Dardis, F. E. (2006). Marginalization Devices in U.S. Press Coverage of Iraq War Protest: A Content Analysis. Mass Communication and Society, 9(2), 117–135.
DeLuca, K. M. (1999). Image Politics: The New Rhetoric of. Environmental Activism. New York: The Guilford Press.
Douai, A. (2014). “The Police and the Populace”: Canadian Media’s Visual Framing of the 2010 G20 Toronto Summit. Canadian Journal of Communication, 39(2), 175–192
Doerr, N., Mattoni, A., & Teune, S. (2013). Toward a Visual Analysis of Social Movements, Conflict, and Political Mobilization. In N. Doerr, A. Mattoni, S. Teune (eds.), Advances in the Visual Analysis of Social Movements (pp. xi–xxvi). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Dragić, J., Mirković, J. M., Stanković, S., Tomić-Bugarčić, T. (2003). Prikaz Studentskog protesta u televizijskim informativnim emisijama. Psihološka istraživanja, 13(2003), 193–215.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.
Fridman, O., & Hercigonja, S. (2017). Protiv Nenormalnog: An Analysis of the #protivdiktature Protests in the Context of Memory Politics of the 1990s in Serbia. Contemporary Southeastern Europe, 4(1), 12–25.
Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1–37
Gamson, W. A., & Wolfsfeld, G. (1993). Movements and Media as Interacting Systems. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 528(1), 114–125.
Gitlin, T. (1980). The Whole World is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gordy, E. (1999). The Culture of Power in Serbia – Nationalism and the Destruction of Alternatives. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Haigh, M. M., & Bruce, M. (2017). A Comparison of the Visual and Story Frames Al Jazeera English and CNN Employed During the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. International Communication Gazette, 79(4), 419–433.
Harlow, S., Salaverría, R., Kilgo, D. K., & García-Perdomo, V. (2017). Protest Paradigm in Multimedia: Social Media Sharing of Coverage about the Crime of Ayotzinapa, Mexico. Journal of Communication, 67(3), 328–349.
Hertog J. K. & McLeod M. D. (2001). A Multiperspectival Approach to Framing Analysis: A Field Guide. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy & A. E. Grant (eds.), Framing Public Life, (pp. 141–162). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Jungblut, M., & Zakareviciute, I. (2019). Do Pictures Tell a Different Story? A multimodal frame analysis of the 2014 Israel-Gaza conflict. Journalism Practice, 13(2), 206–228.
Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. Arnold: London.
Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading images: The grammar of visual design. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge.
Krstić, A., Parry, K. & Aiello, G. (2017). Visualising the politics of appearance in times of democratisation: An analysis of the 2010 Belgrade Pride Parade television coverage. European Journal of Cultural Studies. Online First, doi: 10.1177/1367549417743042, 1–19.
Kuzmanović, B. (2003). Studentski protesti: dizanje i sagorevanje feniksa. Psihološka istraživanja, 13(2003), 311–313.
Lee, F. L. (2014). Triggering the Protest Paradigm: Examining Factors Affecting News Coverage of Protests. International Journal of Communication, 8(22), 2725–2746.
Makhortykh, M., & Sydorova, M. (2017). Social Media and Visual Framing of the Conflict in Eastern Ukraine. Media, War & Conflict, 10(3), 359-381.
McAdam, D., S. Tarrow, & Tilly, C. (1998). Toward an Integrated Perspective on Social Movements and Revolution. In M. Lichbach & A. Zuckerman (eds.), Comparative Politics (pp. 142–173). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McLeod, D. M., & Hertog, J. K. (1999). Social Control, Social Change and the Mass Media’s Role in the Regulation of Protest Groups. In D. Demers & K. Viswanath (eds.), Mass Media, Social Control, and Social Change (pp. 305–330). Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Messaris, P., & Abraham, L. (2001). The Role of Images in Framing News Stories. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, Jr., & A. E. Grant (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World (pp. 215–226). Malwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Milenković, M. R. (2017). Vučić: Protesti su u redu dok su mirni. Danas, 5. 4. 2017., str. 2.
Neumayer, C., & Rossi, L. (2018). Images of Protest in Social Media: Struggle over Visibility and Visual Narratives. New Media & Society, Online first, doi: 10.1177/1461444818770602
Ojala, M., Pantti, M., & Kangas, J. (2017). Whose War, Whose Fault? Visual Framing of the Ukraine Conflict in Western European Newspapers. International Journal of Communication, 11(25), 474–498.
Parry, K. (2010). A Visual Framing Analysis of British Press Photography During the 2006 Israel- Lebanon Conflict. Media, War & Conflict, 3(1), 67–85.
Perlmutter, D. D., & Wagner, G. L. (2004). The Anatomy of a Photojournalistic Icon: Marginalization of Dissent in the Selection and Framing of ‘A Death in Genoa.’ Visual Communication, 3(1), 91–108.
Petrović, J., & Petrović, D. (2017). Konektivna akcija kao novi obrazac protestnog aktivizma. Sociologija, 59(4), 405–426.
Popadić, D. (2003). Studentski protesti - istine i mitovi. Psihološka istraživanja, 13(2003), 25–101.
Powell, T. E., Boomgaarden, H. G., De Swert, K., & de Vreese, C. H. (2015). A Clearer Picture: The Contribution of Visuals and Text to Framing Effects. Journal of Communication, 65(6), 997–1017.
Rohlinger, D. A., & Klein, J. (2012). Visual Landscapes and the Abortion Issue. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(2), 172–188.
Shahin, S., Zheng, P., Sturm, H. A., & Fadnis, D. (2016). Protesting the Paradigm: A Comparative Study of News Coverage of Protests in Brazil, China, and India. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 21(2), 143–164.
Schwalbe, C. B. (2006). Remembering Our Shared Past: Visually Framing the Iraq War on US News Websites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(1), 264–289.
Schwalbe, C. B. (2013). Visually framing the invasion and occupation of Iraq in Time, Newsweek, and US News & World Report. International Journal of Communication, 7(1), 239–262.
Tankard, J. W. (2001). The Empirical Approach to the Study of Media Framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (eds.), Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World (pp. 95–106). London, Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Tarrow, S. (2011). The Power in Social Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomanić Trivundža, I. (2015a). Press Photography and Visual Framing of News. Ljubljana: Faculty of Social Sciences.
Tomanić Trivundža, I. (2015b). And the Word Was Made Flesh, and Dwelt Among Us: On Zombies, Political Protests and the Transmodality of Political Metaphors. Družboslovne razprave, 31(80), 29–46
Vladisavljević, N. (2011). Protesti u nedemokratskim režimima. Političke perspektive, 1 (2011), 57–83.
Vladisavljević, N. (2014a). Competitive Authoritarianism and Popular Protest: Evidence from Serbia under Milošević. International Political Science Review, 37(1), 36–50
Vladisavljević, N. (2014b). Popular Protest in Authoritarian Regimes: Evidence from Communist and Post-communist States. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 14(2), 139–157.
Weaver, D. A., & Scacco, J. M. (2013). Revisiting the protest paradigm: The Tea Party as filtered through prime-time cable news. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(1), 61–84.
Wetzel, C. (2012). Envisioning Land Seizure: Diachronic Representations of the Occupation of Alcatraz Island. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(2), 151–171.
Autori zadržavaju autorska prava nad objavljenim člancima, a izdavaču daju neekskluzivno pravo da članak objavi, da u slučaju daljeg korišćenja članka bude naveden kao njegov prvi izdavač, kao i da distribuira članak u svim oblicima i medijima.
Licenciranje
Objavljeni članci distribuiraju se u skladu sa licencom Creative Commons Autorstvo - Deliti pod istim uslovima 4.0 International (CC BY-SA). Dopušteno je da se delo kopira i distribuira u svim medijima i formatima, da se prerađuje, menja i nadograđuje u bilo koje svrhe, uključujući i komercijalne, pod uslovom da se na pravilan način citiraju njegovi prvobitni autori, postavi link ka originalnoj licenci, naznači da li je delo izmenjeno i da se novo delo objavi pod istom licencom kao i originalno.
Korisnici su pri tome dužni da navedu pun bibliografski opis članka objavljenog u ovom časopisu (autori, naslov rada, naslov časopisa, volumen, sveska, paginacija), kao i njegovu DOI oznaku. U slučaju objavljivanja u elektronskoj formi takođe su dužni da postave HTML link, kako sa originalnim člankom objavljenim u časopisu CM: Communication and Media, tako i sa korišćenom licencom.
Autori mogu da stupaju u zasebne, ugovorne aranžmane za neekskluzivnu distribuciju rada objavljenog u časopisu (npr. postavljanje u institucionalni repozitorijum ili objavljivanje u knjizi), uz navođenje da je rad prvobitno objavljen u ovom časopisu.
Politika samoarhiviranja
Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu.
Autori su obavezni da pritom navedu pun bibliografski opis članka objavljenog u ovom časopisu (autori, naslov rada, naslov časopisa, volumen, sveska, paginacija) i postave link, kako na DOI oznaku tog članka, tako i na korišćenu licencu.Autorima je dozvoljeno da objavljenu verziju rada deponuju u institucionalni ili tematski repozitorijum ili da je objave na ličnim veb stranicama (uključujući i profile na društvenim mrežama, kao što su ResearchGate, Academia.edu, itd.), na sajtu institucije u kojoj su zaposleni u bilo koje vreme nakon objavljivanja u časopisu.
Odricanje od odgovornosti
Stavovi izneti u objavljenim radovima ne izražavaju stavove urednika i članova redakcije časopisa. Autori preuzimaju pravnu i moralnu odgovornost za ideje iznete u svojim radovima. Izdavač neće snositi nikakvu odgovornost u slučaju ispostavljanja bilo kakvih zahteva za naknadu štete.