INVESTIGATION THE EFFECTS OF GREEN MORTAR PARAMETERS USING ANALYTICAL METHODS
Keywords:
Green mortar, Environmental effects, Regression analysis, AHP, TOPSIS.
Abstract
The various green mortar mixes have been used in this study using various percentages of waste glass powder (WGP), steel slag (SG) and Micro-silica fume(SF).The different properties of flow, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive and flexural strengths have been tested for such green mortar in the first phase of experimental work. The second phase deals with the regression analysis of such properties. Whereas, the analysis of the results have also been using the integrated AHP and TOPSIS methods for selection the best performance of the green mortar due to the ecological effects of such materials. The results showed that the use of 70%OPC+8%WGP+12%SG+10% SF indicated as the best performance in term of ecological impact compared with other mortar mixes. Also, the regression analysis using the integrated AHP and TOPSIS methods gives an effective strategy for the selection of the best mortar mix.
References
References
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8-Andrew, Robbie M. 2018. “Global CO 2 Emissions from Cement Production,” Earth System Science Data, 10, 195–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018
9-Babor, Dan T, and Loredana Judele. 2014. “Environmental Impact of Concrete,”Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Jassy, CONSTRUCTIONS. ARCHITECTURE Section.
10-Ali, Najabat, Muhammad Anwer, and Muhammad Naeem Anjum. 2015. “The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Produced by Cement Production and Its Impact on Environment : A Review of Global Cement Processing” International Journal of Research ( IJR ). http://internationaljournalofresearch.org
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12-Malhotra, Kabir. 2019. “Iron and Steel Slag Utilization : A Comprehensive Analysis,”International Journal of Engineering Science Invention (IJESI) 8 (08): 69–74
13-Dave, Niragi, Anil Kumar, Amit Srivastava, and Surendra Kumar. 2016. “Experimental Analysis of Strength and Durability Properties of Quaternary Cement Binder and Mortar.” Construction and Building Materials 107: 117–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.195
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28-Dubey, Shubhi, Ashita Singh, and Suresh Singh Kushwah. 2019. “Utilization of Iron and Steel Slag in Building Construction, ” AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5127156
29-Zhang, Zengqi, Bo Zhang, and Peiyu Yan. 2016. “Comparative Study of Effect of Raw and Densified Silica Fume in the Paste , Mortar and Concrete.” CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING MATERIALS 105: 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.045
30-Huang Cheng-yi and R.F. Feldman. 1985. “Influence of Silica Fume on the Microstructural Development in Cement Mortars,”Cement and Concrete Research 15 (2): 285–94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(85)90040-7
31-Imam, Ashhad, Vikash Kumar, and Vikas Srivastava. 2018. “Review Study towards Effect of Silica Fume on the Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete” Advances in Concrete Construction2: 145–57. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2018.6.2.145
32-Douaissia, Zineb, and Mouloud Merzoud. 2019.“Effect of Slag and Natural Pozzolan on the Mechanical Behavior of Recycled Glass Mortars,” Computational Methods and Experimental Testing In Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11827-3
33-Rao, G Appa. 2003. “Investigations on the Performance of Silica Fume-Incorporated Cement Pastes and Mortars,” Cement and Concrete Research33: 1765–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00171-6
34-Singh, Harjinder, and Shikha Bansal. 2015. “EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON THE STRENGTH OF CEMENT MORTAR,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology623–27.
35-Chouhan, Prabhulal, Sagar Jamle, and M P Verma. 2017. “Effect of Silica Fume on Strength Parameters OfConcrete As A Partial Substitution of Cement” IJSART3 (5): 3–7.
36-ASTM C778 (2013). Standard Specification for Standard Sand. Annual book of ASTM Standards.
37-ASTM C1437 (2013). Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. Annual book of
ASTM Standards.
38-ASTM C642 (2013). Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete.
Annual book of ASTM Standards.
39-ASTM C567 (2013). Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test of Concrete". Annual book of ASTM Standards.
40-ASTM C109 (2013). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
(Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens). Annual book of ASTM Standards.
41-ASTM C348 (2014). Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars.
Annual book of ASTM Standards.
42-Aseel B.Al-zubaid,Kadum Muttar, Ibrahim Ali. 2017. “Study The Effect of Recycled Glass on The Mechanical Properties of Green Concrete” Energy Procedia 119: 680–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.095
43-Worrell, Ernst, Lynn Price, Nathan Martin, Chris Hendriks, and Leticia Ozawa Meida. 2001. “CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE GLOBAL CEMENT INDUSTRY”Annu. Rev. Energy Environ 26:303-329. https://www.annualreviews .org
44-Queiroz, Wendell De, Jose Carlos, Jose Rubens, and De Camargo. 2013. “Waste Materials Co-Processing in Cement Industry : Ecological Efficiency of Waste Reuse.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19: 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.01
45-Taylor, Michael, Cecilia Tam, and Dolf Gielen. 2006. “Energy Efficiency and CO 2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry,” Energy Technology Policy Division, International Energy Agency. September: 4–5.
46-World Bank. 2019.“Trends in Solid Waste Management”The World Bank Group ,available at http://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html.
47-Myers, R. H. 1990. “Classical and modern regression with applications (2nd ed.).Boston. Pws-Kent Publishing Company.
48-Djordjevi, Vera. 2002. “Testing in Multiple Regression Analysis” FACTA UNIVERSITATIS ,Series: Economics and Organization 1: 25–29.
49-Zsuzsanna, Turóczy, and Liviu Marian. 2012. “Multiple Regression Analysis of Performance Indicators in the Ceramic Industry.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 3 (12): 509–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00188-8.
50-Joshi, Rohit, D K Banwet, and Ravi Shankar. 2011. “Expert Systems with Applications A Delphi-AHP-TOPSIS Based Benchmarking Framework for Performance Improvement of a Cold Chain.” Expert Systems With Applications 38 (8): 10170–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.02.072
51-Russo, Rosaria De F S M, and Roberto Camanho. 2015. “Criteria in AHP : A Systematic Review of Literature.” Procedia - Procedia Computer Science 55 (Itqm): 1123–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.081.
52-Saaty, Thomas L. 1990. “How to Make a Decision : The Analytic Hierarchy Process” European Journal of Operational Research 48:9-26.
53-Kutlu, Ahmet Can. 2012. “Fuzzy Failure Modes and Effects Analysis by Using Fuzzy TOPSIS-Based Fuzzy AHP” Expert Systems with Applications .39: 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.06.044
54-Snellings, Ruben, Gilles Mertens, and Jan Elsen. 2012. “Supplementary Cementitious Materials” Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry74 (Blezard 2001): 211–78. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6.
1-IEA. 2019."Cement-Tracking Industry," IEA, Paris, available at https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-industry-2019.
2-Valderrama, César, Ricard Granados, José Luis, Carles M Gasol, Manel Guillem, and Alejandro Josa. 2012. “Implementation of Best Available Techniques in Cement Manufacturing : A Life-Cycle Assessment Study.” Journal of Cleaner Production 25: 60–67.
3-Galvez-martos, Jose-luis, and Harald Schoenberger. 2014. “Resources , Conservation and Recycling An Analysis of the Use of Life Cycle Assessment for Waste Co-Incineration in Cement Kilns.” “Resources, Conservation & Recycling” 86 (x): 118–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.02.009.
4-Çankaya, Simge, and Beyhan Pekey. 2019. “A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable Cement Production in Turkey.” Journal of Environmental Management 249 (August): 109362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109362.
5-Worrell, Ernst. 2013. “Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making An ENERGY STAR ® Guide for Energy and Plant Manager”United states Environmental Protection Agency.
6-Mishra and Siddiqui.2014. “A Review On Environmental and Health Impacts Of Cement Manufacturing Emissions.”International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. www.woarjournals.org/IJGAES
7-Devi, Kuruva Syamala. 2018. “Impacts of Cement Industry on Environment - An Overview,” Asia Pacific Journal of Research.
8-Andrew, Robbie M. 2018. “Global CO 2 Emissions from Cement Production,” Earth System Science Data, 10, 195–217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018
9-Babor, Dan T, and Loredana Judele. 2014. “Environmental Impact of Concrete,”Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Jassy, CONSTRUCTIONS. ARCHITECTURE Section.
10-Ali, Najabat, Muhammad Anwer, and Muhammad Naeem Anjum. 2015. “The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Produced by Cement Production and Its Impact on Environment : A Review of Global Cement Processing” International Journal of Research ( IJR ). http://internationaljournalofresearch.org
11-RoskillInformation Services. 2017 .“Outlook for silicon metal diverges sharply from that for ferrosilicon,” Roskill, united kingdom, available at https://roskill.com/news/outlook-silicon-metal-diverges-sharply-ferrosilicon.
12-Malhotra, Kabir. 2019. “Iron and Steel Slag Utilization : A Comprehensive Analysis,”International Journal of Engineering Science Invention (IJESI) 8 (08): 69–74
13-Dave, Niragi, Anil Kumar, Amit Srivastava, and Surendra Kumar. 2016. “Experimental Analysis of Strength and Durability Properties of Quaternary Cement Binder and Mortar.” Construction and Building Materials 107: 117–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.195
14-Al-hubboubi, Suhair K, and Abeer I Alwared. 2018. “Effect of Waste Glass Powder as a Supplementary Cementitious Material on the Concrete Mix Properties,”. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21896.67845
15- Islam, Islam, Rahman and Das. 2011. “Strength Behavior of Mortar Using Slag As Partial Replacement of Cement,”MIST Journal:GAIAXY(DHAKA). https://doi.org/10.3329/mist.v3i0.8053
16- Khazaleh, Mahmoud. 2019. “Eco-Friendly Green Concrete : A Review,”IAPE '19, Oxford, United Kingdom: 19–21.
17-Muthupriya, P, B G Vishnuram, and K Subramanian. 2008. “PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION BY USING SILICA FUME AS CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL” Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 7 (2): 267–70.
18-Mines, Ministry O F, Indian Bureau, and O F Mines. 2017. “SLAG - IRON AND STEEL” Indian MineralsYearbook 2016 (0712): 1–11.
19-Mehta, Ankur, and Deepankar Kumar Ashish. 2019. “Silica fume and waste glass in cement concrete production: A review” Journal of Building Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100888
20-Ban, Cheah Chee, and Mahyuddin Ramli. 2015. “Mechanical Strength and Durability Properties of High Performance Mortar Containing Densified Silica Fume,” American Journal of Applied Sciences 8 (1): 82-91, 2011. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2011.82.91
21-Rashad, Alaa M. 2014. “Recycled Waste Glass as Fine Aggregate Replacement in Cementitious Materials Based on Portland Cement.” Construction and Building Materials 72: 340–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.092
22-Hussein, Domoaa R. 2017. “STUDYING THE EFFECT OF IRAQI STEEL SLAG ADDITION ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFCEMENT MORTAR,”Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development.21(3):2520-0917.
23-Shao, Yixin, Thibaut Lefort, Shylesh Moras, and Damian Rodriguez. 2000. “Studies on Concrete Containing Ground Waste Glass”Cement and Concrete Research 30: 91–100.
24-Shi, Caijun, and Keren Zheng. 2007. “A Review on the Use of Waste Glasses in the Production of Cement and Concrete”Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52: 234–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.01.013.
25-Bignozzi, M C, A Saccani, L Barbieri, and I Lancellotti. 2015. “Glass Waste as Supplementary Cementing Materials : The Effects of Glass Chemical Composition.” CEMENT AND CONCRETE COMPOSITES 55: 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.020.
26-Kamali, Mahsa, and Ali Ghahremaninezhad. 2016. “An Investigation into the Hydration and Microstructure of Cement Pastes Modified with Glass Powders.” Construction and Building Materials 112: 915–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.085.
27-Demirboga. 2007. “Thermal Conductivity and Compressive Strength of Concrete Incorporation with Mineral Admixtures” Building and Environment42: 2467–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.010
28-Dubey, Shubhi, Ashita Singh, and Suresh Singh Kushwah. 2019. “Utilization of Iron and Steel Slag in Building Construction, ” AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5127156
29-Zhang, Zengqi, Bo Zhang, and Peiyu Yan. 2016. “Comparative Study of Effect of Raw and Densified Silica Fume in the Paste , Mortar and Concrete.” CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING MATERIALS 105: 82–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.045
30-Huang Cheng-yi and R.F. Feldman. 1985. “Influence of Silica Fume on the Microstructural Development in Cement Mortars,”Cement and Concrete Research 15 (2): 285–94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(85)90040-7
31-Imam, Ashhad, Vikash Kumar, and Vikas Srivastava. 2018. “Review Study towards Effect of Silica Fume on the Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete” Advances in Concrete Construction2: 145–57. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2018.6.2.145
32-Douaissia, Zineb, and Mouloud Merzoud. 2019.“Effect of Slag and Natural Pozzolan on the Mechanical Behavior of Recycled Glass Mortars,” Computational Methods and Experimental Testing In Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11827-3
33-Rao, G Appa. 2003. “Investigations on the Performance of Silica Fume-Incorporated Cement Pastes and Mortars,” Cement and Concrete Research33: 1765–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00171-6
34-Singh, Harjinder, and Shikha Bansal. 2015. “EFFECT OF SILICA FUME ON THE STRENGTH OF CEMENT MORTAR,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology623–27.
35-Chouhan, Prabhulal, Sagar Jamle, and M P Verma. 2017. “Effect of Silica Fume on Strength Parameters OfConcrete As A Partial Substitution of Cement” IJSART3 (5): 3–7.
36-ASTM C778 (2013). Standard Specification for Standard Sand. Annual book of ASTM Standards.
37-ASTM C1437 (2013). Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. Annual book of
ASTM Standards.
38-ASTM C642 (2013). Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete.
Annual book of ASTM Standards.
39-ASTM C567 (2013). Standard Test Method for Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test of Concrete". Annual book of ASTM Standards.
40-ASTM C109 (2013). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars
(Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens). Annual book of ASTM Standards.
41-ASTM C348 (2014). Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars.
Annual book of ASTM Standards.
42-Aseel B.Al-zubaid,Kadum Muttar, Ibrahim Ali. 2017. “Study The Effect of Recycled Glass on The Mechanical Properties of Green Concrete” Energy Procedia 119: 680–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.07.095
43-Worrell, Ernst, Lynn Price, Nathan Martin, Chris Hendriks, and Leticia Ozawa Meida. 2001. “CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE GLOBAL CEMENT INDUSTRY”Annu. Rev. Energy Environ 26:303-329. https://www.annualreviews .org
44-Queiroz, Wendell De, Jose Carlos, Jose Rubens, and De Camargo. 2013. “Waste Materials Co-Processing in Cement Industry : Ecological Efficiency of Waste Reuse.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19: 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.01
45-Taylor, Michael, Cecilia Tam, and Dolf Gielen. 2006. “Energy Efficiency and CO 2 Emissions from the Global Cement Industry,” Energy Technology Policy Division, International Energy Agency. September: 4–5.
46-World Bank. 2019.“Trends in Solid Waste Management”The World Bank Group ,available at http://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a waste/trends_in_solid_waste_management.html.
47-Myers, R. H. 1990. “Classical and modern regression with applications (2nd ed.).Boston. Pws-Kent Publishing Company.
48-Djordjevi, Vera. 2002. “Testing in Multiple Regression Analysis” FACTA UNIVERSITATIS ,Series: Economics and Organization 1: 25–29.
49-Zsuzsanna, Turóczy, and Liviu Marian. 2012. “Multiple Regression Analysis of Performance Indicators in the Ceramic Industry.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 3 (12): 509–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(12)00188-8.
50-Joshi, Rohit, D K Banwet, and Ravi Shankar. 2011. “Expert Systems with Applications A Delphi-AHP-TOPSIS Based Benchmarking Framework for Performance Improvement of a Cold Chain.” Expert Systems With Applications 38 (8): 10170–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.02.072
51-Russo, Rosaria De F S M, and Roberto Camanho. 2015. “Criteria in AHP : A Systematic Review of Literature.” Procedia - Procedia Computer Science 55 (Itqm): 1123–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.07.081.
52-Saaty, Thomas L. 1990. “How to Make a Decision : The Analytic Hierarchy Process” European Journal of Operational Research 48:9-26.
53-Kutlu, Ahmet Can. 2012. “Fuzzy Failure Modes and Effects Analysis by Using Fuzzy TOPSIS-Based Fuzzy AHP” Expert Systems with Applications .39: 61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.06.044
54-Snellings, Ruben, Gilles Mertens, and Jan Elsen. 2012. “Supplementary Cementitious Materials” Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry74 (Blezard 2001): 211–78. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2012.74.6.
