An Exploratory Analysis of Cost of Covid-19 Vaccines in India

  • Netra Pal Singh
  • Aradhana Sorout School of Business Management and Commerce, MVN University, Palwal
Keywords: Covishield, Covaxin, Sputnik, Covid-19, Free Vaccines, New Vaccine Policy, Cost of Vaccines

Abstract


This research paper presents a status analysis of cost of Covid-19 vaccines in India. The status analysis includes cost of different vaccines and changes made by the Central Government in the fixing or changing prices of vaccines during pandemic. Efforts of Central Government in ramping up vaccine production, and procurement.  In addition, research paper elaborates the challenges faced with respect to communication and making large population aware about benefits of vaccination, commitment and responsibility of Government of India about the vaccination program to save life of its citizens. Based on the research, it is concluded that India is the only country which is not forcing its citizens to pay for vaccines and vaccinated large part of the population, and caped the prices to an optimal level as compared to other economies. It is also observed that awareness about vaccines availability, efficacy, and price among urban and semi-urban people of all age and gender is very high but still the vaccination penetration was low initially due to economic and social factors. Based on the analysis it is suggested that health sector should be made part of concurrent list of Union of India so that central government and state government can fight future scenarios together more effectively.

References

Aggarwal P., Mishra M. (2021). How much of India's population has been inoculated, age wise, July 2, 2021. Retrieved on September 4, 2021 from https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/how-much-of-india-population-has-been-inoculated-age-wise-1823256-2021-07-02


 


Banerjee, S. (2021). Serum Institute of India cuts Covishield price for states to ₹300 per dose, April 28. Retrieved on August 27, 2021 from https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/serum-institute-of-india-cuts-covishield-vaccine-price-for-states-to-300-per-dose/article34431403.ece


 


Bharadwaj, S. and Mukherjee, R. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine:  Covaxin priced at Rs 600 for states, Rs 2000 for private hospitals, April 25.  Retrieved on September 02, 2021 from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covaxin-to-cost-rs-600-for-states-rs-1200-for-private-hospitals-says-bharat-biotech/articleshow/82234371.cms


 


Brekke, Kurt R., Grasdal,Astrid L., Holms,Tor H.(2009). Regulation and pricing of pharmaceuticals: reference pricing or price cap regulation? European Economic Review, 53(2),170-85.


 


BusinessToday.In (2021). Vaccinating Indians above 18 years to cost less than 1% of annual GDP: India Ratings, Apr 23, 2021. Retrieved on September 4, 2021 from https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/vaccinating-indians-above-18-years-to-cost-less-than-1-of-annual-gdp-india-ratings-294171-2021-04-23


 


Chatterjee, S. Das, P., Nigam, A. Nandi, A. Brenzel, L., Ray, A., Haldar, P., Aggarwal, M.K., Laxminarayan, R.  (2018). Variation in cost and performance of routine immunisation service delivery in India. BMJ Glob Health 2018;3:e000794. doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2018-000794


 


Chen, W., Messonnier, M., & Zhou, F. (2017). Factors associated with the pricing of childhood vaccines in the U.S. public sector. Health Economics, 27(2), 252–265. doi:10.1002/hec.3539. 


 


Das, S. (2021). New price is good but Rs 250 a dose better: Covid-19 vaccine makers, July 17.  Retrieved on August 21, 2021 from https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/new-price-good-but-rs-250-a-dose-better-covid-19-vaccine-makers-121071601548_1.html


 


Dey, S. and Mukherjee, R. (2021). Government approves first Covid-19 vaccine for children above 12 years, August 21. Retrieved on September 02, 2021 from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine-for-children-above-12-years/articleshow/85492651.cms


 


Dutta, S.S. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine to cost Rs 250 per dose in private hospitals, only Covishield to be available, February 27.  Retrieved on September 10, 2021 from https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/27/covid-19-vaccine-to-cost-rs-250-per-dose-in-private-hospitals-only-covishield-to-be-available-2269799.html


 


Dylst, P., & Simoens, S. (2011). Does the Market Share of Generic Medicines Influence the Price Level? PharmacoEconomics, 29(10), 875–882. doi:10.2165/11585970-000000000-00000.


 


Ekelund, M. (2001). Competition and innovation in the Swedish pharmaceutical market, Ph.D. Thesis, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved on November 11, 2021 from https://ex.hhs.se/dissertations/221657-FULLTEXT02.pdf.


 


ET Bureau (2021). Opposition demands ‘One Nation, One Vaccine Price’, April 22.  Retrieved on September 02, 2021 from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/opposition-demands-one-nation-one-vaccine-price/articleshow/82190586.cms?from=mdr 


 


ET Edit (2021). For vaccine costs, tap health insurance, May 01. Retrieved on August 21, 2021 from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-editorials/for-vaccine-costs-tap-health-insurance/


 


ET Online (2021). What will the coronavirus vaccine cost you? April 25. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/what-will-the-coronavirus-vaccine-cost-you/articleshow/82242752.cms?from=mdr


 


Express Web Desk (2021). Third phase of Covid-19 vaccination begins today: All your questions answered, April 03. Retrieved on August 21, 2021 from https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-vaccine-third-phase-45-age-guide-registration-7253020/.                                                                                                                                        


 


FE Online (2021). Cpvid-19 vaccine wide disparity in vaccination charges at private hospitals in India, May 11. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/covid-19-vaccine-wide-disparity-in-vaccination-charges-at-private-hospitals-in-india/2249818/.


 


Griffiths, U., Oyatoye, I., Asman, J., Mandalia, N.  Logan Brenzel, L. Brooks, D., Resch, S. (2022) Costs and predicted financing gap to deliver COVID-19 vaccines in 133 low- and middle-income countries, WHO Health Workforce Department, 2021


 


 


Hecht R, Kaddar M, Schmitt S (2011). Transparent pricing of vaccines would help poor as well as rich countries. BMJ 2011;343:d7414 doi: 10.1136/bmj.d7414


 


Hussain, R., Bukhari, N., Rehman,A., Hassali,M., Babar, Z. (2020). Vaccine Prices: A Systematic Review of Literature. Vaccines, 8(4): 629 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040629.  


 


Jacobson, S. (2012). Vaccine pricing: how can we get it right? Expert Review of Vaccines, 11(10), 1163–1165. doi:10.1586/erv.12.95.


 



 


Kaplan,D., and Wehrwein, P.(2021) The Price Tags on the COVID-19 Vaccines, MHE March, 31(3): 26-27. Retrieved on September 12, 2021 from https://www.managedhealthcareexecutive.com/view/the-price-tags-on-the-covid-19-vaccines.


 


Kapur, M. (2021). For all its “made in India” pitch, Covaxin is the most expensive Covid-19 vaccine in India, June 10. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://qz.com/india/2019375/why-does-covaxin-cost-more-than-covishield-and-sputnik-in-india/


 


Lee, B.Y.  & McGlone, S.M. (2010). Pricing of new vaccines: Hum Vaccin.6(8), 619–626.


 


Leo, L.  (2021). SII set price tags for Covishield vaccine, April, 22.  Retrieved on September 4, 2021 from ivemint.com/news/india/covishield-to-cost-400-per-dose-for-states-600-for-private-hospitals-11618991072705.html


 


Lu, J.C., and W.S. Comanor [1998] "Strategic Pricing of New Pharmaceuticals" Review of Economics and Statistics 80 (1), 108-118.






 


McGuire, T. (2003).  Setting Prices for New Vaccines (in Advance). International Journal of Health Care Finance and Economics, 3(3), 207-224. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025336903645


 


Mohfe.gov.in (2021a). Liberized pricing and accelerated national Covid-19 vaccination strategy, April 21. Retrieved on August 03, 2021 from https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/LiberalisedPricingandAcceleratedNationalCovid19VaccinationStrategy2042021.pdf


 


Mohfw.gov.in (2021). Revised Guidelines for implementation of National COVID Vaccination Program. Retrieved on September 3, 2021 from https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/RevisedVaccinationGuidelines.pdf.


 


Nagarajan, R. (2021). At Rs 700-Rs 1,500, price of Covid vaccine in India’s private sector among costly, May 10.  Retrieved on August 21, 2021 from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/at-rs700-rs1500-price-of-covid-vaccine-in-indias-private-sector-among-costliest/articleshow/82509814.cms


 


Perappadan, B.S. (2021). Coronavirus| First phase of Vaccination to start on January 16, January 09. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-start-covid-19-vaccination-drive-on-jan-16/article33536670.ece


 


PIB (2021). HFW/COVID Immunisation strategy, April 19.  Retrieved on November 11, 201 from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1712710


 


PIB (2021). Media reports alleging that Centre has not placed any fresh order for COVID19 vaccines are incorrect and not based on facts, May 03.  Retrieved on September 04, 2021 from https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1715649


 


Press Release (2021). Vaccine monopolies make cost of vaccinating the world against COVID at least 5 times more expensive than it could be, July 29. Retrieved on September 12, 2021 from https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/vaccine-monopolies-make-cost-vaccinating-world-against-covid-least-5-times-more


Press Release (2021). Vaccine monopolies make cost of vaccinating the world against COVID at least 5 times more expensive than it could be, July 29.  Retrieved on September 09, 2021 from https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/vaccine-monopolies-make-cost-vaccinating-world-against-covid-least-5-times-more


 


Proano RA, Jacobson SH, Zhang W (2012). Making combination vaccines more accessible to low-income countries: the antigen bundle pricing problem. Omega 40(1), 53–64 (2012)


 


PTI (2021). Low Covaxin Price for Centre Pushing Up Cost of Vaccine for Private Sector: Bharat Biotech, June 15. Retrieved on August 09, 2021 from https://thewire.in/business/low-covaxin-price-for-centre-pushing-up-cost-of-vaccine-for-private-sector-bharat-biotech


 


Robbins, M., Jacobson, S. (2015). Analytics for vaccine economics and pricing: insights and observations. Expert Rev Vaccines, 14(4), 605-16.  doi: 10.1586/14760584.2015.985662.


 


Sahadeva, A. (2021). Pricing & reimburshment lawas and regulation 2021, Global Legal insights. Retrieved on August 08, 2022 from.https://www.globallegalinsights.com/practice-areas/pricing-and-reimbursement-laws-and-regulations/india#:~:text=Drug%20pricing,-Back%20to%20top&text=In%20India%2C%20while%20all%20drugs,are%20left%20to%20market%20forces.


 


Saikia, A. (2021). The private sector will lead India’s second phase of Covid-19 vaccinations. What does it mean? February 27. Retrieved on August 21, 2021 from https://scroll.in/article/988042/the-private-sector-will-lead-indias-second-phase-of-covid-19-vaccination-what-does-it-mean


 


Tandon, A. (2021). Covid vaccine cost in private hospitals capped at Rs 250 per dose, February 27. Retrieved on August 30, 2021 from https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/covid-vaccine-cost-in-private-hospitals-capped-at-rs-250-per-dose-218280


 


Telangana Today (2021). Differential vaccine pricing for private sector justified: Bharat Biotech, June 15. Retrieved on August 25, 2021 from https://telanganatoday.com/differential-vaccine-pricing-for-private-sector-justified-bharat-biotech


 


Thakur, D. (2020). India’s drug regulator has failed the pandemic stress test. The U.S. should take notice, December 11. Retrieved on August 20, 2022 from https://www.statnews.com/2020/12/11/drug-regulator-india-failed-pandemic-stress/


 


The Wire Staff (2021). Everything You Wanted to Know About the Price of Vaccines in India, April 22. Retrieved on August 21, 2021 from https://science.thewire.in/health/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-price-of-vaccines-in-india/


 


 


Times Now Digital (2021). Bharat Biotech justifies high price of Covaxin for private hospitals, says government procurement cost unsustainable, June 15. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/bharat-biotech-justifies-high-price-of-covaxin-for-private-hospitals-says-govt-procurement-cost-unsustainable/770929


 


Timesofindia.com (2021). Centre caps vaccine prices Covishield at Rs 780, Covaxin at 1410.  June 08. Retrieved on August 21, 2021 from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-caps-vaccine-prices-covishield-at-rs-780-covaxin-rs-1410/articleshow/83343406.cms


 


TNN (2021). Covid 19: Only six states to begin vaccination for 18+ from today, May 01. Retrieved on September 01, 2021 from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-only-six-states-to-begin-vaccination-for-18-from-today/articleshow/82335939.cms  


 


Wouters, O.J., Shadlen, K.C., Salcer-Konard, M, Pollard, A.J., Larson, H.J. Teerawattananon, Y., and Jit, M. (2021).  Challenges in ensuring global access, affordability, allocation, and development, 

Published
2023/05/12
Section
Original Scientific Paper