CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE BEST PRACTICES OF BEHAVIOR-BASED SAFETY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SMES)
Abstract
Employee in small manufacturing enterprise (SMEs) industry suffer high rates of industrial accident than large company as reflected eight times more fatal accidents and 50 % of injuries more likely to occur. With the rising importance of the SMEs, ensuring high levels of safety in SMEs remains a significant issue. This study was undertaken to explore the factors influencing the behaviour-based safety performance in the small medium enterprise. A comprehensive review of the safety literature enabled the invention of the constructs, and items that supported a conceptual behavior-based safety performance evaluation framework. A conceptual framework was adopted based on integration Theory Planned Behavior and Social Exchange Theory. Thus, this study proposed four constructs of behavior-based safety performance evaluation, namely, work ownership and Islamic work ethics, safety climate, and behavior-based safety performance. The best practice of behavior-based safety performance evaluation conceptual framework is proposed for implementation by the SMEs Entrepreneur and practitioner to proactively monitor and manage SMEs safety in the future. The framework will be tested empirically using data collected from SMEs companies in Malaysia. This conceptual framework is one of the alternatives to effectively evaluate safety performance in SMEs, particularly in the Malaysian context.
References
Abdus Satta, A., & Aiza Hussain, R. (2012). Impact of Islamic work ethics (IWEs), reward system (RS) and organizational work environment (OWE) on citizenship behavior of employees (CBE). Science International (Lahore) Journal, 24(4), 513–519.
Abdus Sattar, A., Kashif, R., & Ommar Hayat, A. (2010). Role of Islamic leadership in value based corporate management : The case of Pakistan. African Journal of Business Management, 4(18), 4003–4020.
Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., & Fazella, S. (2017). Perception of Tourism Impact and Support Tourism Development in Terengganu, Malaysia. Social Sciences, 6(3), 106.
Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., Salleh, F., Ghazali, P., & Rashid, N. (2018). The effect of product quality, medical price and staff skills on patient loyalty via cultural impact in medical tourism. Management Science Letters, 8(12), 1421-1424.
Afthanorhan, A., Awang, Z., Rashid, N., Foziah, H., & Ghazali, P. (2019). Assessing the effects of service quality on customer satisfaction. Management Science Letters, 9(1), 13-24.
Agnew, C., Flin, R., & Mearns, K. (2013). Patient safety climate and worker safety behaviours in acute hospitals in Scotland. Journal of Safety Research, 45, 95–101.
Ajzen, I. (2011). Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology: Volume one. (P. A. M. Van Lange, A. W. Kruglanski, & E. T. Higgins, Eds.). SAGE Publications.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude–behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888–918. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
Ali, A. J. (1992). The Islamic work ethic in Arabia. Journal of Psychology, 126(September 2013), 507. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1992.10543384
Ali, A. J., & Al-Owaihan, A. (2008). Islamic work ethic: A critical review. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 15(1), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600810848791.
AL-Mhasnah, A., Salleh, F., Afthanorhan, A., & Ghazali, P. (2018). The relationship between services quality and customer satisfaction among Jordanian healthcare sector. Management Science Letters, 8(12), 1413-1420.
Ariss, S. S. (2003). Employee involvement to improve safety in the workplace : An ethical impertive. American Journal of Business, 18(2), 9–16. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/19355181200300007
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta-analytic review. The British Journal of Social Psychology / the British Psychological Society, 40(Pt 4), 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Aziz, M. I., Afthanorhan, A., & Awang, Z. (2016). Talent development model for a career in Islamic banking institutions: A SEM approach. Cogent Business & Management, 3(1), 1186259.
Bahari, S. F., & Clarke, S. (2013). Cross-validation of an employee safety climate model in Malaysia. Journal of Safety Research, 45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2012.12.003
Barbaranelli, C., Petitta, L., & Probst, T. M. (2015). Does safety climate predict safety performance in Italy and the USA? Cross-cultural validation of a theoretical model of safety climate. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 77, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.01.012
Beus, J. M., Payne, S. C., Bergman, M. E., & Arthur, W. (2010). Safety climate and injuries: An examination of theoretical and empirical relationships. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(4), 713–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019164
Bronkhorst, B., Tummers, L., & Steijn, B. (2017). Improving safety climate and behavior through a multifaceted intervention: Results from a field experiment. Behavioral Public Administration, 103(May 2017), 1–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.009
Brown, G., Pierce, J. L., & Crossley, C. (2014). Toward an understanding of the development of ownership feelings. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 318–338. https://doi.org/10.1002/job
Casey, T. W., & Krauss, A. D. (2013). The role of effective error management practices in increasing miners’ safety performance. Safety Science, 60, 131–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.07.001
Cheyne, A., Oliver, A., Tomás, J. M., & Cox, S. (2002). The architecture of employee attitudes to safety in the manufacturing sector. Personnel Review, 31(6), 649–670. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480210445953
Choudhry, R. M. (2014). Behavior-based safety on construction sites: A case study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 70, 14–23.
Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C., & Burke, M. J. (2009). Workplace safety: A meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(5), 1103–1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016172
Cigularov, K. P., Adams, S., Gittleman, J. L., Haile, E., & Chen, P. Y. (2013). Measurement equivalence and mean comparisons of a safety climate measure across construction trades. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 51, 68–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.11.004
Cigularov, K. P., Chen, P. Y., & Rosecrance, J. (2010). The effects of error management climate and safety communication on safety: A multi-level study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1498–1506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.01.003
Clarke, S. (2006). The relationship between safety climate and safety performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.4.315
Clarke, S. (2010). An integrative model of safety climate: Linking psychological climate and work attitudes to individual safety outcomes using meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 553–578. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X452122
Clarke, S. (2013). Safety leadership: A meta-analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(1), 22–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2012.02064.x
Cohen, H. H., & Jensen, R. C. (1984). Measuring the effectiveness of an industrial lift truck safety training program. Journal of Safety Research, 15(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(84)90023-9
Cui, L., Fan, D., Fu, G., & Zhu, C. J. (2013). An integrative model of organizational safety behavior. Journal of Safety Research, 45, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2013.01.001
DeArmond, S., Smith, A. E., Wilson, C. L., Chen, P. Y., & Cigularov, K. P. (2011). Individual safety performance in the construction industry: Development and validation of two short scales. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(3), 948–954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.020
Dejoy, D. M., Della, L. J., Vandenberg, R. J., & Wilson, M. G. (2010). Making work safer testing a Model of Social Exchange and safety management. Journal of Safety Reserach, 41(2), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2010.02.001
Didla, S. (2008). Influence of leadership and safety climate on employee safety compliance and citizenship behaviours. University of Aberdeen.
Du, X., & Zhao, X. (2011). An empirical investigation of the influence of safety climate on safety citizenship behavior in coal mine. Procedia Engineering, 26, 2173–2180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.2422
Fang, D., & Wu, H. (2013). Development of a safety culture interaction (SCI) model for construction projects. Safety Science, 57, 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.02.003
Farrukh, M., Butt, S., & Mansori, S. (2015). Innovation capability: The role of Islamic work ethics. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 5(7), 125.
Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., & Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2009). Relation between occupational safety management and firm performance. Safety Science, 47(7), 980–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2008.10.022
Fernández-Muñiz, B., Montes-Peón, J. M., & Vázquez-Ordás, C. J. (2014). Safety leadership, risk management and safety performance in Spanish firms. Safety Science, 70, 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.07.010
Fogarty, G. J., & Shaw, A. (2010). Safety climate and the Theory of Planned Behavior: Towards the prediction of unsafe behavior. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1455–1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.008
Fugas, C. S., Silva, S. A., & Meliá, J. L. (2012). Another look at safety climate and safety behavior: Deepening the cognitive and social mediator mechanisms. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 45, 468–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.08.013
Goh, Y. M., Love, P. E. D., Stagbouer, G., & Annesley, C. (2012). Dynamics of safety performance and culture: A group model building approach. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 48, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.05.010
Griffin, M., & Neal, A. (2000). Perceptions of safety at work: A framework for linking safety climate to safety performance, knowledge, and motivation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(3), 347–358.
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., & Krey, N. (2017). Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling in the Journal of Advertising: Review and Recommendations. Journal of Advertising, 46(1), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1281777
Hall, M. E. (2006). Measuring the safety climate of steel mini-mill workers using an instrument validated by structural equation modeling. University of Tennessee.
Haro, E. (2010). An evaluation of perceived and observed safety and productivity in residential construction. Unpublished. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Hayati, K., & Caniago, I. (2012). Islamic work ethic: The role of intrinsic motivation, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and job performance. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65(ICIBSoS 2012), 1102–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.148
Hinsz, V. B., & Nickell, G. S. (2015). The prediction of workers’ food safety intentions and behavior with job attitudes and the reasoned action approach. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 31(2), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.03.001
Hofmann, D. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (1999). Safety-related behavior as a social exchange: The role of perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.2.286
Huang, Y.-H., Chen, P. Y., & Grosch, J. W. (2010). Safety climate: New developments in conceptualization, theory, and research. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1421–1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.12.007
Huang, Y.-H., Leamon, T. B., Courtney, T. K., Chen, P. Y., & DeArmond, S. (2007). Corporate financial decision-makers’ perceptions of workplace safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 39(4), 767–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.11.007
Huang, Y.-H., Zohar, D., Robertson, M. M., Garabet, A., Murphy, L. A., & Lee, J. (2013). Development and validation of safety climate scales for mobile remote workers using utility/electrical workers as exemplar. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 59, 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.04.030
Huang, Y. hsiang, Lee, J., Chen, Z., Perry, M., Cheung, J. H., & Wang, M. (2017). An item-response theory approach to safety climate measurement: The Liberty Mutual Safety Climate Short Scales. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 103, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.015
Imanol, N., & Villanueva, M. (2011). Safety capital: The management of organizational knowledge on occupational health and safety. Journal of Workplace Learning, 23(1), 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665621111097254
Jaya Paul, A. D. (2014). Predictors of safety compliance among the manufacturing employees in Penfacbic Mill 4. University Utara Malaysia.
Jiang, L., Yu, G., Li, Y., & Li, F. (2010). Perceived colleagues’ safety knowledge/behavior and safety performance: Safety climate as a moderator in a multilevel study. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1468–1476.
Jussila, I., Tarkiainen, A., Sarstedt, M., & Hair, J. F. (2015). Individual psychological ownership: Concepts, evidence, and implications for research in marketing. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 23(2), 121–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2015.1002330
Kath, L. M., Magley, V. J., & Marmet, M. (2010). The role of organizational trust in safety climate’s influence on organizational outcomes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1488–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.11.010
Kumar, N., & Rose, R. C. (2010). Examining the link between Islamic work ethic and innovation capability. Journal of Management Development, 29(1), 79–93.
Lee, J., Huang, Y., Robertson, M. M., Murphy, L. A., Garabet, A., & Chang, W.-R. (2014). External validity of a generic safety climate scale for lone workers across different industries and companies. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 63, 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.013
Liu, X., Huang, G., Huang, H., Wang, S., Xiao, Y., & Weiqing Chen. (2015). Safety climate, safety behavior, and worker injuries in the Chinese manufacturing industry. Safety Science, 78, 173–178.
Lu, C. S., & Yang, C. S. (2011). Safety climate and safety behavior in the passenger ferry context. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 43(1), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.09.001
Martínez-Córcoles, M., Gracia, F., Tomás, I., & Peiró, J. M. (2011). Leadership and employees’ perceived safety behaviours in a nuclear power plant: A structural equation model. Safety Science, 49(8–9), 1118–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.03.002
Mearns, K., Hope, L., Ford, M. T., & Tetrick, L. E. (2010). Investment in workforce health: exploring the implications for workforce safety climate and commitment. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1445–1454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.08.009
Mooren, L., Grzebieta, R., Williamson, A., Olivier, J., & Friswell, R. (2014). Safety management for heavy vehicle transport: A review of the literature. Safety Science, 62, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.08.001
Morrow, S. L., Kenneth Koves, G., & Barnes, V. E. (2014). Exploring the relationship between safety culture and safety performance in U.S. nuclear power operations. Safety Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2014.02.022
Mullen, J., Kelloway, E. K., & Teed, M. (2017). Employer safety obligations, transformational leadership and their interactive effects on employee safety performance. Safety Science, 91, 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.09.007
Nahrgang, J. D., Morgeson, F. P., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011). Safety at work: A meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021484
Nazaruk, M. (2011). Developing safety culture interventions in the manufacturing sector. University of Bath.
Neal, A., & Griffin, M. (2002). Safety climate and safety behaviour. Australian Journal of Management, 27(Special Issues), 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/031289620202701S08
Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). Safety climate and safety at work. In The psychology of workplace safety (pp. 15–34). https://doi.org/10.1177/031289620202701S08
Neal, A., & Griffin, M. A. (2006). A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 946–953. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.946
Neal, A., Griffin, M. A., & Hart, P. M. (2000). The impact of organization climate on safety climate and individual behaviour. Safety Science, 34, 99–109.
Neal, A., Griffin, M. A., & Hart, P. M. (2000). The impact of organizational climate on safety climate and individual behavior. Safety Science, 34, 99–109.
Nielsen, K. J., Kines, P., Pedersen, L. M., Andersen, L. P., Andersen, D. R., & D.R. Andersen. (2013). A multi-case study of the implementation of an integrated approach to safety in small enterprises. Safety Science, 71, Part B, 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.11.015
Nor Azma, R., Munauwar, M., & Abdul Halim, A. M. (2016). The Impact of Psychological Safety Climate on Individual Safety Performance in the Malaysian Manufacturing Small Enterprise : The Role of Psychological Factor and Psychological Work Ownership . World Journal of Management and Behavioral Studies, 4(1), 8–19. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjmbs.2016.4.1.1324
Oah, S., Na, R., & Moon, K. (2018). The Influence of Safety Climate, Safety Leadership, Workload, and Accident Experiences on Risk Perception: A Study of Korean Manufacturing Workers. Safety and Health at Work. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2018.01.008
Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. T. (2001). Toward a theory of psychological ownership in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2001.4378028
Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. T. (2003). The state of psychological ownership: Integrating and extending a century of research. Review of General Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84
Rahman, A., Muhamad, & N. Othman. (2006). The relationship of Islamic work ethics and organisational commitment: A case analysis. Malaysian Management Review, 41(1), 79–89.
Rizk, R. (2008). Back to basics: An Islamic perspective on business and work ethics. https://doi.org/10.1108/17471110810856992
Rozanah, A. R. (2006). Protection of safety, health and welfare of employees at workplace under Islamic Law. IIUM Law Journal, 14(1), 51–66.
Sabir, M.S., Iqbal, J.J. & Rehman, K. (2012). Impact of corporate ethical values on ethical leadership and employee performance. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(2), 163–171.
Sadek, D. M., Zainal, N. S., Saiful, M., Mohd, I., Yahya, A. F., Kedah, M., & Box, P. O. (2010). Service quality perceptions between cooperative and Islamic banks of Britain. Am. J of Economic and Business Administration, 2(1), 1–5.
Salahudin, S. N. bin, Baharuddin, S. S. binti, Abdullah, M. S., & Osman, A. (2016). The Effect of Islamic Work Ethics on Organizational Commitment. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35(October 2015), 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(16)00071-X
Sehhat, S., Mahmoudzadeh, S. M., Ashena, M., & Parsa, S. (2015). Positive psychological capital : The role of Islamic work ethics in Tehran Public Organizations. Iranian Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 8(4), 545–566.
Sigurd W. Hystada, Paul T. Bartoneab, J. E. (2013). Positive organizational behavior and safety in the offshore oil industry: Exploring the determinants of positive safety climate. The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to Furthering Research and Promoting Good Practice, 9(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.831467
Sinclair, R. R., Martin, J. E., & Sears, L. E. (2010). Labor unions and safety climate: Perceived union safety values and retail employee safety outcomes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(5), 1477–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.11.003
Suib, F. H., & Said, M. F. (2017). A Review of Islamic Work Ethics aAnd Spirituality Concepts In Service Industry. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 282–294. Retrieved from https://journal.unisza.edu.my/jonus/index.php/jonus/article/view/89
Sulastre, M. Z., & Faridah, I. (2012). Employers’ behavioural safety compliance factors toward occupational, safety and health improvement in the construction industry. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 36, 742–751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.03.081
Tang, J. J. (2011). The implementation of occupational safety and health legislation and policies in Hong Kong Schools. University of Nottingham.
Townsend, S. S. M., & Thompson, L. L. (2013). Implications of the Protestant work ethic for cooperative and mixed-motive teams. Organizational Psychology Review, 4(May), 4–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386613492168
Tu, Y., Lu, X., Choi, J. N., & Guo, W. (2018). Ethical Leadership and Team-Level Creativity: Mediation of Psychological Safety Climate and Moderation of Supervisor Support for Creativity. Journal of Business Ethics, (2015), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3839-9
Uryan, Y. (2010). Organizational safety culture and individual safety behavior: A case study of the Turkish National Police Aviation Department. University of Central Florida.
Van Dyne, L., & Pierce, J. L. (2004). Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: Three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 439–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.249
Vinodkumar, M. ., & Bhasi, M. (2010). Safety management practices and safety behaviour: Assessing the mediating role of safety knowledge and motivation. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(6), 2082–2093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.06.021
Vitell, S. J., Bing, M. N., Davison, H. K., Ammeter, A. P., Garner, B. L., & Novicevic, M. M. (2009). Religiosity and moral identity: The mediating role of self-control. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(4), 601–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9980-0
Weatherford, B. H. (2011). Patient safety: A multi-climate approach to the nursing work environment. Unpublished. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Wehbe, F., Hattab, M. Al, & Hamzeh, F. (2016). Exploring associations between resilience and construction safety performance in safety networks. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2015.10.006
Wong, J. K., & Sheth, J. N. (1985). Explaining intention-behavior discrepancy--a paradigm. Advance in Consumer Research, 12, 378–384.
Xia, N., Zou, P. X. W., Liu, X., Wang, X., & Zhu, R. (2017). A hybrid BN-HFACS model for predicting safety performance in construction projects. Safety Science, 101, 332–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.09.025
Yong, A., & Nee, H. (2011). Factors affect safety and health behavior of logistics workers in Malaysia: A conceptual framework. In International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (pp. 1225–1232). Kuala Lumpur.
Zainudin Awang. (2015). SEM made simple: A gentle approach to learning structural equation modeling. Bandar Baru Bangi: MPWS Rich Publication.
Zhang, Q., Ge, Y., Qu, W., Zhang, K., & Sun, X. (2018). The traffic climate in China: The mediating effect of traffic safety climate between personality and dangerous driving behavior. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 113, 213–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2018.01.031
Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.96
Zohar, D. (2011). Safety climate: Conceptual and measurement issues. Handbook of Occupational Health Psychology, 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-006
Zohar, D., Huang, Y., Lee, J., & Robertson, M. (2014). A mediation model linking dispatcher leadership and work ownership with safety climate as predictors of truck driver safety performance. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 62, 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.005
