Cytokine Changes in the Nasal Fluid after Acute Acoustic Trauma
Nasal Cytokine Response to Acoustic Trauma
Keywords:
Audiometry; Cytokines; Gunfire; Gender; Hearing loss; Impulse noise; Interleukin-1β; Nasal cavity
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Occupational noise-induced hearing loss poses a significant health risk especially for military and low enforcement. Unlike steady, prolonged noise, impulse noise, such as gunfire, lead to more immediate and severe hearing impairment. This study explores the link between sensorineural hearing loss and cytokine levels in nasal secretions of male and female military cadets exposed to high-intensity gunfire noise.
Methods: 105 cadets (75 males and 30 females, aged 19–25) undergoing regular firearms training were included. Audiometric testing and measurement of IL-1β, TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-10 concentrations in nasal secretions were conducted at three-time points: 24 hours before, immediately after and 24 hours following noise exposure.
Results: Acute acoustic trauma affected the hearing of 39% of male and 21% of female participants. Among those with audiometric changes, IL-1β levels increased immediately after exposure, while both IL-1β and GM-CSF levels were elevated 24 hours later. Nasal IL-1β and GM-CSF levels significantly changed across all participants, with the most pronounced alterations seen in those with audiogram changes. Male cadets exhibited higher values of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios compared to female cadets.
Conclusions: Acoustic trauma associated with a certain degree of hearing loss due to noise exposure is linked to an increase in nasal pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and this effect is more pronounced in men than in women.
References
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39. Hu BH, Zhang C, Frye MD. Immune cells and non-immune cells with immune function in mammalian cochleae. Hearing research. 2018;362:14-24.
40. Sai N, Shi X, Zhang Y, Jiang Q-q, Ji F, Yuan S-l, et al. Involvement of Cholesterol Metabolic Pathways in Recovery from Noise‐Induced Hearing Loss. Neural Plasticity. 2020;2020(1):6235948.
41. He W, Yu J, Sun Y, Kong W. Macrophages in noise-exposed cochlea: changes, regulation and the potential role. Aging and disease. 2020;11(1):191.
42. Ito T, Kurata N, Fukunaga Y. Tissue-resident macrophages in the stria vascularis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:818395.
43. Etchell A, Adhikari A, Weinberg LS, Choo AL, Garnett EO, Chow HM, et al. A systematic literature review of sex differences in childhood language and brain development. Neuropsychologia. 2018;114:19-31.
44. Gur RC, Gur RE. Complementarity of sex differences in brain and behavior: From laterality to multimodal neuroimaging. Journal of neuroscience research. 2017;95(1-2):189-99.
45. Mrena R, Savolainen S, Pirvola U, Ylikoski J. Characteristics of acute acoustical trauma in the Finnish Defence Forces: Las características del trauma acústico agudo en las Fuerzas de Defensa de Finlandia. International Journal of Audiology. 2004;43(3):177-81.
46. Woo J-I, Kil S-H, Oh S, Lee Y-J, Park R, Lim DJ, et al. IL-10/HMOX1 signaling modulates cochlear inflammation via negative regulation of MCP-1/CCL2 expression in cochlear fibrocytes. The Journal of Immunology. 2015;194(8):3953-61.
47. Arslan HH, Satar B, Serdar M, Yılmaz E. Changes in proinflammatory cytokines in the cochlea in relation to hearing thresholds in noise-exposed rats. The Journal of International Advanced Otology. 2017;13(3):308-12.
48. Arnold BG, Wolfgang. The endolymphatic sac receives antigenetic information from the organs of the mucosa-associated lymphatic system. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1998;118(3):333-6.
49. Yan Z, Wang JB, Gong SS, Huang X. Cell proliferation in the endolymphatic sac in situ after the rat Waldeyer ring equivalent immunostimulation. The Laryngoscope. 2003;113(9):1609-14.
50. Kämpfe Nordström C, Danckwardt-Lillieström N, Laurell G, Liu W, Rask-Andersen H. The human endolymphatic sac and inner ear immunity: macrophage interaction and molecular expression. Frontiers in immunology. 2019;9:3181.
51. Hough K, Verschuur CA, Cunningham C, Newman TA. Macrophages in the cochlea; an immunological link between risk factors and progressive hearing loss. Glia. 2022;70(2):219-38.
52. Lin S, Lin X, Ye S, Lin Y, Shu B, Hu J, et al. Is there “hidden hearing loss” in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis? International Journal of Audiology. 2020;59(2):124-31.
53. Lin X, Shan X, Lin S, Shu B, Wang Y, Xiao W. Is Sensorineural Hearing Loss Related to Chronic Rhinosinusitis Caused by Outer Hair Cell Injury? Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2019;25:627.
54. Lopez-Castejon G, Brough D. Understanding the mechanism of IL-1β secretion. Cytokine & growth factor reviews. 2011;22(4):189-95.
55. Vranješ D, Spremo S, Gajanin R, Špirić S, Amidžić L, Novaković-Bursać S. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 and interleukin-1 in middle ear cholesteatoma. Vojnosanitetski pregled. 2021;78(11).
56. Paunović Z, Milutinović S, Stanković N, Abazović D, Stanojević I, Rakić M, et al. Association of fracture configuration and callus formation with a concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in children with long bone fractures. Vojnosanitetski pregled. 2021;78(4):397-402.
57. Rai V, Wood MB, Feng H, Schabla NM, Tu S, Zuo J. The immune response after noise damage in the cochlea is characterized by a heterogeneous mix of adaptive and innate immune cells. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):15167.
58. Saraiva M, O'garra A. The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells. Nature reviews immunology. 2010;10(3):170-81.
59. Liva SM, Voskuhl RR. Testosterone acts directly on CD4+ T lymphocytes to increase IL-10 production. The Journal of Immunology. 2001;167(4):2060-7.
60. Landegger LD, Vasilijic S, Fujita T, Soares VY, Seist R, Xu L, et al. Cytokine levels in inner ear fluid of young and aged mice as molecular biomarkers of noise-induced hearing loss. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019;10:977.
61. Katsumi S, Sahin MI, Lewis RM, Iyer JS, Landegger LD, Stankovic KM. Intracochlear perfusion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces sensorineural hearing loss and synaptic degeneration in guinea pigs. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020;10:1353.
2. Bies DA, Hansen CH, Howard CQ. Engineering noise control: CRC press; 2017.
3. Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, Brink M, Clark C, Janssen S, et al. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. The lancet. 2014;383(9925):1325-32.
4. Hammer MS, Swinburn TK, Neitzel RL. Environmental noise pollution in the United States: developing an effective public health response. Environmental health perspectives. 2014;122(2):115-9.
5. Paciello F, Pisani A, Rolesi R, Escarrat V, Galli J, Paludetti G, et al. Noise-induced cochlear damage involves PPAR down-regulation through the interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation. Antioxidants. 2021;10(8):1188.
6. Li S, Zheng H, Xing Z, Liu Y, Han L, Wang Z, et al. The circadian timing of noise exposure influences noise-induced inflammatory responses in the mouse cochlea. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology. 2023;88:1-8.
7. Hapsari AA, Kusmawan D. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) Risk Factors among Manufacturing Industry Workers: A Systematic Review. 2021.
8. Lie A, Skogstad M, Johannessen HA, Tynes T, Mehlum IS, Nordby K-C, et al. Occupational noise exposure and hearing: a systematic review. International archives of occupational and environmental health. 2016;89:351-72.
9. Chen K-H, Su S-B, Chen K-T. An overview of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and preventive measures. Environmental health and preventive medicine. 2020;25(1):65.
10. Oishi N, Schacht J. Emerging treatments for noise-induced hearing loss. Expert opinion on emerging drugs. 2011;16(2):235-45.
11. Daniel E. Noise and hearing loss: a review. Journal of School Health. 2007;77(5):225-31.
12. Masterson EA. Hearing impairment among noise-exposed workers—United States, 2003–2012. MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2016;65.
13. Kujawa SG, Liberman MC. Acceleration of age-related hearing loss by early noise exposure: evidence of a misspent youth. Journal of Neuroscience. 2006;26(7):2115-23.
14. Natarajan N, Batts S, Stankovic KM. Noise-induced hearing loss. Journal of clinical medicine. 2023;12(6):2347.
15. Themann CL, Masterson EA. Occupational noise exposure: A review of its effects, epidemiology, and impact with recommendations for reducing its burden. The Journal of the acoustical society of America. 2019;146(5):3879-905.
16. Stewart M, Konkle DF, Simpson TH. The effect of recreational gunfire noise on hearing in workers exposed to occupational noise. Ear, nose & throat journal. 2001;80(1):32-40.
17. Flamme GA, Deiters KK, Tasko SM, Smith MV, Jones HG, Murphy WJ, et al. Pervasiveness of Early Middle Ear Muscle Contractions.
18. Kellerhals B. Acoustic trauma and cochlear microcirculation. Der Drehnystagmus/Acoustic Trauma and Cochlear Microcirculation. 1972;18:91-168.
19. Hertzano R, Lipford EL, Depireux D. Noise: acoustic trauma to the inner ear. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 2020;53(4):531-42.
20. Guida HL, Diniz TH, Kinoshita SK. Acoustic and psychoacoustic analysis of the noise produced by the police force firearms. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology. 2011;77:163-70.
21. Gerhardt KJ, Rodriguez GP, Hepler EL, Moul ML. Ear Canal Volume and Variability in the Pattems of Temporary Threshold Shifts. Ear and hearing. 1987;8(6):316-21.
22. Hong O, Kerr MJ, Poling GL, Dhar S. Understanding and preventing noise-induced hearing loss. Disease-a-month. 2013;59(4):110-8.
23. Humes LE, Joellenbeck LM, Durch JS. Noise and military service. Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus. 2006:2006.
24. Keithley EM. Inner ear immunity. Hearing research. 2022;419:108518.
25. Čvorović L, Trivić A, Dudvarski Z, Jotić A, Folić M, Arsović N, et al. Is otitis media with effusion associated with Samter’s triad a new nosological entity? A preliminary report on inflammatory mediator production. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 2021;278:1835-43.
26. Trune DR, Kempton B, Hausman FA, Larrain BE, MacArthur CJ. Correlative mRNA and protein expression of middle and inner ear inflammatory cytokines during mouse acute otitis media. Hearing research. 2015;326:49-58.
27. MacArthur CJ, Pillers DAM, Pang J, Kempton JB, Trune DR. Altered expression of middle and inner ear cytokines in mouse otitis media. The Laryngoscope. 2011;121(2):365-71.
28. He Z-H, Pan S, Zheng H-W, Fang Q-J, Hill K, Sha S-H. Treatment with calcineurin inhibitor FK506 attenuates noise-induced hearing loss. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021;9:648461.
29. Shin S-A, Lyu A-R, Jeong S-H, Kim TH, Park MJ, Park Y-H. Acoustic trauma modulates cochlear blood flow and vasoactive factors in a rodent model of noise-induced hearing loss. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(21):5316.
30. Gogokhia N, Japaridze N, Tizabi Y, Pataraya L, Zhvania MG. Gender differences in anxiety response to high intensity white noise in rats. Neuroscience Letters. 2021;742:135543.
31. Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2016;16(10):626-38.
32. Xu K, Xu B, Gu J, Wang X, Yu D, Chen Y. Intrinsic mechanism and pharmacologic treatments of noise-induced hearing loss. Theranostics. 2023;13(11):3524.
33. Zhang A, Zou T, Guo D, Wang Q, Shen Y, Hu H, et al. The immune system can hear noise. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;11:619189.
34. Frye MD, Ryan AF, Kurabi A. Inflammation associated with noise-induced hearing loss. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2019;146(5):4020-32.
35. Zhang Y, Li Y, Fu X, Wang P, Wang Q, Meng W, et al. The detrimental and beneficial functions of macrophages after cochlear injury. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021;9:631904.
36. Stachler RJ, Chandrasekhar SS, Archer SM, Rosenfeld RM, Schwartz SR, Barrs DM, et al. Clinical practice guideline: sudden hearing loss. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery. 2012;146(3_suppl):S1-S35.
37. Vethanayagam R, Yang W, Dong Y, Hu B. Toll-like receptor 4 modulates the cochlear immune response to acoustic injury. Cell death & disease. 2016;7(6):e2245-e.
38. Yang S, Cai Q, Vethanayagam RR, Wang J, Yang W, Hu BH. Immune defense is the primary function associated with the differentially expressed genes in the cochlea following acoustic trauma. Hearing research. 2016;333:283-94.
39. Hu BH, Zhang C, Frye MD. Immune cells and non-immune cells with immune function in mammalian cochleae. Hearing research. 2018;362:14-24.
40. Sai N, Shi X, Zhang Y, Jiang Q-q, Ji F, Yuan S-l, et al. Involvement of Cholesterol Metabolic Pathways in Recovery from Noise‐Induced Hearing Loss. Neural Plasticity. 2020;2020(1):6235948.
41. He W, Yu J, Sun Y, Kong W. Macrophages in noise-exposed cochlea: changes, regulation and the potential role. Aging and disease. 2020;11(1):191.
42. Ito T, Kurata N, Fukunaga Y. Tissue-resident macrophages in the stria vascularis. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:818395.
43. Etchell A, Adhikari A, Weinberg LS, Choo AL, Garnett EO, Chow HM, et al. A systematic literature review of sex differences in childhood language and brain development. Neuropsychologia. 2018;114:19-31.
44. Gur RC, Gur RE. Complementarity of sex differences in brain and behavior: From laterality to multimodal neuroimaging. Journal of neuroscience research. 2017;95(1-2):189-99.
45. Mrena R, Savolainen S, Pirvola U, Ylikoski J. Characteristics of acute acoustical trauma in the Finnish Defence Forces: Las características del trauma acústico agudo en las Fuerzas de Defensa de Finlandia. International Journal of Audiology. 2004;43(3):177-81.
46. Woo J-I, Kil S-H, Oh S, Lee Y-J, Park R, Lim DJ, et al. IL-10/HMOX1 signaling modulates cochlear inflammation via negative regulation of MCP-1/CCL2 expression in cochlear fibrocytes. The Journal of Immunology. 2015;194(8):3953-61.
47. Arslan HH, Satar B, Serdar M, Yılmaz E. Changes in proinflammatory cytokines in the cochlea in relation to hearing thresholds in noise-exposed rats. The Journal of International Advanced Otology. 2017;13(3):308-12.
48. Arnold BG, Wolfgang. The endolymphatic sac receives antigenetic information from the organs of the mucosa-associated lymphatic system. Acta oto-laryngologica. 1998;118(3):333-6.
49. Yan Z, Wang JB, Gong SS, Huang X. Cell proliferation in the endolymphatic sac in situ after the rat Waldeyer ring equivalent immunostimulation. The Laryngoscope. 2003;113(9):1609-14.
50. Kämpfe Nordström C, Danckwardt-Lillieström N, Laurell G, Liu W, Rask-Andersen H. The human endolymphatic sac and inner ear immunity: macrophage interaction and molecular expression. Frontiers in immunology. 2019;9:3181.
51. Hough K, Verschuur CA, Cunningham C, Newman TA. Macrophages in the cochlea; an immunological link between risk factors and progressive hearing loss. Glia. 2022;70(2):219-38.
52. Lin S, Lin X, Ye S, Lin Y, Shu B, Hu J, et al. Is there “hidden hearing loss” in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis? International Journal of Audiology. 2020;59(2):124-31.
53. Lin X, Shan X, Lin S, Shu B, Wang Y, Xiao W. Is Sensorineural Hearing Loss Related to Chronic Rhinosinusitis Caused by Outer Hair Cell Injury? Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2019;25:627.
54. Lopez-Castejon G, Brough D. Understanding the mechanism of IL-1β secretion. Cytokine & growth factor reviews. 2011;22(4):189-95.
55. Vranješ D, Spremo S, Gajanin R, Špirić S, Amidžić L, Novaković-Bursać S. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor 2 and interleukin-1 in middle ear cholesteatoma. Vojnosanitetski pregled. 2021;78(11).
56. Paunović Z, Milutinović S, Stanković N, Abazović D, Stanojević I, Rakić M, et al. Association of fracture configuration and callus formation with a concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in children with long bone fractures. Vojnosanitetski pregled. 2021;78(4):397-402.
57. Rai V, Wood MB, Feng H, Schabla NM, Tu S, Zuo J. The immune response after noise damage in the cochlea is characterized by a heterogeneous mix of adaptive and innate immune cells. Scientific reports. 2020;10(1):15167.
58. Saraiva M, O'garra A. The regulation of IL-10 production by immune cells. Nature reviews immunology. 2010;10(3):170-81.
59. Liva SM, Voskuhl RR. Testosterone acts directly on CD4+ T lymphocytes to increase IL-10 production. The Journal of Immunology. 2001;167(4):2060-7.
60. Landegger LD, Vasilijic S, Fujita T, Soares VY, Seist R, Xu L, et al. Cytokine levels in inner ear fluid of young and aged mice as molecular biomarkers of noise-induced hearing loss. Frontiers in Neurology. 2019;10:977.
61. Katsumi S, Sahin MI, Lewis RM, Iyer JS, Landegger LD, Stankovic KM. Intracochlear perfusion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces sensorineural hearing loss and synaptic degeneration in guinea pigs. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020;10:1353.
Published
2025/01/08
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Copyright (c) 2025 Vanja Jovanović, Sonja Marjanović, Aleksandar Perić, Dejan Jovanović, Zoran Radojičić, Mirjana Đukić, Danilo Vojvodić
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