UTICAJ RAZLIČITIH HEMIJSKIH SREDSTAVA I USLOVA SKLADIŠTENJA NA MIKROBIOLOŠKI SASTAV SEMENA INDUSTRIJSKE KONOPLJE (Cannabis sativa L.)
Sažetak
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitivanje različitih hemijskih sredstava za dobijanje mikrobiološki bezbednog semena industrijske konoplje, koje bi se moglo koristiti za dalju preradu u hranu (sa smanjenim ukupnim brojem mikroorganizama, ukupnim brojem kvasaca i plesni, i ukupnim brojem enterobakterija). Da bi se dobilo seme primenljivo za ishranu, optimalni temperaturni uslovi skladištenja (sobna temperatura, frižider, zamrzivač), način pakovanja semena (vakuum/bez vakuuma) i primena različitih hemijskih tretmana (etanol, natrijum hidrogen karbonat, natrijum hipohlorit) su testirani na sertifikovanom semenu industrijske konoplje, proizvedenom u dve uzastopne godine. Optimalni uslovi skladištenja su se razlikovali za različite mikroorganizme, a najoptimalnije skladištenje je bilo na sobnoj temperaturi, za seme iz 2018. godine, a u cilju smanjenja broja enterobakterija i ukupnog broja mikroorganizama. Pri skladištenju semena iz 2018. godine u cilju smanjenja broja plesni i kvasaca primećen je nešto manji broj datih mikroorganizama kada je seme čuvano u vakuumski zatvorenoj vrećici, na temperaturi frižidera/zamrzivača. Za seme konoplje iz 2019. godine najoptimalniji uslovi skladištenja su bili na temperaturi frižidera (za redukciju broja enterobakterija) i u zamrzivaču (za redukciju ukupnog broja mikroorganizama). Za smanjenje ukupnog broja plesni i kvasaca, optimalni uslovi su bili na sobnoj temperaturi. Etanol (75%, v/v) je bio najefikasnije sredstvo za dezinfekciju među ispitivanim hemijskim sredstvima, bez obzira na početni broj mikroorganizama, sa log smanjenjem od 3,2 (za ukupan broj enterobakterija), 2,9 log (za ukupan broj mikroorganizama) i ukupnim smanjenjem broja kvasaca i plesni nakon 10 minuta delovanja, za seme proizvedeno 2019. godine, koje je bilo mnogo više kontaminirano u odnosu na seme iz 2018. godine. Uzimajući u obzir cenu metoda dezinfekcije etanolom, natrijum hipohlorit može biti bolje rešenje za smanjenje broja mikrobiota na semenu.
Reference
Afolabi, Q. O., & Kareem, K. T. (2018). Antifungal activities of Carica papaya and sodium bicarbonate against soybean fungi. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 12(5), 2085-2092. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v12i5.10
Al-Amodi, M. O. (2016). Fungi associated with seeds of Ashford variety of groundnut grown in Yemen and its disinfection in vitro using sodium hypochlorite. Journal of Global Biosciences, 5(1), 3414-3422.
Aliyu, T. H. (2018). The effect of Sodium Hypochlorite and Ethanol as seed sterilants on cowpea infected with CowpeaMottle Virus. The Nigerian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31(1), 3122-3127.
Bradford, K. J., Dahal, P., Van Asbrouck, J., Kunusoth, K., Bello, P., Thompson, J., & Wu, F., (2018). The dry chain: Reducing postharvest losses and improving food safety in humid climates. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 71, 84-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.002
Brar, P. K., & Danyluk, M. D. (2018). Nuts and grains: microbiology and preharvest contamination risks. Microbiology Spectrum, 6(2). doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.pfs-0023-2018
Callaway, J. C. (2004). Hempseed as a nutritional resource: an overview. Euphytica, 140 (1-2), 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4811-6
Curran, D. M., & Montville, T. J. (1989). Bicarbonate inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hansenula wingei growth in apple juice. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 8(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1605(89)90074-3
Frassinetti, S., Gabriele, M., Moccia, E., Longo, V., & Di Gioia, D. (2020). Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of Cannabis sativa L. seeds extract against Staphylococcus aureus and growth effects on pro-biotic Lactobacillus spp. LWT, 124, 109149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109149
Fukuzaki, S. (2006). Mechanisms of actions of sodium hypochlorite in cleaning and disinfection processes. Biocontrol Science, 11(4), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.4265/bio.11.147
Kareem, K. T., Afolabi, Q. O., Shorinmade, A. Y., & Akinbode, O. A. (2018). Management of seed-borne fungi in cowpea using leaf extracts and sodium bicarbonate. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 22(4), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i4.23
Laca, A., Mousia, Z., Dı́az, M., Webb, C., & Pandiella, S. S. (2006). Distribution of microbial contamination within cereal grains. Journal of Food Engineering, 72(4), 332-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.12.012
Mamun, M. Al. A. (2018). Safe storage guidelines for industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) seeds (MSc thesis). University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
McKernan, K., Spangler, J., Helbert, Y., Lynch, R. C., Devitt-Lee, A., Zhang, L., Orphe, W., Warner, J., Foss, T., Hudalla, C. J., & Silva, M. (2016). Meta-genomic analysis of medicinal Cannabis samples; pathogenic bacteria, toxigenic fungi, and beneficial microbes grow in culture-based yeast and mold tests. F1000Research, 5, 2471. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9662.1
McPartland, J. M., & Hillig, K. W. (2004). Cannabis clinic Fusarium Wilt. Journal of Industrial Hemp, 9(2), 67-77.
McPartland, J. M., & McKernan, K. J. (2017). Contaminants of concern in cannabis: microbes, heavy metals and pesticides. In S. Chandra, H. Lata, & M. ElSohly (Eds.), Cannabis sativa L.-Botany and Biotechnology (pp. 457-474). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54564-6_22
Montoya, Z., Conroy, M., Vanden Heuvel, B. D., Pauli, C. S., & Park, S. H. (2020). Cannabis contaminants limit pharmacological use of cannabi-diol. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11, 1439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.571832
Pravilnik. (2013). Pravilnik o uslovima za gajenje ko-noplje. Službeni glasnik RS, 64/2013
Oyebanji, O. B., Nweke, O., Odebunmi, O., Galadima, N. B., Idris, M. S., Nnodi, U. N., Afolabi, A.S., & Ogbadu, G. H. (2009). Simple, effective and economical explant-surface sterilization protocol for cowpea, rice and sorghum seeds. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(20), 5395-5399.
Plavšić, D. V., Škrinjar, M. M., Psodorov, Đ. B., Šarić, L. Ć., Psodorov, D. Đ., Varga, A. O. & Mandić, A. I. (2017).Mycopopulations of grain and flour of wheat, corn and buckwheat. Food and Feed Research, 44(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.5937/FFR1701039P
Singh, J., Paroha, S., & Mishra, R. P. (2017). Factors affecting oilseed quality during storage with special reference to soybean (Glycine max) and Niger (Guizotia abyssinica) seeds. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Scien-ces, 6(10), 2215-2226. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.262
Small, E., & Beckstead, H. D. (1973). Common cannabi-noid phenotypes in 350 stocks of Cannabis. Lloydia, 36(2), 144-165.
SRPS ISO. 21527-2:2011 (2011). Horizontal method for the enumeration of yeasts and moulds: Colony count technique in products with water activity less than or equal to 0.95. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs. Geneva, Switzerland: Inter-national Organization for Standardization.
SRPS EN ISO. 4833-1:2014 (2014). Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms — Part 1: Colony count at 30 °C by the pour plate technique. Microbiology of the food chain. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standar-dization.
SRPS EN ISO 21528-2:2017. (2017). Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Entero-bacteriaceae - Part 2: Colony-count technique. Microbiology of the food chain. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standar-dization.
SRPS EN ISO 6887-1:2017. (2017). Preparation of test samples, initial suspension and decimal dilutions for microbiological examination – Part 1: General rules for the preparation of the initial suspension and decimal dilutions. Microbiology of the food chain. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization.
Teh, S. S., & Birch, J. (2013). Physicochemical and quality characteristics of cold-pressed hemp, flax and canola seed oils. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 30(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2013.01.004
Winston, M. E., Hampton-Marcell, J., Zarraonaindia, I., Owens, S. M., Moreau, C. S., Gilbert, J. A., Hartsel, J.,Kennedy, S. J., & Gibbons, S.M. (2014). Understanding cultivar specificity and soil determinants of the cannabis microbiome. PLoS ONE 9(9), e107415. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107415
Yang, Y., Meier, F., Ann Lo, J., Yuan, W., Lee Pei Sze, V., Chung, H. J., & Yuk, H. G. (2013). Overview of recent events in the microbiological safety of sprouts and new intervention technologies. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 12(3), 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12010
Žeželj, M. (1995). Tehnologija žita i brašna, Novi Sad: Tehnološki fakultet, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu.