. The Diagnostic Value plasma procalcitonin (PCT) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in Children with Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Diagnostic Value plasma procalcitonin (PCT) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA)
Keywords:
Procalcitonin; Amyloid protein A; Children; Mycoplasma pneumonia
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of pulmonary ultrasound combined with plasma procalcitonin (PCT) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP). Method: Clinical data of 80 children with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to our hospital from January 2023 to December 2023 who underwent lung ultrasound examination were collected. Children with MPP were divided into MPP group and non MPP group on the ground of whether they were MPP patients. PCT and SAA levels were checked meanwhile, and lung ultrasound and PCT and SAA examination results were collected and compared. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the value difference of the three alone and in combination in the diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia. Result: Compared with non MPP, MPP children showed significant differences in multiple aspects of lung ultrasound imaging, PCT, and SAA levels. Logistic regression analysis further indicated that individuals with increased/fused B-lines, elevated PCT, and elevated SAA had a lower risk of MPP, while a small amount of pleural effusion was a risk factor for MPP. The logistic regression model established on the ground of the above four variables had good predictive value for MPP. Conclusion: Abnormal imaging features of lung ultrasound, such as increased/fused B-lines, small amounts of pleural effusion, and PCT and SAA levels, are associated with the occurrence of MPP in children. A small amount of pleural effusion indicates a higher risk of disease as MPP. Detecting PCT, SAA levels, and lung ultrasound can promote the improvement of accuracy in distinguishing early MPP from non MPP.
References
References
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Cai, J.Y., Yan, C.Y., Wang, X.Q., Luo, Z.X., Luo, J., Li, Q.B., Liu, E.M. and Deng, Y. [Clinical characteristics and risk factors for bronchoscopic airway mucus hypersecretion in childhood pneumonia infected by different pathogens]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. (2023). 61(8): 719-725. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20230315-00184
Cao, X. Monitoring Mycoplasma pneumoniae-Specific Antibody, C-Reactive Protein, and Procalcitonin Levels in Children with Mycoplasma Pneumonia Is Important. Comput Math Methods Med. (2022). 2022: 7976858. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7976858
Chen, J., Qi, X., Yin, Y., Zhang, L., Zhang, J. and Yuan, S. Effects of minocycline on macrolide-unresponsive Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children: a single-center retrospective study. Transl Pediatr. (2021). 10(11): 2997-3004. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-356
Chen, P., Huang, Z., Chen, L., Zhuang, S., Lin, H., Xie, J. and Zheng, K. The relationships between LncRNA NNT-AS1, CRP, PCT and their interactions and the refractory mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Sci Rep. (2021). 11(1): 2059. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81853-w
Deng, F., Cao, H., Liang, X., Li, Q., Yang, Y., Zhao, Z., Tan, J., Fu, G. and Shu, C. Analysis of cytokine levels, cytological findings, and MP-DNA level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Immun Inflamm Dis. (2023). 11(5): e849. https://doi.org/10.1002/iid3.849
Fan, F., Lv, J., Yang, Q. and Jiang, F. Clinical characteristics and serum inflammatory markers of community-acquired mycoplasma pneumonia in children. Clin Respir J. (2023). 17(7): 607-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13620
Gan, Y., Hu, Y., Dong, H., Wu, L. and Niu, Y. Causes of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and the Use of Diagnostic Biomarkers in Blood Samples from Children in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China, Between July 2019 and June 2020. Med Sci Monit. (2022). 28: e934889. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.934889
Guo, Z., Zhang, X. and Yuan, Y. The value of lung ultrasound in assessing the degree of lesions in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Am J Transl Res. (2023). 15(3): 2175-2182.
Han, Z., Zhang, Y., Liao, S. and Zhou, N. The clinical characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia and its relationship between hypokalemia in west China. Transl Pediatr. (2021). 10(2): 406-414. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-20-471
Hu, S., Zhu, Y., Dong, D., Wang, B., Zhou, Z., Wang, C., Tian, J. and Peng, Y. Chest Radiographs Using a Context-Fusion Convolution Neural Network (CNN): Can It Distinguish the Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in Children. J Digit Imaging. (2022). 35(5): 1079-1090. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-021-00543-1
Huang, F., Gu, W., Diwu, J., Zhang, X., He, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, Z., Huang, L., Wang, M., Dong, H., Wang, S., Wang, Y., Zhu, C. and Hao, C. Etiology and clinical features of infection-associated plastic bronchitis in children. BMC Infect Dis. (2023). 23(1): 588. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08529-w
Jiang, Y., Wang, W., Zhang, Z., Ma, X., Sang, Y., Wang, J., Xu, G., Feng, Q. and Zhao, S. Serum amyloid a, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin levels in children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. J Clin Lab Anal. (2022). 36(3): e24265. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24265
Jourquin, S., Lowie, T., Debruyne, F., Chantillon, L., Vereecke, N., Boyen, F., Boone, R., Bokma, J. and Pardon, B. Dynamics of subclinical pneumonia in male dairy calves in relation to antimicrobial therapy and production outcomes. J Dairy Sci. (2023). 106(1): 676-689. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22212
Karakayalı, B., Yazar, A.S., Çakir, D., Cetemen, A., Kariminikoo, M., Deliloglu, B., Guven, S. and Islek, I. Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome associated with cefotaxime and clindamycin use in a 6 year-old boy: a case report. Pan Afr Med J. (2017). 28: 218. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2017.28.218.10828
Li, F., Kong, S., Xie, K., Zhang, Y., Yan, P. and Zhao, W. High ratio of C-reactive protein/procalcitonin predicts Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among adults hospitalized with community acquired pneumonia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. (2021). 81(1): 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365513.2020.1858491
Li, S., Zhang, Q.L., Guo, R.J., Lv, X.Z. and Yang, X. Quantitative evaluation and significance of ultrasound in bronchoalveolar lavage for lung consolidation in children with severe mycoplasma pneumonia. Transl Pediatr. (2021). 10(9): 2325-2334. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-21-381
Li, W., Liu, T., Yao, M., Yu, R., Shu, M., Zhang, M. and Huang, J. Effect of interesting respiratory rehabilitation training for the treatment of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. BMC Infect Dis. (2023). 23(1): 561. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08513-4
Li, Y., Min, L. and Zhang, X. Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children. BMC Pulm Med. (2021). 21(1): 386. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-021-01756-4
Liu, B., Chang, X. and Yan, N. Clinical analysis of the epidemiology and changes in inflammatory indexes of Mycoplasma pneumonia in acute and recovery stage pediatric patients. Transl Pediatr. (2022). 11(10): 1645-1655. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-22-416
Liu, G., Wang, G., Yang, Z., Liu, G., Ma, H., Lv, Y., Ma, F. and Zhu, W. A Lung Ultrasound-Based Nomogram for the Prediction of Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children. Infect Drug Resist. (2022). 15: 6343-6355. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S387890
Liu, M., Meng, K., Jiang, J., Zhang, L. and Sun, S. Comparison of serodiagnosis methods for community-acquired Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infections in children. Medicine (Baltimore). (2023). 102(29): e34133. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034133
Ma, C., Li, X., Gao, X., He, Q., Zhuan, B., Ji, W., Cai, Z., Tian, J., Liu, L., Liu, H., Wang, P. and Cao, X. [Value of serum amyloid protein dynamic changes on evaluating condition and prognosis of patients with viral and mycoplasma community-acquired pneumonia]. Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. (2022). 34(6): 592-596. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.cn121430-20210223-00273
Nakanishi, M., Nakashima, K., Takeshita, M., Yagi, T., Nakayama, T., Kiguchi, T. and Yamada, H. Ability of high-resolution computed tomography to distinguish Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia from other bacterial pneumonia: Significance of lateral bronchial lesions, less air bronchogram, and no peripheral predominance. Respir Investig. (2020). 58(3): 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resinv.2020.01.006
Scherrer, S., Schmitt, S., Rademacher, F., Kuhnert, P., Ghielmetti, G., Peterhans, S. and Stephan, R. Development of a new multiplex quantitative PCR for the detection of Glaesserella parasuis, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, and Mycoplasma hyosynoviae. Microbiologyopen. (2023). 12(3): e1353. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1353
Shi, S., Dong, N., Vinturache, A., Dong, X. and Ding, G. Hydropneumothorax and atelectasis associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in a 11-year-old girl. Pediatr Pulmonol. (2022). 57(12): 3169-3171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.26115
Smyrnaios, A., Risnes, K., Krokstad, S., Nordbø, S.A., Heimdal, I., Christensen, A. and Døllner, H. The Contribution of Viruses and Bacteria to Childhood Community-acquired Pneumonia: 11-Year Observational Study From Norway. Pediatr Infect Dis J. (2023). 42(6): 456-460. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000003867
Wang, D., Zhao, J., Zhang, R., Yan, Q., Zhou, L., Han, X., Qi, Y. and Yu, D. The value of CT radiomic in differentiating mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia from streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia with similar consolidation in children under 5 years. Front Pediatr. (2022). 10: 953399. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.953399
Wang, L., Lu, S., Guo, Y., Liu, J., Wu, P. and Yang, S. Comparative study of diagnostic efficacy of sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid specimens in community-acquired pneumonia children treated with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. BMC Infect Dis. (2023). 23(1): 565. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08522-3
Wang, X. and Lin, X. Analysis of Clinical Related Factors of Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children Based on Imaging Diagnosis. Comput Math Methods Med. (2022). 2022: 4852131. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4852131
Wen, J., Su, Y., Sun, H., Zhang, H. and Li, H. The combination of initial markers to predict refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in Chinese children: a case control study. Respir Res. (2021). 22(1): 89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-020-01577-9
Wetzke, M., Schütz, K., Kopp, M.V., Seidenberg, J., Vogelberg, C., Ankermann, T., Happle, C., Voigt, G., Köster, H., Illig, T., Lex, C., Schuster, A., Maier, R., Panning, M., Barten, G., Rohde, G., Welte, T. and Hansen, G. Pathogen spectra in hospitalised and nonhospitalised children with community-acquired pneumonia. ERJ Open Res. (2023). 9(2): 00286-02022 [pii]. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00286-2022
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2025/01/03
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Copyright (c) 2025 Yao Zheng
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