PLANT-BASED SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE SUPPLEMENTATION IN THE ATHLETE POPULATION
Keywords:
antioxidants, athletes, exercise, oxidative stress, SOD, supplementation, antioksidansi, fizička aktivnost, oksidativni stress, SOD, sportisti, suplementacija
Abstract
Physical exercise significantly influences the redox balance, with its intensity, duration, and type affecting the production of free radicals, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. An excess of free radicals can lead to oxidative stress. Elite athletes, due to rigorous training and often insufficient rest, are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, which can negatively affect their health and sports performance. Plant-based superoxide dismutase (SOD), combined with gliadin isolated from wheat, is a relatively new dietary supplement known for its antioxidant properties. Aim of this review was to evaluate the effects of SOD/gliadin supplementation among athletes. We examined the impact of this supplementation on redox status, inflammatory markers, indicators of muscle damage, and sports performance. Overall, the analysis of the data indicated some beneficial effects on all observed aspects of athletes' health and performance. The effects of supplementation appear to depend on the type of sport, the athlete's training status, and the design of the supplementation study. However, very few studies have been published on this topic; therefore, further research is needed to clarify the potential benefits of SOD/gliadin supplementation for athletes. Future studies should include a larger number of participants and implement controlled conditions with standardized dosage regimens, enabling more robust, comparable, and reliable outcomes.
References
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8. Ji LL, Kang C, Zhang Y. Exercise-induced hormesis and skeletal muscle health. Free Radic Biol Med 2016;98: 113-22.
9. Criswell D, Powers S, Dodd S, Lawler J, Edwards W, Renshler K, Grinton S. High intensity training-induced changes in skeletal muscle antioxidant enzyme activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25(10): 1135-40
10. Fridovich I. Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Annu Rev Biochem 1995; 64: 97–112.
11. Jomova K, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98(5): 1323-67.
12. Lee SE, Park YS. The Emerging Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes by Dietary Phytochemicals in Vascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11(3): 199
13. Evans LW, Zhang F, Omaye ST. Vitamin C Supplementation Reduces Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Increases Peak Muscular Force. Food Nutr Sci 2017; 8: 812–22.
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22. Christensen PM, Bangsbo J. N-Acetyl cysteine does not improve repeated intense endurance cycling performance of well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119(6): 1419-29.
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26. Higgins MR, Izadi A, Kaviani M. Antioxidants and Exercise Performance: With a Focus on Vitamin E and C Supplementation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(22): 8452.
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29. Décordé K, Ventura E, Lacan D, Ramos J, Cristol JP, Rouanet JM. An SOD rich melon extract Extramel prevents aortic lipids and liver steatosis in diet-induced model of atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20(5): 301-7.
30. Sudareva N, Suvorova O, Saprykina N, Vilesov A, Bel'tyukov P, Petunov S. Alginate-containing systems for oral delivery of superoxide dismutase. Comparison of various configurations and their properties. J Microencapsul 2016; 33(5): 487-96.
31. Vouldoukis I, Lacan D, Kamate C, Coste P, Calenda A, Mazier D, Conti M, Dugas B. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a Cucumis melo LC. extract rich in superoxide dismutase activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 94(1): 67-75.
32. Arangoa MA, Ponchel G, Orecchioni AM, Renedo MJ, Duchêne D, Irache JM. Bioadhesive potential of gliadin nanoparticulate systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 11(4): 333-41.
33. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Guo R, Li W, Pei X, et al. Gliadin-based delivery systems for bioactive compounds: advances in preparation, modification, and application. Food Bioprocess Technol 2025; 18: 10229–56.
34. Vouldoukis I, Conti M, Krauss P, Kamaté C, Blazquez S, Tefit M, Mazier D, Calenda A, Dugas B. Supplementation with gliadin-combined plant superoxide dismutase extract promotes antioxidant defences and protects against oxidative stress. Phytother Res 2004; 18(12): 957-62
35. Younus H. Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2018; 12(3): 88-93.
36. Romao S. Therapeutic value of oral supplementation with melon superoxide dismutase and wheat gliadin combination. Nutrition 2015; 31(3): 430-6
37. Deepa SS, Bhaskaran S, Espinoza S, Brooks SV, McArdle A, Jackson MJ, Van Remmen H, Richardson A. A new mouse model of frailty: the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase knockout mouse. Geroscience 2017; 39(2): 187-98.
38. Dudašova Petrovičova O, Stanković I, Milinković N, Dopsaj V, Đorđević B, Dopsaj M. Effects of 6-Week Supplementation with GliSODin on Parameters of Muscle Damages, Metabolic, and Work Performance at International Level Rowers after Specific Maximal Effort. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11(10): 1437.
39. Skarpanska-Stejnborn A, Pilaczynska-Szczesniak L, Basta P, Deskur-Smielecka E, Woitas-Slubowska D, Adach Z. Effects of oral supplementation with plant superoxide dismutase extract on selected redox parameters and an inflammatory marker in a 2,000-m rowing-ergometer test. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2011; 21(2): 124-34.
40. Dudašova Petrovičova O, Stanković I, Ðordević B, Dopsaj V, Milinković N, Dopsaj M. How Supplementation with SOD-Rich Plant Extract, Combined with Gliadin, Can Affect Oxidative Stress Markers and Zonulin Levels in Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress. Metabolites 2023; 13(12): 1200.
41. Arent SM, Pellegrino JK, Williams CA, Difabio DA, Greenwood JC. Nutritional supplementation, performance, and oxidative stress in college soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24(4): 1117-24.
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49. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49(11): 1603-16.
50. Moghadam-Kia S, Oddis CV, Aggarwal R. Approach to asymptomatic creatine kinase elevation. Cleve Clin J Med 2016; 83(1): 37-42.
51. Brancaccio P, Lippi G, Maffulli N. Biochemical markers of muscular damage. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48(6): 757-67.
52. Vassilakopoulos T, Karatza MH, Katsaounou P, Kollintza A, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C. Antioxidants attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94(3): 1025-32.
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55. Lee J, Zhang XL. Physiological determinants of VO2max and the methods to evaluate it: A critical review. Science & Sports 2021; 4(36): 259-71.
56. Bassett DR Jr, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(1): 70-84.
57. Jacobs I. Blood lactate. Implications for training and sports performance. Sports Med 1986; 3(1): 10-25.
58. Stanula A, Gabrys T, Szmatlan-Gabrys U, Roczniok R, Maszczyk A, Pietraszewski P. Calculating lactate anaerobic thresholds in sports involving different endurance preparation. J Exerc Sci Fit 2013; 11: 12–8.
2. Turrens, JF. Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. J Physiol 2003; 552: 335–44.
3. Ji LL. Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress in Exercise. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1999; 222(3): 283-92.
4. Powers SK, Nelson WB, Hudson MB. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in humans: cause and consequences. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51(5): 942-50.
5. El Abed K, Ammar A, Boukhris O, Trabelsi K, Masmoudi L, Bailey SJ, et al. Independent and Combined Effects of All-Out Sprint and Low-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Plasma Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Trained Judokas. Front Physiol 2019; 10: 842
6. Simioni C, Zauli G, Martelli AM, Vitale M, Sacchetti G, Gonelli A, et al. Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget 2018;9(24): 17181-98.
7. Thirupathi A, Wang M, Lin JK, Fekete G, István B, Baker JS, Gu Y. Effect of Different Exercise Modalities on Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021: 1947928.
8. Ji LL, Kang C, Zhang Y. Exercise-induced hormesis and skeletal muscle health. Free Radic Biol Med 2016;98: 113-22.
9. Criswell D, Powers S, Dodd S, Lawler J, Edwards W, Renshler K, Grinton S. High intensity training-induced changes in skeletal muscle antioxidant enzyme activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25(10): 1135-40
10. Fridovich I. Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Annu Rev Biochem 1995; 64: 97–112.
11. Jomova K, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Several lines of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress: antioxidant enzymes, nanomaterials with multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, and low-molecular-weight antioxidants. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98(5): 1323-67.
12. Lee SE, Park YS. The Emerging Roles of Antioxidant Enzymes by Dietary Phytochemicals in Vascular Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11(3): 199
13. Evans LW, Zhang F, Omaye ST. Vitamin C Supplementation Reduces Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Increases Peak Muscular Force. Food Nutr Sci 2017; 8: 812–22.
14. Roberts LA, Beattie K, Close GL, Morton JP. Vitamin C consumption does not impair training-induced improvements in exercise performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2011; 6(1): 58-69.
15. Connolly DA, Lauzon C, Agnew J, Dunn M, Reed B. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on symptoms of delayed onset muscle soreness. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2006; 46(3): 462-7.
16. Yimcharoen M, Kittikunnathum S, Suknikorn C, Nak-On W, Yeethong P, Anthony TG, Bunpo P. Effects of ascorbic acid supplementation on oxidative stress markers in healthy women following a single bout of exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019;16(1): 2.
17. Santos SA, Silva ET, Caris AV, Lira FS, Tufik S, Dos Santos RV. Vitamin E supplementation inhibits muscle damage and inflammation after moderate exercise in hypoxia. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29(4): 516-22.
18. Schulpis KH, Moukas M, Parthimos T, Tsakiris T, Parthimos N, Tsakiris S. The effect of alpha-Tocopherol supplementation on training-induced elevation of S100B protein in sera of basketball players. Clin Biochem 2007; 40(12): 900-6.
19. Gaeini AA, Rahnama N, Hamedinia MR. Effects of vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress at rest and after exercise to exhaustion in athletic students. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2006; 46(3): 458-61.
20. Davis JM, Carlstedt CJ, Chen S, Carmichael MD, Murphy EA. The dietary flavonoid quercetin increases VO(2max) and endurance capacity. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2010; 20(1): 56-62.
21. Scholten SD, Sergeev IN, Song Q, Birger CB. Effects of vitamin D and quercetin, alone and in combination, on cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle function in physically active male adults. Open Access J Sports Med 2015; 6: 229-39.
22. Christensen PM, Bangsbo J. N-Acetyl cysteine does not improve repeated intense endurance cycling performance of well-trained cyclists. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119(6): 1419-29.
23. Slattery KM, Dascombe B, Wallace LK, Bentley DJ, Coutts AJ. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on cycling performance after intensified training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46(6): 1114-23.
24. Baralic I, Andjelkovic M, Djordjevic B, Dikic N, Radivojevic N, Suzin-Zivkovic V, et al. Effect of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Salivary IgA, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Young Soccer Players. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2015; 2015: 783761.
25. Nieman DC, Woo J, Sakaguchi CA, Omar AM, Tang Y, Davis K, et al.Astaxanthin supplementation counters exercise-induced decreases in immune-related plasma proteins. Front Nutr 2023; 10: 1143385..
26. Higgins MR, Izadi A, Kaviani M. Antioxidants and Exercise Performance: With a Focus on Vitamin E and C Supplementation. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17(22): 8452.
27. Moroz E, Matoori S, Leroux JC. Oral delivery of macromolecular drugs: Where we are after almost 100years of attempts. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101: 108-21.
28. Regnault C, Soursac M, Roch-Arveiller M, Postaire E, Hazebroucq G. Pharmacokinetics of superoxide dismutase in rats after oral administration. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1996; 17(2): 165-74.
29. Décordé K, Ventura E, Lacan D, Ramos J, Cristol JP, Rouanet JM. An SOD rich melon extract Extramel prevents aortic lipids and liver steatosis in diet-induced model of atherosclerosis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20(5): 301-7.
30. Sudareva N, Suvorova O, Saprykina N, Vilesov A, Bel'tyukov P, Petunov S. Alginate-containing systems for oral delivery of superoxide dismutase. Comparison of various configurations and their properties. J Microencapsul 2016; 33(5): 487-96.
31. Vouldoukis I, Lacan D, Kamate C, Coste P, Calenda A, Mazier D, Conti M, Dugas B. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a Cucumis melo LC. extract rich in superoxide dismutase activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2004; 94(1): 67-75.
32. Arangoa MA, Ponchel G, Orecchioni AM, Renedo MJ, Duchêne D, Irache JM. Bioadhesive potential of gliadin nanoparticulate systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 11(4): 333-41.
33. Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Guo R, Li W, Pei X, et al. Gliadin-based delivery systems for bioactive compounds: advances in preparation, modification, and application. Food Bioprocess Technol 2025; 18: 10229–56.
34. Vouldoukis I, Conti M, Krauss P, Kamaté C, Blazquez S, Tefit M, Mazier D, Calenda A, Dugas B. Supplementation with gliadin-combined plant superoxide dismutase extract promotes antioxidant defences and protects against oxidative stress. Phytother Res 2004; 18(12): 957-62
35. Younus H. Therapeutic potentials of superoxide dismutase. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2018; 12(3): 88-93.
36. Romao S. Therapeutic value of oral supplementation with melon superoxide dismutase and wheat gliadin combination. Nutrition 2015; 31(3): 430-6
37. Deepa SS, Bhaskaran S, Espinoza S, Brooks SV, McArdle A, Jackson MJ, Van Remmen H, Richardson A. A new mouse model of frailty: the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase knockout mouse. Geroscience 2017; 39(2): 187-98.
38. Dudašova Petrovičova O, Stanković I, Milinković N, Dopsaj V, Đorđević B, Dopsaj M. Effects of 6-Week Supplementation with GliSODin on Parameters of Muscle Damages, Metabolic, and Work Performance at International Level Rowers after Specific Maximal Effort. Biology (Basel) 2022; 11(10): 1437.
39. Skarpanska-Stejnborn A, Pilaczynska-Szczesniak L, Basta P, Deskur-Smielecka E, Woitas-Slubowska D, Adach Z. Effects of oral supplementation with plant superoxide dismutase extract on selected redox parameters and an inflammatory marker in a 2,000-m rowing-ergometer test. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2011; 21(2): 124-34.
40. Dudašova Petrovičova O, Stanković I, Ðordević B, Dopsaj V, Milinković N, Dopsaj M. How Supplementation with SOD-Rich Plant Extract, Combined with Gliadin, Can Affect Oxidative Stress Markers and Zonulin Levels in Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress. Metabolites 2023; 13(12): 1200.
41. Arent SM, Pellegrino JK, Williams CA, Difabio DA, Greenwood JC. Nutritional supplementation, performance, and oxidative stress in college soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24(4): 1117-24.
42. Hong Y, Hong S, Chang YH, Cho SH. Influence of an orally effective superoxide dismutase (Glisodin) on strenuous exercise-induced changes of blood antioxidant enzymes and plasma lactate. In Proceedings of the AACC. National Meeting. 2004
43. Muth CM, Glenz Y, Klaus M, Radermacher P, Speit G, Leverve X. Influence of an orally effective SOD on hyperbaric oxygen-related cell damage. Free Radic Res 2004; 38(9): 927-32.
44. Magherini F, Fiaschi T, Marzocchini R, Mannelli M, Gamberi T, Modesti PA, Modesti A. Oxidative stress in exercise training: the involvement of inflammation and peripheral signals. Free Radic Res 2019; 53(11-12): 1155-65.
45. Cerqueira É, Marinho DA, Neiva HP, Lourenço O. Inflammatory effects of high and moderate intensity exercise - A systematic review. Front Physiol 2020; 10: 1550.
46. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98(4): 1154-62.
47. Draganidis D, Chatzinikolaou A, Jamurtas AZ, Carlos Barbero J, Tsoukas D, Theodorou AS, Margonis K, Michailidis Y, Avloniti A, Theodorou A, Kambas A, Fatouros I. The time-frame of acute resistance exercise effects on football skill performance: the impact of exercise intensity. J Sports Sci 2013; 31(7): 714-22.
48. Fatouros IG, Destouni A, Margonis K, Jamurtas AZ, Vrettou C, Kouretas D, Mastorakos G, Mitrakou A, Taxildaris K, Kanavakis E, Papassotiriou I. Cell-free plasma DNA as a novel marker of aseptic inflammation severity related to exercise overtraining. Clin Chem 2006; 52(9): 1820-4.
49. Reuter S, Gupta SC, Chaturvedi MM, Aggarwal BB. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and cancer: how are they linked? Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49(11): 1603-16.
50. Moghadam-Kia S, Oddis CV, Aggarwal R. Approach to asymptomatic creatine kinase elevation. Cleve Clin J Med 2016; 83(1): 37-42.
51. Brancaccio P, Lippi G, Maffulli N. Biochemical markers of muscular damage. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48(6): 757-67.
52. Vassilakopoulos T, Karatza MH, Katsaounou P, Kollintza A, Zakynthinos S, Roussos C. Antioxidants attenuate the plasma cytokine response to exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94(3): 1025-32.
53. Ellingsgaard H, Hojman P, Pedersen BK. Exercise and health—emerging roles of IL-6. Curr Opin Physiol 2019; 10: 49-54.
54. Nash D, Hughes MG, Butcher L, Aicheler R, Smith P, Cullen T, et al. IL-6 signaling in acute exercise and chronic training: Potential consequences for health and athletic performance. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33(1): 4-19.
55. Lee J, Zhang XL. Physiological determinants of VO2max and the methods to evaluate it: A critical review. Science & Sports 2021; 4(36): 259-71.
56. Bassett DR Jr, Howley ET. Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32(1): 70-84.
57. Jacobs I. Blood lactate. Implications for training and sports performance. Sports Med 1986; 3(1): 10-25.
58. Stanula A, Gabrys T, Szmatlan-Gabrys U, Roczniok R, Maszczyk A, Pietraszewski P. Calculating lactate anaerobic thresholds in sports involving different endurance preparation. J Exerc Sci Fit 2013; 11: 12–8.
Published
2026/01/05
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Copyright (c) 2026 Olina Dudašova Petrovičova, Brižita Đorđević, Vanja Todorović
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