GEOPOLITICS OF COVID-19 VACCINES - A NEW COLD WAR OF THE ‘VACCINE SUPERPOWERS’?

Keywords: geopolitics of vaccines, cold war, vaccine diplomacy, vaccine superpowers, geopolitical tool

Abstract


The COVID-19 pandemic has proved the claim of Alan Ingram (2005) that a disease is a geopolitical issue. Many authors have recognized that states, particularly the most powerful ones (the US, China, Russia), use the current global crisis to strengthen their influence worldwide in line with their geopolitical, economic, and military aspirations. This paper is aimed to inquiry do they use the COVID-19 vaccines for the same purpose. The implemented methods include a geopolitical approach, a comparative method, and a qualitative content analysis of collected statements of statemen and media narratives published from 13 December 2020 to 13 February 2021. The findings indicate that the vaccines have become a geopolitical tool. Due to a new Cold War of the ‘vaccine superpowers’, the world became divided in Western and Eastern ‘vaccine-blocks’. However, in the background of this ‘battle over vaccines’, a possible future cooperation of the West and the East may emerge.

Author Biography

Mirjana Dokmanović, Institute of Social Sciences

Centre for Legal Research, 

Research Associate

References

Ali, S. Mahmud. 2020. China’s Belt and Road Vision : Geoeconomics and Geopolitics. Springer International Publishing.
Allison, Graham. 2017. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucidide’s Trap? Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
AstraZeneka. 2021. “Our strategic R&D centres”. Last modified February 13. Accessed February 14, 2021. https://www.astrazeneca.com/r-d/our-strategic-r-d-centres.html.
BBC News. 2021. “Covid: What’s the problem with the EU vaccine rollout?” BBC News, February 12. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-52380823.
Berezow, A. 2020. “The Geopolitics Of Vaccine Distribution.” Geopolitical Futures, December 7. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://geopoliticalfutures.com/the-geopolitics-of-vaccine-distribution/.
BioNTech. 2021. “BioNTech”. Last modified January 10. Accessed January 10, 2021. https://biontech.de.
Browne, R. 2020. “What you need to know about BioNTech — the European company behind Pfizer’s Covid-19 vaccine.” CNBC, November 11. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/11/biontech-the-european-company-behind-pfizers-covid-19-vaccine.html.
Chan, Kam Wing, Michael Gentile, Nadir Kinossian, Tim Oakes, and Craig Young. 2020. “‘More-than-Viral’ Eurasian Geographies of the Covid-19 Pandemic: Interconnections, Inequalities, and Geopolitics.” Eurasian Geography & Economics 61 (4/5): 343–61.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council and the European Investment Bank. EU Strategy for COVID-19 vaccines. Brussels, 17.6.2020. COM(2020) 245 final
CureVac. 2021. “About Us”. Last modified January 20. Accessed January 20, 2021. https://www.curevac.com/en/about-us/.
Dokmanović, Mirjana. 2017. “Nacionalni suverenitet i ekonomska globalizacija” [National Sovereignty and Economic Globalization], in Globalizacija i izolacionizam [Globalization and Isolationism], V. Vukotić, et al., eds., 445-453. Belgrade: Institute of Social Sciences.
European Commission. 2021a. “Coronavirus vaccines strategy web site”. Last modified February 13. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/public-health/coronavirus-vaccines-strategy_en.
European Commission. 2021b. “Emergency Support Instrument”. Last modified February 13. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/emergency-support-instrument_en.
European Commission. 2021c. “European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. Emergency Support Instrument.” Last modified February 13. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/civil-protection/emergency-support-instrument_en.
European Commission. Commission Decision of 18.6.2020 approving the agreement with Member States on procuring Covid-19 vaccines on behalf of the Member States and related procedures. Brussels, 18.6.2020. C(2020) 4192 final.
Feyerabend. Florian. 2020. “Balkans: Geopolitics in Times of Corona”. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Country Reports. April. Accessed February 20, 2021. https://www.kas.de/en/country-reports/detail/-/content/balkans-geopolitics-in-times-of-corona.
Frankopan, Peter. 2015. The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World. London: Bloomsbury.
GSK. 2021. “About Us”. Last modified January 18. Accessed January 20, 2021. https://www.gsk.com/en-gb/about-us/.
Ingram, Alan. 2005. “The New Geopolitics of Disease: Between Global Health and Global Security.” Geopolitics, 10:3, 522-545, DOI: 10.1080/14650040591003516
Jevtić Dragan Miroslav. M. Talijan, and Aleksandar D. Dumić. 2018. Geopolitičke promene i prekompozicije u globalnim odnosima. Vojno delo 70, (2): 25-39.
Johnson & Johnson. 2021. “About Johnson & Johnson”. Last modified January 18. Accessed January 18, 2021. https://www.jnj.com/about-jnj.
José Leonardo, Francisco. 2018. “Combining the 'belt' with the roads at the heart of Europe: Geopolitics of the BBSP corridor.” Megatrend revija 15, (3): 207-224.
Lou, Jianbo. 2014. China - Africa Relations : Review and Analysis. China - Africa Relations. [Place of publication not identified]: Paths International Ltd.
Markey, Daniel S. 2020. China and the New Geopolitics of Eurasia. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190680190.003.0001.
Markey, Daniel S. 2020a. China’s Western Horizon: Beijing and the New Geopolitics of Eurasia. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190680190.001.0001.
Mionel, Viorel, Silviu Neguț and Oana Mionel. 2020. “Pandemopolitics. How a public health problem become a geopolitical and geoeconomic issue”. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 61:4-5, 389-403, DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2020.1828125
Moderna. 2021. “About Us”. Last Modified January 2021. Accessed January 31, 2021. https://www.modernatx.com/about-us.
Montgomery, E.B. 2014. “Contested Primacy in the Western Pacific China’s Rise and the Future of US Primacy”. International Security, 38(4), pp. 115-149.
Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. “Geopolitics of Power and Knowledge in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Decolonial Reflections on a Global Crisis.” Journal of Developing Societies (Sage Publications Inc.) 36, no. 4 (December 2020): 366–389.
Nhamo, Godwell. 2021. “COVID-19 Vaccines Development Discord: A Focus on the BRICS and Implications for Africa’s Access and Affordability Matters.” Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 48 (2): 278–96.
Pejić, Igor. 2018. “Geopolitics of Containment in the Post Cold War World”. Teme, 42(4): 1389-1404.
Pfizer. 2018. “BioNTech Signs Collaboration Agreement with Pfizer to Develop mRNA-based Vaccines for Prevention of Influenza”. Last modified August 16, 2018. Accessed February 11, 2021. https://pfe-pfizercom-d8-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/partnering/recent_partnership/BioNTech_Pfizer_Press_Release_8-15-18.pdf.
Ritchie, Hannah, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina, Diana Beltekian, Edouard Mathieu, Joe Hasell, Bobbie Macdonald, Charlie Giattino, Cameron Appel, Lucas Rodés-Guirao and Max Roser. 2020. "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Published online at OurWorldInData.org. Last modified February 13. Accessed February 14, 2021. https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus.
Ross, Robert. 1999. “The Geography of the Peace: East Asia in the Twenty-First Century”. International Security 23(4).
Sanofi. 2021. “About Us”. Last modified January. Accessed January 18, 2021. https://www.sanofi.com/en/about-us/sanofi-at-a-glance.
Sarcinschi, Alexandra. 2020. “Race for Vaccine and Medical Resources: A New Side of the Struggle for Power on the International Arena.” Strategic Impact 77 (4): 7–23.
Schreer, Benjamin. 2019. “Towards Contested ‘Spheres of Influence’ in the Western Pacific: Rising China, Classical Geopolitics, and Asia-Pacific Stability.” Geopolitics 24 (2): 503–22. doi:10.1080/14650045.2017.1364237.
Sherwin, E. 2021. “Russia: Free mass coronavirus vaccinations and an ice pop to boot.” DW News, February 11. Accessed February 12, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/russia-free-mass-coronavirus-vaccinations-and-an-ice-pop-to-boot/a-56532772.
Sothirak, Pou. 2021. “Geopolitics, Great Power Competition, and Cambodian Foreign Policy”. In Cambodia 2040, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Book Series. Accessed March 7, 2021. https://www.kas.de/documents/264850/0/Chapter+3.+Geopolitics.+Pou+Sothirak.pdf/aad3583b-ce35-aa6d-5a60-e5374bf72431?version=1.0&t=1614589418410.
Šantić, Danica and Marija Antić. 2020. “Serbia in the time of COVID-19: between “corona diplomacy”, tough measures and migration management.” Eurasian Geography and Economics, DOI: 10.1080/15387216.2020.1780457.
The Government of the Republic of Serbia (2021). ”Serbia ensured stable, predictable vaccine rollout”. The Government of the Republic of Serbia, February 3. Accessed February 10, 2021. https://www.srbija.gov.rs/vest/en/167130/serbia-ensured-stable-predictable-vaccine-rollout.php.
The New York Times. 2021. “Coronavirus vaccine tracker.“ The New York Times, February 13. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/science/coronavirus-vaccine-tracker.html.
US Department of Defense. 2021. “Coronavirus: Operation Warp Speed.” Last modified January 10. Accessed January 10, 2021. https://www.defense.gov/Explore/Spotlight/Coronavirus/Operation-Warp-Speed/.
WHO. 2020. “WHO issues its first emergency use validation for a COVID-19 vaccine and emphasizes need for equitable global access”. Last modified December 31, 2020. Accessed January 12, 2021. https://www.who.int/news/item/31-12-2020-who-issues-its-first-emergency-use-validation-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-and-emphasizes-need-for-equitable-global-access.
WHO. 2021a. “Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines”. Last modified February 12. Accessed February 13, 2021.https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines.
WHO. 2021b. “R&D Blueprint and COVID-19”. Last modified February 13. Accessed February 13, 2021. https://www.who.int/teams/blueprint/covid-19.
Published
2023/04/06
Section
Articles