History Education and the Security Community Building in the Western Balkans: A Critical View
Sažetak
Definitional properties of the security community’s “dependable expectations of peaceful change” exist whenever neither side makes further violence unimaginable. School education in the Western Balkans intensifies the thinking that hostility and conflicts are natural and immutable and makes understanding of war as something inevitable and justified. In this article I draw on Pinar Bilgin’s claim that unfulfilled potential in terms of knowledge and ideas that already exist in the region could help popularize the cause for a security community and facilitate its creation. By adopting immanent critique, a methodological orientation of the Welsh School, in the analysis of the Balkan Conferences (1930–1933) I demonstrate that factual manipulation of history has historically been frequently adopted by Balkan state elites in their permanent desire to build hegemony around ethno-centrism. It was briefly proposed at the Second and Third Conferences that new history textbooks that would overcome ethnocentrism and deepen the trust between the Balkan populations should be introduced in order to achieve rapprochement. In this article I argue that community-minded emancipatory education which adopts multi-perspective methodology and reflective pedagogy harbor crucial potential for further promotion of sustainable peace, facilitating trust in the Western Balkans and inducing the citizens to think of themselves as belonging to a single region.
Reference
Acharya, Amitav. 2001. Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: Asean and the Problem of Regional Order. London and New York: Routledge.
Adler, Emanuel. 2007. “Imagined (Security) Communities: Cognitive Regions in International Relations”. In International Security, edited by Barry Buzan and Lene Hansen, 340–367. London: Sage Publications.
Adler, Emanuel. 1998. “Condition(s) of Peace”. Review of International Studies (5):165–192.
Adler, Emanuel, and Michael Barnett, eds. 1998. Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alpargu, Mehmet, Sahin Enis, and Serkan Yazici. 2009. “Teaching History and Its Contribution to Peace”. International Journal of Social Inquiry 2 (2):199–214.
Anastasakis, Othon and Vesna Bojicic-Dzelilovic. 2002. Balkan Regional Cooperation and European Integration. London: The Hellenic Observatory, the European Institute, London School of Economics and Political Science.
Bilgin, Pinar. 2005. Regional Security in the Middle East. London and New York: Routledge.
Bilgin, Pinar. 2008. “Critical Theory”. In Security Studies:An Introduction, edited by Paul D. Williams, 89–102.London and New York: Routledge.
Bechev, Dimitar. 2006. “Carrots, sticks and norms: the EU and regional cooperation in Southeast Europe”. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans 8 (1):27–43.
Bechev, Dimitar. 2011. Constructing South East Europe: The Politics of Balkan Regional Cooperation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Berger, L. Peter and Thomas Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. London: Penguin Books.
Bobbio, Norberto. 1979. “Gramsci and the Conception of Civil Society”. In Gramsci and Marxist Theory, edited by Chantal Mouffe, 21–48. London, Boston and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Bonidis, Kyriakos and George Zarifis. 2006. “Is There a Role for Education in the Way Towards Stability and Democratisation in the Balkans? A Critical Review of
BA.SO.P.ED’s Aims and Publications (1997–2004)”. European Journal of Education 41 (2): 321–340.
Booth, Ken. 1991a. “Security and Emancipation”. Review of International studies 17(4): 313–326.
Booth, Ken. 1991b. “Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice”. International Affairs 67 (3):527–545.
Booth, Ken, and Peter Vale. 1997. “Critical Security Studies and Regional Insecurity: The Case of Southern Africa”. In Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases, edited by Keith Krause and Michael Williams, 329–359. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Booth, Ken, 2005. Critical Security Studies and World Politics. Boulder London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Booth, Ken. 2007. Theory of World Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Buchanan, A. Donna. ed. 2007. Balkan Popular Culture and the Ottoman Ecumene: Music, Image, and Regional Political Discourse. Lanham, Maryland, Toronto and Plymouth: The Scarecrow Press.
Cox, W. Robert. 1999. “Civil Society at the Turn of the Millenium: Prospects for an Alternative World Order”. Review of International Studies 25: 3–28.
Cox, W. Robert. 2002. The Political Economy of a Plural World: Critical Reflections on Power, Morals and Civilization, London and New York: Routledge.
Daly, Glynt. 2006. “Marxism”. In The Routledge Companion To Critical Theory, edited by Simon Malpas and Paul Wake, 28–43. New York: Routledge.
Devetak, Richard. 2005. “Critical Theory”. In Theories of International Relations, Third Edition, edited by S. Burchill, R. Devetak, A. Linklater, M. Paterson, C. Reus- Smit and J. True, 137–161. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Dovidio, F. John and Samuel L. Gaertner. 1999. “Reducing Prejudice: Combating Intergroup Biases”. Current Directions in Psychological Science 8 (4):101–105.
Dovidio, F. John, Gaertner L. Samuel and Tamar Saguy. 2009. “Commonality and the Complexity of We: Social Attitudes and Social Change”. Personality and Social Psychology Review 13 (3): 3–20.
Grillot, Suzette, Rebecca J. Cruise and Valerie J. D’Erman. 2010. “ Developing Security Community in the Western Balkans: The Role of the EU and NATO.” International Politics 47:62–90.
Hatzopoulos, Pavlos. 2008. The Balkans Beyond Nationalism and Identity: International Relations and Ideology. London: I.B. Tauris.
Joll, James. 1977. Gramsci. London: Fontana.
Johnson, Dana.2012. “Rewriting the Balkans: Memory, Historiography, and the Making of a European Citizenry”. Student Research Reports. Paper 1.
Kavalski, Emilian. 2007. Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans. London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies.
Koneska, Cvete. 2007. “Regional Identity: The Missing Element in Western Balkans Security Cooperation”. Western Balkans Security Observer 7-8: 82–89.
Koulouri, Christina. 2009. “History Teaching and Peace Education in Southeast Europe”. Hitotsubashi Journal of Arts and Sciences 50: 53–63.
Latinović, Goran. 2006. “O hrvatskim udžbenicima istorije.”Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju73:211–236. www.jadovno.com/dokumenti/
Linklater, Andrew. 2005. “Political Community and Human Security”. In Critical Security Studies and World Politics, edited by Ken Booth, 113–133. Boulder London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Linklater, Andrew. 2007. Critical Theory and World Politics: Citizenship, Sovereignty and Humanity. New York: Taylor and Francis.
Lubotskaya, Ann. 2006. “Greece and the idea of the Balkan Union acoording to the materials of magazine Les Balkans”. Historia Actual Online (11):33–40.
Lopandić, Duško and Jasminka Kronja. 2010. Regionalne inicijative i multilateralna saradnja na Balkanu. Beograd: Evropski pokret u Srbiji.
Peoples, Columba and Nick Vaugham-Williams. 2010. Critical Security Studies: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
Preliminarni rezultati istraživanja javnog mnjenja. 2011. Šta građani Srbije misle o svojoj i o bezbednosti Srbije? Beograd: Beogradski centar za bezbednosnu politiku.
Putnam, D. Robert.1994.Making Democracy Work:Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
Radaelli, M. Claudio.2004. “Europeanisation: Solution or problem?”European Integration Online Papers 8 (16).
Rakipi, Albert. 2012. The European Perspective of Albania: Perceptions and Realities. Tirana: Albanian Institute for International Studies.
Reardon, Betty. 1988. Comprehensive Peace Education: Educating for Global Responsibility. New York and London: Teachers College Press.
Reardon, Betty. 1998. Tolerance. New York: UNESCO Publishing.
Reardon, Betty and Dale Snauwaert. 2011. “Reflective Pedagogy, Cosmopolitanism, and Critical Peace Education for Political Efficacy: A Discussio n of Betty A. Reardon’s Assessment of the Field.” In Factis Pax 5 (1):1–14. www.infactispax.org/ journal/
Rosandic, Ruzica. 2000. Grappling with Peace Education in Serbia. Washington: United States Institute of Peace.
Rot, Nikola. 2006. Osnovi socijalne psihologije. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva.
Roth, Michael. 1981. “Foucault’s History of the Present”. History and Theory 20 (1): 32–46.
Snauwaert, Dale. 2011. “Social justice and the philosophical foundations of critical peace education: Exploring Nussbaum, Sen, and Freire”. Journal of Peace Education 8 (3): 315–331.
Stojanović, Dubravka. 2004. “Construction of Historical Consciousness: The Case of Serbian History Textbooks”. In Balkan Identities: Nation and Memory, edited by Maria Todorova, 327–339. New York: New York University Press.
Stojanović, Dubravka. 2010. Ulje na vodi: Ogledi iz istorije sadašnjosti Srbije. Beograd: Peščanik.
Subotić, Jelena. 2012. “The Past Is Not Yet Over:Remembrance, Justice and Security Community in the Western Balkans”. Journal of Regional Security 7 (2):107–118.
Teokarević, Jovan. 2011. Nordijski model saradnje i mogućnost njegove primene. Novi Sad: Centar za regionalizam.
Vasović, Mirjana. 2007. U predvorju politike. Beograd: Službeni glasnik. Vucetic, Srdjan. 2001. “The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe as a Security Community-Building Institution”. Southeast European Politics 2 (2): 109–134.
Wyn Jones, Richard. 1999. Security, Strategy, and Critical Theory. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Authors retain copyright of the published papers and grant to the publisher the non-exclusive right to publish the article, to be cited as its original publisher in case of reuse, and to distribute it in all forms and media.
The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY). It is allowed to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and remix, transform, and build upon it for any purpose, even commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), a link to the license is provided and it is indicated if changes were made. / The published articles will be distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA). It is allowed to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, and remix, transform, and build upon it for any purpose, even commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given to the original author(s), a link to the license is provided, it is indicated if changes were made and the new work is distributed under the same license as the original.
Users are required to provide full bibliographic description of the original publication (authors, article title, journal title, volume, issue, pages), as well as its DOI code. In electronic publishing, users are also required to link the content with both the original article published in Journal of Regional Security and the licence used.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted to deposit author’s pre-print / author’s post-print (accepted version) / publisher's version (PDF) of their work in an institutional repository, subject-based repository, author's personal website (including social networking sites, such as ResearchGate, Academia.edu, etc.), and/or departmental website prior or during the submission process / at any time after the acceptance of the manuscript / at any time after publication.
Full bibliographic information (authors, article title, journal title, volume, issue, pages) about the original publication must be provided and links must be made to the article's DOI and the license.