BEHAVIOR OF A STEEL STRUCTURE RAILWAY BRIDGE UNDER DYNAMIC LOADINGS

  • Muhammad Abi Berkah Nadi Infrastructure and Regional Technology Department, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0959-7862
  • Wimpie Agoeng Noegroho Aspar Research Center for Transportation Technology (PR TT), National Research and Innovation Agency – BRIN, Indonesia
  • Willy Barasa Research Center for Transportation Technology (PR TT), National Research and Innovation Agency – BRIN, Indonesia
  • Suci Putri Primadiyanti Research Center for Transportation Technology (PR TT), National Research and Innovation Agency – BRIN, Indonesia
  • Wendy Aritenang Indonesian Railway Society, Indonesia
  • Meutia Nadia Karunia Infrastructure and Regional Technology Department, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Indonesia
  • Boy Jurdil Halawa Infrastructure and Regional Technology Department, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Indonesia
Keywords: dynamic loadings, instrumentations, loading characteristics, natural frequency, steel railway bridges, vertical deformation

Abstract


Most old steel structure railway bridges in Indonesia have deteriorated throughout their service life since they were constructed almost a century ago. However, those bridges' performance must be maintained to have essential safety issues and live extension of the railway bridge structure. Therefore, inspecting and evaluating those steel railway bridges is necessary to maintain the service requirement. Vertical deformation of the steel railway bridge caused by dynamic loadings needs to be observed. The objective of the study is to assess the old steel railway bridge by evaluating the strength characteristics of the structures against the working forces, particularly the moving, wind, and seismic loads. In order to understand the phenomena impacted by the dynamic loadings, the steel structure railway bridge was instrumented using deformation sensors, strain gages, accelerometers, and passive infrared. The steel railway bridge was analyzed using a 3D finite element model. This study discussed the influence of dynamic loadings on the steel structure railway bridge. This paper elaborates and provides suggestions to solve problems and recommended action in practice for future study. This paper may be useful for researchers and practicing engineers.

References

Barasa, W., Fiantika, T., Purnomo, D. A., and Aspar, W. A. N., (2020). The comparative study of railway bridge design load between PM 60/2012 and EN 1991: 2-2003. Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri. Vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 107-116, https://doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v14i2.4196.

Duvnjak, I., Damjanović, D., Bartolac, M., Frančić Smrkić, M., and Skender, A., (2019). Monitoring and diagnostic load testing of a damaged railway bridge. Frontiers in Built Environment. vol. 5, no. 108, pp. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2019.00108.

Yunus, M. Z. M., Ibrahim, N., and Ahmad, F. S., (2018). A review on bridge dynamic displacement monitoring using global positioning system and accelerometer, AIP Conference Proceedings 1930. 020039-6, vol. 1930, issue 1, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5022933.

Lee, S. C., Tee, B. P., Chong, M. F., Ku Mahamud, K. M. S., and Mohamad, H., (2019). Structural assessment for an old steel railway bridge under static and dynamic loads using fibre optic sensors, International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction 2019 (ICSIC): Driving data-informed decision-making, (ICE Virtual Library Publishing), pp. 729-736, https://doi.org/10.1680/icsic.64669.729.

Zhu, J., and Zhang, Y., (2019). Damage detection in bridge structures under moving vehicle loads using delay vector variance method. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. ASCE., vol. 33, no. 5, 040190049, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001314.

Chilamkuri, K., and Kone, V., (2020). Monitoring of varadhi road bridge using accelerometer sensor. Materials today: Proceedings. vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 367-371, (Elsevier - ScienceDirect), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.159.

Barasa, W., Aspar, W. A. N., Purnomo, D. A., Nadi, M. A. B., Fiantika, T., and Primadiyanti, S. P., (2023). Assessment of an existing steel railway bridge structure, July 21, 2023, AIP Conference Proceedings 2689, 040019 (2023), AIP Publication LLC, Melville, NY., USA., https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0116333.

Fiantika, T., Aspar, W. A. N., Purnomo, D. A., Barasa, W., Harjono, M. S., and Primadiyanti, S. P., (2023). A review of structural health monitoring systems and application for railway bridges. AIP Conference Proceedings 2646, 050006 (2023). AIP Publication LLC, Melville, NY., USA., https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0115843.

Purnomo, D. A., Aspar, W. A. N., Barasa, W., Harjono, M. S., Sukamdo, P., and Fiantika, T., (2021). Initial implementation of structural health monitoring system of a railway bridge. The 2nd Global Congres on Construction Materials and Structure Engineering (2nd GCOMSE 2021), IOP Conference Series: Material Science and Engineering, 26–27 August 2021, Melaka, Malaysia, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1200/1/012019.

Yue, L., and Zhang, K., (2021). Structural damage identification based on dynamic deflection sensitivity of bridge under vehicle loading. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1846, 012002, IOP Publishing, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1846/1/012002.

Shahsavari, V., Mehrkash, M., and Santini-Bell, E., (2020). Damage detection and decreased load-carrying capacity assessment of a vertical-lift steel truss bridge. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities. ASCE, vol. 34, no. 2, 04019123 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001400.

Wang, Y., Wang, P., Tang, H., Liu, X., Xu, J., Xiao, J., and Wu, J., (2021). Assessment and prediction of high speed railway bridge long-term deformation based on track geometry inspection big data. Mechanical System and Signal Processing. Vol. 158, no. 10774, (ScienceDirect), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.107749.

CSI Analysis Reference Manual for SAP2000, (2016). Integrated Finite Elements Analysis and Design of Structures tutorial Manual, (Computers and Struct. Inc. (CSI), Berkeley, CA, USA), available at https://docs.csiamerica.com/manuals/sap2000/CSiRefer.pdf.

Larasati, M., Pariatmono, Fitriansyah, E. R., Amin, M., Muin, R. B., Suseno, D. A., Harjono, M. S., Purnomo, D. A., Aspar, W. A. N., Fiantika, T., and Pasadena, E. I. N. S. P. J. D. S., (2022). Measurement of geometric variations of a railway truss bridge (case study: bh77 railway bridge). Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 18-23, https://doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v16i1.5177.

Transportation Minister of the Republic of Indonesia (2012) Regulation no. 60 of 2012: Railroad Technical Requirements (Jakarta: Minister of Transportation), available at https://djka.dephub.go.id/regulasi?lang=en.

Barasa, W., Aspar, W. A. N., Sukamdo, P., Purnomo, D. A., Harjono, M. S., Nadi, M. A. B., and Adibroto, A., (2023). Monitoring displacement, strain, and acceleration of a steel railway bridge, Ain Shams Engineering Journal. Vol. 14, no. 11, October 15, 2023, article number 102521, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.10521.

Chen, Z., Zhou, X., Xu, W., Dong, L., and Qian, Y., (2017). Deployment of a smart structural health monitoring system for long-span arch bridge: A review and a case study. MDPI Journal Sensor, vol. 17, no. 9, 2151, doi:10.3390/s17092151.

Olaszek, P., Wyczałek, I., Sala, D., Kokot, M., and Swiercz, A., (2020). Monitoring of the static and dynamic displacements of railway bridges with the use of inertial sensors. MDPI Journal Sensors, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 2767-2790, http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102767.

Mohammed, A., Ambak, K., Mosa, A. M., and Syamsunur, D., (2019). Expert system in engineering transportation: A review. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology. vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 229–252, available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331546229.

Azim, M. R., and Gül, M., (2019). Damage detection of steel girder railway bridges utilizing operational vibration response. Structural Control and Health Monitoring. vol. 26, no. 11, e2447, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.2447.

Azim, M. R., and Gül, M., (2021). Development of a novel damage detection framework for truss railway bridges using operational acceleration and strain response. MDPI Journal of Vibration, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 422–443, https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration4020028.

National Standardization of Indonesia, SNI 1725-2016, (2016). Indonesia National Standard: Loads for Bridges, (Jakarta: National Standardization of Indonesia), available at https://akses-sni.bsn.go.id/sni.

Jukowski, M., Bęc, J., and Zbiciak, A., (2021). Finite element analysis of train speed effect on dynamic response of steel bridge. Open Engineering. Vol. 11, issue 1, pp. 1122-1133, (De Gruyter), https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0114.

Gou, H., Ran, Z., Yang, L., Bao, Y., and Pu, Q., (2019). Mapping vertical bridge deformations to track geometry for high-speed railway. Steel and Composite Structures, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 467-478, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.32.4.467.

Weichao, Y., Deng, E., Mingfeng, L., Zhihui, Z., and Pingping, Z., (2019). Transient aerodynamic performance of high-speed trains when passing through two windproof facilities under crosswinds: A comparative study. Engineering Structures. Vol. 188, pp. 729–44, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.070.

Deng, E., Weichao, Y., Deng, L., Zhihui, Z., Xuhui, H., and Ang, W., (2020). Time-resolved aerodynamic loads on high-speed trains during running on a tunnel–bridge–tunnel infrastructure under crosswind. Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics. vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 202–221, (Taylor and Francis), doi: 10.1080/19942060.2019.1705396.

Lipecki, T., Bęc, J., Flaga, A., and Bosak, G., (2013). Aerodynamic analysis of a sinusoidal footbridge for pedestrian and bicycle traffic. Roads and Bridges. Vol.12, no. 3, pp. 297–316, DOI: 10.7409/rabdim.013.021.

Faulkner, K., Huseynov, F., Brownjohn, J., and Xu, Y., (2018). Deformation monitoring of a simply supported railway bridge under varying dynamic loads. Open Research Exeter, 9th International Association for Bridge Maintenance and Safety (IABMAS), Maintenance, Safety, Risk, Management and Life-Cycle Performance of Bridges, 1st ed., (Taylor & Francis Group), http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315189390-202, also available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/35507.

Zhu, Z., Tang, Y., Ba, Z., Wang, K., and Gong, W., (2022). Seismic analysis of high-speed railway irregular bridge–track system considering V-shaped canyon effect. Railway Engineering Science. vol. 30, pp. 57-70, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-021-00262-x.

Nadi, M. A. B., and Fauzan, S. A., (2019). Analysis image-based automated 3D crack detection for post-disaster bridge assessment in flyover Mall Boemi Kedaton. Journal of Science and Applicative Technology. Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 2581-0545. https://doi.org/10.35472/281449.

National Standardization of Indonesia, SNI 1729-2015, (2015). Indonesia National Standard: Specifications for structural steel buildings, (Jakarta: National Standardization of Indonesia), available at https://akses-sni.bsn.go.id/sni.

European Standard 1991:2. (2003). Traffic Loads on Bridge, (European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgia).

Azim, M. R., Zhang, H., and Gül, M., (2020). Damage detection of railway bridges using operational vibration data: theory and experimental verifications. Structural Monitoring and Maintenance. vol. 7, issue 2, pp. 149–166, https://doi.org/10.12989/smm.2020.7.2.149.

Azim, M. R., and Gül, M., (2020). Damage detection of steel-truss railway bridges using operational vibration data. Journal of Structural Engineering ASCE, vol. 146, no. 3, 04020008 (2020), http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002547.

Azim, M. R., and Gül, M., (2021). Data-driven damage identification technique for steel truss railroad bridges utilizing principal component analysis of strain response. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 1019-1035, Taylor & Francis Online, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.1785512.

Azim, M. R., and Gül, M., (2020). Damage detection framework for truss railway bridges utilizing statistical analysis of operational strain response. Structural Control and Health Monitoring. Vol. 27, issue 8, e2573, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.2573.

Zhang, H., Gül, M., and Kostic, B., (2019). Eliminating temperature effects in damage detection for civil infrastructure using time series analysis and autoassociative neural networks. Journal of Aerospace Engineering. ASCE. Vol. 32, no. 2, (2019) 04019001, http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000987.

Billah, K. Y., and Scanlan, R. H., (1991). Resonance, Tacoma Narrows Bridge failure, and undergraduate physics textbooks. American Journal of Physics. vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 118-124, https://doi.org/10.1119/1.16590.

Matsuoka, K., Tanaka, H., Kawasaki, K. I., Somaschini, C., and Collina, A., (2021). Drive-by methodology to identify resonant bridges using track irregularity measured by high-speed trains. Mechanical System and Signal Processing. Vol. 158, no. 107667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2021.107667.

Nadi, M. A. B., Nurfaizia, Karunia, M. N., Aspar, W. A. N., Barasa, W., Fudholi, A., (2022). Characterization of site effect and natural frequency of railway bridges. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning. Vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 243-249, https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170124.

Wang, Y., Weia, Q-C., Shi, J., and Long, X., (2010). Resonance characteristics of two-span continuous beam under moving high speed trains. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures. vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 185-199, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-78252010000200005.

Pesterev, A. V., Yang, B., Bergman, L. A., and Tan, C. A., (2003). Revisiting the moving force problem. Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol. 261, no. 1, pp. 75–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-460X(02)00942-2.

Mao, L., and Lu, Y., (2013). Critical speed and resonance criteria of railway bridge response to moving trains. Journal of Bridge Engineering. ASCE, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 131-141, http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000336.

Moravčík, M. and Moravčík, M., (2017). Dynamic response of railway bridges subjects to passing vehicles. Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 79-88, http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2017-0031.

Li, J., and Zhang, H., (2020). Moving load spectrum for analyzing the extreme response of bridge free vibration. Shock and Vibration, vol. 2020, ID 9431620, pp. 1-13, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9431620.

Published
2024/03/31
Section
Original Scientific Paper