SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE TECHNOLOGIES: OPTIMIZING CLC PANEL THICKNESS FOR STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT REDUCTION
English
Abstract
This research examines the optimization of Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) panel thickness to balance structural performance with environmental sustainability for construction on soft, peaty terrain in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Laboratory testing was conducted on precast CLC slab panels (1,600 mm × 600 mm) with thicknesses varying from 70 mm to 130 mm. The panels were fabricated using a mixture of foam agent, cement, water, and sand, resulting in specimens with an average density of 1,287.26 kg/m³, while achieving a compressive strength of 3.42 MPa. The unidirectional slabs with double M5 (wiremesh) reinforcement were tested after a 28-day curing period. Results showed that thicker panels exhibited superior bending load capacity, with L/240 design flexural capacity ranging from 1.61 kN to 6 kN for thicknesses between 70 mm to 130 mm. Analysis determined that panels exceeding 100 mm thickness successfully sustained the design load of 250 kg (25 kN) minimum load for flexural capacity, making them suitable for 1,600 mm spans. The study establishes a minimuml thickness threshold that balances minimal material usage with adequate structural performance, offering an environmentally responsible building solution that reduces material consumption, transportation energy requirements, and foundation loads for problematic soil regions.
References
S. N. Elkabany. A. El-Kordy. and H. Sobh. “Optimization of the Panels Used in Free-Form Buildings and Its Impact on Building Cost.” in IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. IOP Publishing. Dec. 2020. p. 12010. doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/974/1/012010.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. SNI C597:2012 Tata Cara Pemilihan Campuran Beton Normal. Beton Berat Dan Beton Massa. Jakarta: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. 2012.
K. Lin. Y. Z. Totoev. H. Liu. and T. Guo. “In-Plane Behaviour of a Reinforcement Concrete Frame with a Dry Stack Masonry Panel.” Materials. vol. 9. no. 2. p. 108. Feb. 2016. doi: 10.3390/ma9020108.
S. S. Abdulhussein, E. K. Jaafar, and M. S. Rasheed, “THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF SUSTAINABLE LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE HOLLOW CORE SLABS,” Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Mar. 2024, doi: 10.5937/jaes0-47131.
A. H. Salih, H. D. Hussain, A. A. G. Abu Altemen, and N. Z. Jameel, “AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE OPTIMUM REPLACEMENT RATIO OF COARSE GRAVEL WITH EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BEADS IN CONCRETE,” Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.5937/jaes0-39842
W. Huang. X. Ma. B. Luo. Z. Li. and Y. Sun. “Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Lightweight Multi-Ribbed Composite Slabs.” Advances in Civil Engineering. vol. 2019. no. 1. Jan. 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/1093074.
D. Jain. A. K. Hindoriya. and S. S. Bhadauria. “Evaluation of properties of cellular light weight concrete.” AIP conference proceedings. vol. 2158. p. 20034. Jan. 2019. doi: 10.1063/1.5127158.
L. Guo and H. W. Song. “Analysis of Energy-Saving Architecture with Self Thermal Insulation Structure of Fiber Reinforced Foamed Concrete.” Applied Mechanics and Materials. p. 444. Jul. 2011. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.444.
E. Sutandar. A. Supriyadi. and C. P. Andalan. “Effect of Cement Variation on Properties of CLC Concrete Masonry Brick.” MATEC Web of Conferences. vol. 159. p. 1008. Jan. 2018. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201815901008.
SNI 03-1974-1990. "Metode Pengujian Kuat Tekan Beton." Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Jakarta: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. 1990.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. SNI 2847-2019 Persyaratan Beton Struktural Untuk Bangunan Gedung. Jakarta: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. 2019.
S. Šupić, B. Poletanović, V. Radonjanin, M. Malešev, I. Merta, and V. Pantić, “INFLUENCE OF ACCELERATED AGEING ON PULL-OFF STRENGTH OF CONCRETE PRODUCED WITH RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE AND BLENDED WITH HEMP FIBERS,” Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.5937/jaes0-50466
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. SNI 1727-2020 Beban desain minimum dan kriteria terkait untuk bangunan gedung dan struktur lain. Jakarta: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. 2020
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. "Metode Pengujian Berat Jenis Semen Portland." SNI 15-2531-1991. Jakarta: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. 1991.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Spesifikasi Agregat Halus Untuk Pekerjaan Adukan Dan Plesteran Dengan Bahan Dasar Semen. SNI 03-6820-2002. 2002.
Badan Standarisasi Nasional. SNI 2049:2015 Semen Portland. Jakarta: Departemen Pekerjaan Umum. 2015.
T. Mulyono. Teknologi Beton. Yogyakarta: Andi. 2004.
Tjokrodimuljo. Teknologi Beton. Yogyakarta: Biro Penerbit. 2007.
R. Sepriawan. "Soil Characteristics in Kalimantan Island for Construction." 2014..
D.Salim. D.. Sutandar. E.. Supriyadi. A (2023). Experimental Study Of The Effect Of Coarse Aggregate Fine Modulus (MHB) On The Physical And Mechanical Properties Of Pervious Concrete. IJAEM 3. Issn 2395-5252. Volume 5. Issue 11.
Wijaya. E.. Sutandar. E.. Aryanto (2023). The Effect of Foam Agent’s Viscocity to Cellular Lightweight Concrete Brick’s Physics and Mechanics Property. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM). Volume 5. Issue 11. Nov. pp : 122:127.
E. Sutandar. A. Supriyadi. G. Setyabudi. C. P. Handalan. dan M. Indrayadi. "Effect of Sand Gradient Variation on Properties of CLC Concrete Mansory Brick." The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES). vol. 10. no. 3. pp. 13–21. 2021.
B. R. Kharel dan S. Maharjan. "Variation Analysis of Compressive Strength and Dry Density of Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) Brick with Replacement of Sand by Fly Ash." Proceedings of IOE Graduate Conference. vol. 6. pp. xx–xx. May 2019.
Sutandar. E. (2025). Pengaruh Berat Volume terhadap Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Bata Ringan CLC . Jurnal Komposit: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Teknik Sipil . 9(1). 63–71. https://doi.org/10.32832/komposit.v9i1.16393.
R. Hardianto. E. Sutandar. dan A. Supriyadi. “Studi eksperimental pembuatan bata ringan foam agent (busa) dengan variasi pemakaian air.” JeLAST: Jurnal Teknik Kelautan. PWK. Sipil. dan Tambang. vol. 5. no. 1. 2018. [Online]. Tersedia: https://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/JMHMS/article/view/23914
K. K. B. Siram. "Cellular light-weight concrete blocks as a replacement of burnt clay bricks." Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol. (IJEAT). vol. 2. no. 2. 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.ijeat.org/portfolio-item/b0887112212/
W. A. P. Putra. "Comparison of compressive strength and tensile stress brick lightweight concrete with the addition of natural mineral zeolite sieve retained no. 80 (0.180 mm) and held by sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm)." S.T. thesis. Technical University of Brawijaya. 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Teknologi_Beton/4ZZaEAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=%E2%80%9CTeknologi+Beton%E2%80%9D.+Penerbit+ANDI.+Yogyakarta&pg=PT63&printsec=frontcover
E. Sutandar. A. Supriyadi. dan J. Ferry. "Effect of mineral admixture on physical and mechanical properties of CLC concrete masonry brick." International Journal of Scientific Advances. vol. 3. no. 1. 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.ijscia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Volume3-Issue1-Jan-Feb-No.216-62-65.pdf
