GENDER STEREOTYPES IN SELECTED CHILDREN’S SHORT CARTOONS
Abstract
Looking at cartoon movies, children learn about masculinity and feminine, behavior, roles, expectations that shape fictional characters in stories shown in cartoon movies on television. The aim of the research is to determine what codes of film art and in what ways they convey gender stereotypes and how verbal and non-verbal means represent gender stereotypes as desirable and thus are a means in the process of socialization of children. The total duration of the observed material, all 65 episodes, in seven series, is 37,080 minutes, or about 10.30 hours. Sampling was conducted in March and April 2016. The results show that the cartoons that were the subject of the research, attracting the attention of children using the codes of film art, convey patriarchal social patterns, which is reflected in the gender socialization of children. However, a certain shift has been noticed, which indicates the maturing of the idea of the importance of gender equality, which should be represented not only in the patriarchate, but in all gender systems that are hierarchical.
References
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of Aggression through Imitation of Aggressive Models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), 575-582. Retrieved: 3.June, 2016. from https://www.all-about-psychology.com/support- files/transmission-of- aggression-through-imitation-of-aggressive-models.pdf
Bell, E. (1995). Sometexts at the Disney Shop: Constructing the Pentimentos of Women's Animated Bodies. In E. Bell, L. Haas & L. Sells (eds.). From mouse to mermaid: the politics of film, gender and culture (pp. 107-124). Bloomingtion and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Retrieved: 1. January, 2017. from https://docplayer.net/52457721-From-mouse-to-mermaid.html
Burguera, X. F. (2011) Muffled voices in animation. Gender roles and black stereotypes in warner bros. cartoons: From honey to babs bunny. Philology and Cultural Studies, 4(53), 65-76. Retrieved:12.December,2017. from http://webbut.unitbv.ro/BU2011/Series%20IV/BULETIN%20IV/g_10_Xavier%20Fuster.pdf
Burdije, P. (2001). Vladavina muškaraca. Podgorica: CID.
D´Acci, J. (2004). Televison, Reprezentation and Gender. In Robert C. Allen & Annette Hill (eds.). The television Studies Reader, Routledge. (pp. 373-388). London and New York: Routledge. Retrieved:1.December,2012. from https://www.academia.edu/37025120/DAcci_Julie_2004_Television_Representat ion_and_Gende
Davis, Michele A. (2001). Disney's Women:Changes in Depictions of Femininity In Walt Disney's Animated Feature Films,1937-1999. London: University College London. Retrieved: 30. 09. 2016. from http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1382007/1/391559.pdf
Deaux, K. & Lafrance, M. (1998). Gender. In Gilbet, D., T., Fiske, S., T., & Gardner, L (eds.). In The handbook of socijal psychology, Vol 1. (pp. 788-818).New York: McGraw - Hill.
Đekić, V. (2016). Rodne uloge i stereotipi u savreenom crtanom filmu. U: Pralica, Dejan & Šinković, Norbert (ur.), Zbornik radova: Digitalne medijske tehnologije i društveno-obrazovne promene 6. (str.82 - 92). Novi Sad: Univerzitet Novom Sadu. Filozofski fakultet, odsek za medijske studije.
Götz, M. (2008) Girls and Boys and Television: A few reminders for more gender sensitivity in children's TV. IZI (21) 2-15.Retrieved:3.March2016. from https://www.bronline.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/forschung/gender/IZI_Guidelines_WEB.pdf http://www.br-online.de/jugend/izi/deutsch/publikation/publikationen.htm
Grupa autora. (2018). Rodno neutralan jezik u Europskom parlamentu. Europski Parlament. Retrieved: 24. March 2021. from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/187100/GNL_Guidelines_HR-original.pdf
Hall, S. (1997a). The Work of Representation. In: S. Hall (eds.), Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage. (pp. 13-74). London: Sage Publications, The Open universitety. Retrieved:12.December,2016. from https://seminar580.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/hall- representation.pdf
Hall, S. (1997b). The Spectacle of the „Other“, In: S. Hall (eds.), Reprensentation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. (pp. 223-279). London: Sage Publications, The Open universitety. Retrieved: 12. December, 2016. from https://seminar580.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/hall-the-spectacle-of-the-other-pdf.pdf
Jarić, V., i Radović, N. (2011). Rečnik rodne ravnopravnosti, Uprava za rodnu ravnopravnost. Beograd: Ministarstvo rada i socijalne politike Republike Srbije, drugo i dopunjeno izdanje. Preuzeto sa: 8. Oktobar,2014. sa http://gendernet.rs/files/Publikacije/Publikacije/RECNIK-rodne-ravnopravnosti_2011.pdf
Klein, H., & Shiffman, K. S. (2006). Messages about physical attractiveness in animated cartoons. Body Image, 3(4), 353–363. Retrieved: 30. September, 2016. from https://www.academia.edu/3046288/Messages_about_physical_attractiveness_in_animated_cartoons
Leaper, C. & Friedman, C. K. (2007). The Socijalization of Gender. In: Joan E. Grusec & Paul D. Hastings (eds.), Handbook of socialiyation: theory and reseurch (pp. 561-587). New York: The Guildford Press. Retrieved: 24. December, 2018. from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232459559_The_Socialization_of_Gender
Maričić, J. (2009). Teorije i istraživanja predrasuda u dečijoj dobi.Psihologijske teme, 18 (1), (pp. 137-157). Preuzeto: 27. Septembar, 2018. sa https://hrcak.srce.hr/39921
Matović, M. (2010). Rodni stereotipi u crtanim filmovima Volta Diznija. CM : Communication and Media, 5 (15), 107-122. Preuzeto: 1. Decembar, 2012. sa www.fpn.bg.ac.rs/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/CM15.pdf
Millett, K. (1981). Teorija politike polova. Marksizam u svetu: studije o ženi i ženski pokret, časopis prevoda iz strane periodike i knjiga. 8(8-9), 168-184. Preuzeto: 20. Maj, 2021. sa https://novi.uciteljneznalica.org/PDF/arhiva%20autora/505_Vuleti,%20Ljiljana%20(ur.)%20Marksizam%20u%20svetu%20br.%208-9%20 %20Studije%20o%20eni%20i%20enski%20pokreti%20NIRO%20Komunist%201981.pdf
Milinović, J., i Savić, S. (2011). Rod i oblačenje: Djevojčice nose plavo, a dječaci roza?!?! Misterije rodne ravnopravnosti i još po nešto. Banja Luka: Helšinski parlament građana. (21-22).
Mitrović, D., i Trogrlić, A. (2014). Psihologija polnih razlika i sličnosti. Beograd: Synapsa edicije.
Papić, Ž. (1993). Patrijarhat. U: Enciklopedija političke kulture. M. Matić i M. Podunavac (ur.). Beograd: Savremena administracija. Preuzeto: 24. April, 2021. sa http://www.gay-serbia.com/teorija/2005/05-01-11-patrijarhat/index.jsp
Pejtmen, K. (2001). Polni ugovor. Beograd: Feministička 94.
Radović, S., i Radulović, M. (2016). Transformacija u predstavljanju rodnih uloga u animiranim filmovima: primer Diznijevih princeza. Sociologija: časopis za sociologiju, socijalnu psihologiju i socijalnu antropologiju, 58(1), 86-112. Preuzeto: 21. Februar, 2017. sa
http://www.sociologija.org/admin/published/2016_58/1/478.pdf
Reinharz, S. & Davidman, L. (1996). Feminist Methods in Social Research. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rodno neutralan jezik u Europskom parlamentu. (2018). Europski Parlament. Pogledano: 24. 03. 2021. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/cmsdata/187100/GNL_Guidelines_HR-original.pdf
Tadić, D. (2006). TV reklama: televizijska reklama kao propagandno sredstvo. Beograd: Spektrum books.
Thompson, L. T. & Zerbinos, E. (1995). Gender roles in animated cartoons: Has the picture changed in 20. Years? Sex Roles, 32 (9/10), 651 - 673. Retrieved: 4. May, 2017. from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0e9f/52adce6bd840ae6a1d0e2eb25ae79cd5dee4.pdf
Valić Nedeljković, D. (2008). Sereotipi u medijima. Beograd: Medija centar Beograd. Preuzeto: 22. April, 2016. sa http://www.mc.rs/stereotipi-u-medijima.1143.html
Van Dijk, T. (2008). Discourse and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Copyright
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
Licensing
The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA). It is allowed to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and remix, transform, and build upon it for any purpose, even commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), a link to the license is provided, it is indicated if changes were made and the new work is distributed under the same license as the original.
Users are required to provide full bibliographic description of the original publication (authors, article title, journal title, volume, issue, pages), as well as its DOI code. In electronic publishing, users are also required to link the content with both the original article published in CM: Communication and Media and the licence used.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Self-archiving policy
Authors are permitted to deposit author’s publisher's version (PDF) of their work in an institutional repository, subject-based repository, author's personal website (including social networking sites, such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc.), at any time after publication.
Full bibliographic information (authors, article title, journal title, volume, issue, pages) about the original publication must be provided and links must be made to the article's DOI and the license.
Disclaimer
The views expressed in the published works do not express the views of the Editors and the Editorial Staff. The authors take legal and moral responsibility for the ideas expressed in the articles. Publisher shall have no liability in the event of issuance of any claims for damages. The Publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.