Association of octacosanol supplementation with redox status in patients on chronic statin therapy
Keywords:
dyslipidemia, atorvastatin, octacosanol, redox status
References
1. Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2020;76:2982–3021.
2. Münzel T, Camici GG, Maack C, Bonetti NR, Fuster V, Kovacic JC. Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Heart and Vasculature: Part 2 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:212–29.
3. Fink G, editor, Encyclopedia of Stress, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 2007:8676pp.
4. Sies H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol 2015;4:180–3.
5. Henning T, Weber D. Redox biomarkers in dietary interventions and nutritional observation studies - From new insights to old problems. Redox Biology 2021;41:101922.
6. Profumo E, Buttari B, Saso L, Rigano R. Pleiotropic effects of statins in atherosclerotic disease: focus on the antioxidant activity of atorvastatin. Curr Top Med Chem 2014;14:2542–51.
7. Antoniades C, Channon KM. Statins: Pleiotropic Regulators of Cardiovascular Redox State. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;20:1195–7.
8. Lim S, Barter P. Antioxidant effects of statins in the management of cardiometabolic disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014;21:997–1010.
9. Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2017;120:229–43.
10. Mason RP, Dawoud H, Jacob RF, Sherratt SCR, Malinski T. Eicosapentaenoic acid improves endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability in a manner that is enhanced in combination with a statin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;103:1231–7.
11. Tissier F, Farhat F, Philouze C, Desfontis J-C, Didier R, Gilard M, et al. Long-term atorvastatin treatment decreases heart maximal oxygen consumption and its vulnerability to in vitro oxidative stress in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018;96:1112–8.
12. Puccetti L, Santilli F, Pasqui AL, Lattanzio S, Liani R, Ciani F, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on thromboxane-dependent platelet activation and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2011;214:122–8.
13. Moon GJ, Kim SJ, Cho YH, Ryoo S, Bang OY. Antioxidant effects of statins in patients with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. J Clin Neurol 2014;10:140–7.
14. Tsikas D, Pham VV, Suchy M-T, van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, Frölich JC, et al. No effects of atorvastatin (10 mg/d or 80 mg/d) on nitric oxide, prostacyclin, thromboxane and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of the DALI study. Pharmacol Res 2015;94:1–8.
15. Scheffer PG, Schindhelm RK, van Verschuer VMT, Groenemeijer M, Simsek S, Smulders YM, et al. No effect of atorvastatin and simvastatin on oxidative stress in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Neth J Med 2013;71:359–65.
16. Park J, Kwon OS, Cho SY, Paick J-S, Kim SW. Chronic administration of atorvastatin could partially ameliorate erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PLoS One 2017;12:e0172751.
17. du Souich P, Roederer G, Dufour R. Myotoxicity of statins: Mechanism of action. Pharmacol Ther 2017;175:1–16.
18. Hadzi-Petrushev N, Dimovska K, Jankulovski N, Mitrov D, Mladenov M. Supplementation with Alpha-Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease’s Statin Therapy in Men. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2018;2018:4673061.
19. Liu A, Wu Q, Guo J, Ares I, Rodríguez J-L, Martínez-Larrañaga M-R, et al. Statins: Adverse reactions, oxidative stress and metabolic interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2019;195:54–84.
20. Gong J, Qin X, Yuan F, Hu M, Chen G, Fang K, et al. Efficacy and safety of sugarcane policosanol on dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018;62.
21. Menéndez R, Amor AM, Rodeiro I, González RM, González PC, Alfonso JL, et al. Policosanol modulates HMG-CoA reductase activity in cultured fibroblasts. Arch Med Res 2001;32:8–12.
22. Singh DK, Li L, Porter TD. Policosanol inhibits cholesterol synthesis in hepatoma cells by activation of AMP-kinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318:1020–6.
23. Menendez R, Arruzazabala L, Mas R, Rio A del, Amor AM, Gonzalez RM, Carbajal D, Fraga V, Molina V, Illnait J. Cholesterol-lowering effect of policosanol on rabbits with hypercholesterolaemia induced by a wheat starch-casein diet. Br J Nutr 1997;77:923–932.
24. Banerjee S, Ghoshal S, Porter TD. Activation of AMP-kinase by policosanol requires peroxisomal metabolism. Lipids 2011;46:311–21.
25. Sharma R, Matsuzaka T, Kaushik MK, Sugasawa T, Ohno H, Wang Y, et al. Octacosanol and policosanol prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders by activating brown adipose tissue and improving liver metabolism. Sci Rep Nature Publishing Group; 2019;9:5169.
26. Park H-J, Yadav D, Jeong D-J, Kim S-J, Bae M-A, Kim J-R, et al. Short-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Aortic and Peripheral Blood Pressure and Ameliorates Serum Lipid Parameters in Healthy Korean Participants: Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:E809.
27. Kim S-J, Yadav D, Park H-J, Kim J-R, Cho K-H. Long-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Central and Brachial Blood Pressure and Improves Lipid Profile With Enhancement of Lipoprotein Properties in Healthy Korean Participants. Front Physiol 2018;9:412.
28. Guo Y-L, Xu R-X, Zhu C-G, Wu N-Q, Cui Z-P, Li J-J. Policosanol attenuates statin-induced increases in serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 when combined with atorvastatin. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:926087.
29. Shapiro MD, Tavori H, Fazio S. PCSK9: From Basic Science Discoveries to Clinical Trials. Circ Res 2018;122:1420–38.
30. Lim S-M, Yoo J-A, Lee E-Y, Cho K-H. Enhancement of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Functions by Encapsulation of Policosanol Exerts Anti-Senescence and Tissue Regeneration Effects Via Improvement of Anti-Glycation, Anti-Apoptosis, and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Inhibition. Rejuvenation Res 2016;19:59–70.
31. Lee S-H, Scott SD, Pekas EJ, Lee J-G, Park S-Y. Improvement of Lipids and Reduction of Oxidative Stress With Octacosanol After Taekwondo Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019;1–7.
32. Zhou Y, Cao F, Luo F, Lin Q. Octacosanol and health benefits: Biological functions and mechanisms of action. Food Bioscience 2022;47:101632.
33. Ciric MZ, Ostojic M, Baralic I, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Djordjevic BI, Markovic S, et al. Supplementation with Octacosanol Affects the Level of PCSK9 and Restore Its Physiologic Relation with LDL-C in Patients on Chronic Statin Therapy. Nutrients Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2021;13:903.
34. Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 2004;37:277–85.
35. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70–7.
36. Richter RJ, Furlong CE. Determination of paraoxonase (PON1) status requires more than genotyping. Pharmacogenetics 1999;9:745–53.
37. Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1972;247:3170–5.
38. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 2005;38:1103–11.
39. Alamdari DH, Paletas K, Pegiou T, Sarigianni M, Befani C, Koliakos G. A novel assay for the evaluation of the prooxidant-antioxidant balance, before and after antioxidant vitamin administration in type II diabetes patients. Clin Biochem 2007;40:248–54.
40. Witko-Sarsat V, Friedlander M, Capeillère-Blandin C, Nguyen-Khoa T, Nguyen AT, Zingraff J, et al. Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia. Kidney Int 1996;49:1304–13.
41. Veglia F, Cighetti G, De Franceschi M, Zingaro L, Boccotti L, Tremoli E, et al. Age- and gender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjects by means of OXY-SCORE, a potential new comprehensive index. Biomarkers 2006;11:562–73.
42. Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Lupo MG, Ruscica M, Ferri N. Naturally Occurring PCSK9 Inhibitors. Nutrients Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2020;12:1440.
43. Waiz M, Alvi SS, Khan MS. Potential dual inhibitors of PCSK-9 and HMG-R from natural sources in cardiovascular risk management. EXCLI J 2022;21:47–76.
44. Elseweidy MM, Mohamed HE, Elrashidy RA, Atteia HH, Elnagar GM. Inhibition of Aortic Calcification by Policosanol in Dyslipidemic Rabbits Is Enhanced by Pentoxifylline: Potential Role of PCSK9. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018;23:551–60.
45. Fontana J, Zima M, Vetvicka V. Biological Markers of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: After so Many Studies, What do We Know? Immunol Invest 2018;47:823–43.
46. Broniarek I, Dominiak K, Galganski L, Jarmuszkiewicz W. The Influence of Statins on the Aerobic Metabolism of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:E1485.
47. Quintana-Villamandos B, Pazó-Sayós L, González Del Pozo I, Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Bellón JM, Pedraz-Prieto Á, et al. OXY-SCORE: a new perspective for left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020;11:2040622320936417.
48. Castaño G, Mas R, Fernández L, Illnait J, Mesa M, Alvarez E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol with atorvastatin in elderly patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs Aging 2003;20:153–63.
49. Torres O, Agramonte AJ, Illnait J, Ferreiro RM, Fernández L, Fernández JC. Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia in NIDDM With Policosanol. Diabetes Care 1995;18:393–7.
50. Marinangeli CPF, Jones PJH, Kassis AN, Eskin MNA. Policosanols as nutraceuticals: fact or fiction. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010;50:259–67.
51. Arteche-Hidalgo L, Fernandez-Travieso JC, Suarez-Camejo N, Marin-Preval J, Alvarez-Acosta V, Chaviano-Pereira J, et al. Effects of Policosanol in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Six-Month Study. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2020;10:36–44.
52. Serini S, Calviello G. Omega-3 PUFA Responders and Non-Responders and the Prevention of Lipid Dysmetabolism and Related Diseases. Nutrients 2020;12:1363.
2. Münzel T, Camici GG, Maack C, Bonetti NR, Fuster V, Kovacic JC. Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Heart and Vasculature: Part 2 of a 3-Part Series. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:212–29.
3. Fink G, editor, Encyclopedia of Stress, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 2007:8676pp.
4. Sies H. Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biol 2015;4:180–3.
5. Henning T, Weber D. Redox biomarkers in dietary interventions and nutritional observation studies - From new insights to old problems. Redox Biology 2021;41:101922.
6. Profumo E, Buttari B, Saso L, Rigano R. Pleiotropic effects of statins in atherosclerotic disease: focus on the antioxidant activity of atorvastatin. Curr Top Med Chem 2014;14:2542–51.
7. Antoniades C, Channon KM. Statins: Pleiotropic Regulators of Cardiovascular Redox State. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014;20:1195–7.
8. Lim S, Barter P. Antioxidant effects of statins in the management of cardiometabolic disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb 2014;21:997–1010.
9. Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2017;120:229–43.
10. Mason RP, Dawoud H, Jacob RF, Sherratt SCR, Malinski T. Eicosapentaenoic acid improves endothelial function and nitric oxide bioavailability in a manner that is enhanced in combination with a statin. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;103:1231–7.
11. Tissier F, Farhat F, Philouze C, Desfontis J-C, Didier R, Gilard M, et al. Long-term atorvastatin treatment decreases heart maximal oxygen consumption and its vulnerability to in vitro oxidative stress in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018;96:1112–8.
12. Puccetti L, Santilli F, Pasqui AL, Lattanzio S, Liani R, Ciani F, et al. Effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on thromboxane-dependent platelet activation and oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2011;214:122–8.
13. Moon GJ, Kim SJ, Cho YH, Ryoo S, Bang OY. Antioxidant effects of statins in patients with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease. J Clin Neurol 2014;10:140–7.
14. Tsikas D, Pham VV, Suchy M-T, van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, Frölich JC, et al. No effects of atorvastatin (10 mg/d or 80 mg/d) on nitric oxide, prostacyclin, thromboxane and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of the DALI study. Pharmacol Res 2015;94:1–8.
15. Scheffer PG, Schindhelm RK, van Verschuer VMT, Groenemeijer M, Simsek S, Smulders YM, et al. No effect of atorvastatin and simvastatin on oxidative stress in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. Neth J Med 2013;71:359–65.
16. Park J, Kwon OS, Cho SY, Paick J-S, Kim SW. Chronic administration of atorvastatin could partially ameliorate erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PLoS One 2017;12:e0172751.
17. du Souich P, Roederer G, Dufour R. Myotoxicity of statins: Mechanism of action. Pharmacol Ther 2017;175:1–16.
18. Hadzi-Petrushev N, Dimovska K, Jankulovski N, Mitrov D, Mladenov M. Supplementation with Alpha-Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease’s Statin Therapy in Men. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2018;2018:4673061.
19. Liu A, Wu Q, Guo J, Ares I, Rodríguez J-L, Martínez-Larrañaga M-R, et al. Statins: Adverse reactions, oxidative stress and metabolic interactions. Pharmacol Ther 2019;195:54–84.
20. Gong J, Qin X, Yuan F, Hu M, Chen G, Fang K, et al. Efficacy and safety of sugarcane policosanol on dyslipidemia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018;62.
21. Menéndez R, Amor AM, Rodeiro I, González RM, González PC, Alfonso JL, et al. Policosanol modulates HMG-CoA reductase activity in cultured fibroblasts. Arch Med Res 2001;32:8–12.
22. Singh DK, Li L, Porter TD. Policosanol inhibits cholesterol synthesis in hepatoma cells by activation of AMP-kinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318:1020–6.
23. Menendez R, Arruzazabala L, Mas R, Rio A del, Amor AM, Gonzalez RM, Carbajal D, Fraga V, Molina V, Illnait J. Cholesterol-lowering effect of policosanol on rabbits with hypercholesterolaemia induced by a wheat starch-casein diet. Br J Nutr 1997;77:923–932.
24. Banerjee S, Ghoshal S, Porter TD. Activation of AMP-kinase by policosanol requires peroxisomal metabolism. Lipids 2011;46:311–21.
25. Sharma R, Matsuzaka T, Kaushik MK, Sugasawa T, Ohno H, Wang Y, et al. Octacosanol and policosanol prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders by activating brown adipose tissue and improving liver metabolism. Sci Rep Nature Publishing Group; 2019;9:5169.
26. Park H-J, Yadav D, Jeong D-J, Kim S-J, Bae M-A, Kim J-R, et al. Short-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Aortic and Peripheral Blood Pressure and Ameliorates Serum Lipid Parameters in Healthy Korean Participants: Randomized, Double-Blinded, and Placebo-Controlled Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:E809.
27. Kim S-J, Yadav D, Park H-J, Kim J-R, Cho K-H. Long-Term Consumption of Cuban Policosanol Lowers Central and Brachial Blood Pressure and Improves Lipid Profile With Enhancement of Lipoprotein Properties in Healthy Korean Participants. Front Physiol 2018;9:412.
28. Guo Y-L, Xu R-X, Zhu C-G, Wu N-Q, Cui Z-P, Li J-J. Policosanol attenuates statin-induced increases in serum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 when combined with atorvastatin. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014;2014:926087.
29. Shapiro MD, Tavori H, Fazio S. PCSK9: From Basic Science Discoveries to Clinical Trials. Circ Res 2018;122:1420–38.
30. Lim S-M, Yoo J-A, Lee E-Y, Cho K-H. Enhancement of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Functions by Encapsulation of Policosanol Exerts Anti-Senescence and Tissue Regeneration Effects Via Improvement of Anti-Glycation, Anti-Apoptosis, and Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Inhibition. Rejuvenation Res 2016;19:59–70.
31. Lee S-H, Scott SD, Pekas EJ, Lee J-G, Park S-Y. Improvement of Lipids and Reduction of Oxidative Stress With Octacosanol After Taekwondo Training. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019;1–7.
32. Zhou Y, Cao F, Luo F, Lin Q. Octacosanol and health benefits: Biological functions and mechanisms of action. Food Bioscience 2022;47:101632.
33. Ciric MZ, Ostojic M, Baralic I, Kotur-Stevuljevic J, Djordjevic BI, Markovic S, et al. Supplementation with Octacosanol Affects the Level of PCSK9 and Restore Its Physiologic Relation with LDL-C in Patients on Chronic Statin Therapy. Nutrients Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2021;13:903.
34. Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem 2004;37:277–85.
35. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys 1959;82:70–7.
36. Richter RJ, Furlong CE. Determination of paraoxonase (PON1) status requires more than genotyping. Pharmacogenetics 1999;9:745–53.
37. Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1972;247:3170–5.
38. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem 2005;38:1103–11.
39. Alamdari DH, Paletas K, Pegiou T, Sarigianni M, Befani C, Koliakos G. A novel assay for the evaluation of the prooxidant-antioxidant balance, before and after antioxidant vitamin administration in type II diabetes patients. Clin Biochem 2007;40:248–54.
40. Witko-Sarsat V, Friedlander M, Capeillère-Blandin C, Nguyen-Khoa T, Nguyen AT, Zingraff J, et al. Advanced oxidation protein products as a novel marker of oxidative stress in uremia. Kidney Int 1996;49:1304–13.
41. Veglia F, Cighetti G, De Franceschi M, Zingaro L, Boccotti L, Tremoli E, et al. Age- and gender-related oxidative status determined in healthy subjects by means of OXY-SCORE, a potential new comprehensive index. Biomarkers 2006;11:562–73.
42. Adorni MP, Zimetti F, Lupo MG, Ruscica M, Ferri N. Naturally Occurring PCSK9 Inhibitors. Nutrients Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute; 2020;12:1440.
43. Waiz M, Alvi SS, Khan MS. Potential dual inhibitors of PCSK-9 and HMG-R from natural sources in cardiovascular risk management. EXCLI J 2022;21:47–76.
44. Elseweidy MM, Mohamed HE, Elrashidy RA, Atteia HH, Elnagar GM. Inhibition of Aortic Calcification by Policosanol in Dyslipidemic Rabbits Is Enhanced by Pentoxifylline: Potential Role of PCSK9. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2018;23:551–60.
45. Fontana J, Zima M, Vetvicka V. Biological Markers of Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: After so Many Studies, What do We Know? Immunol Invest 2018;47:823–43.
46. Broniarek I, Dominiak K, Galganski L, Jarmuszkiewicz W. The Influence of Statins on the Aerobic Metabolism of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020;21:E1485.
47. Quintana-Villamandos B, Pazó-Sayós L, González Del Pozo I, Rodríguez-Rodríguez P, Bellón JM, Pedraz-Prieto Á, et al. OXY-SCORE: a new perspective for left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020;11:2040622320936417.
48. Castaño G, Mas R, Fernández L, Illnait J, Mesa M, Alvarez E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of policosanol with atorvastatin in elderly patients with type II hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs Aging 2003;20:153–63.
49. Torres O, Agramonte AJ, Illnait J, Ferreiro RM, Fernández L, Fernández JC. Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia in NIDDM With Policosanol. Diabetes Care 1995;18:393–7.
50. Marinangeli CPF, Jones PJH, Kassis AN, Eskin MNA. Policosanols as nutraceuticals: fact or fiction. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2010;50:259–67.
51. Arteche-Hidalgo L, Fernandez-Travieso JC, Suarez-Camejo N, Marin-Preval J, Alvarez-Acosta V, Chaviano-Pereira J, et al. Effects of Policosanol in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Six-Month Study. Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2020;10:36–44.
52. Serini S, Calviello G. Omega-3 PUFA Responders and Non-Responders and the Prevention of Lipid Dysmetabolism and Related Diseases. Nutrients 2020;12:1363.
Published
2022/07/21
Section
Original paper
Copyright (c) 2022 Milica Zrnic Ciric, Jelena Kotur-Stevuljevic, Ivan Stankovic, Brizita Djordjevic, Ivana Baralic, Miodrag Ostojic
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