Association of coronary atherosclerosis with Stutzerimonas stutzeri strains (HaSa1, 2, 3, and 4) biofilm-forming bacteria
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is called heart disease or atherosclerosis, which is one of the serious diseases whose rates began to increase during recent decades, especially in developing countries, including Iraq, specifically in the last twenty years, a rise in cases of coronary artery disease was observed. This study aimed to identify the involvement of Stutzerimonas stutzeri bacterial strains in coronary atherosclerosis. Methods: Samples were collected from patients undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI); in Mosul Center for Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery between 9/10/2022 and 1/3/2023, samples were obtained using the fluid coming out of the balloon during angioplasty then putting the balloon sample in transport media (Tryptone Soya Broth), and advanced scientific methods were used to identify bacteria, such as a biochemical test, the Vitek-2 system, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Molecular methods based on the 16S rRNA gene were used to corroborate at the species-level identification. Using BLAST software, the Nitrogen base sequences were located and compared to those of the NCBI. Results: The results showed that a new strains of bacteria stutzerimonas stutzeri were isolated for the first time in cases of coronary atherosclerosis, and it was registered in NCBI with the name ( Stutzerimonas stutzeri strain HaSa1, S. stutzeri strain HaSa2, S. stutzeri strain HaSa3, and S. stutzeri strain HaSa4). The results also showed the ability of these bacterial strains to form a biofilm, which was diagnosed by a direct smear of the balloon sample, as well as from smears of isolated bacterial colonies stained with a gram stain, and also by photographing smears taken from the balloon sample by a Scanning Electron Microscope. In conclusion; the isolation of new strains of S. stutzeri strains (HaSa1, 2, 3, and 4) from cases of atherosclerosis and its involvement in coronary atherosclerosis is demonstrated by its ability to form biofilms that promote chronic inflammatory responses.
References
1. Knuplez E, Marsche G. An updated review of pro-and anti-inflammatory properties of plasma lysophosphatidylcholines in the vascular system. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020 Jun 24;21(12):4501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124501
2. Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Nikiforov NG, Elizova NV, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. RETRACTED: Macrophage phenotypic plasticity in atherosclerosis: the associated features and the peculiarities of the expression of inflammatory genes. International journal of cardiology. 2015 Apr 1;184:436-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.055
3. Prati F, Marco V, Paoletti G, Albertucci M. Coronary inflammation: why searching, how to identify and treat it. European Heart Journal Supplements. 2020 Jun;22(Supplement_E):E121-4. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURHEARTJ/SUAA076.
4. Galizia SA, Vella C. The Aetiology of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children in Malta and the Role of Empirical Antibiotics in this Condition. Malta Medical Journal. 2022 Feb 14;34(2):31-8.
5. Grech V, Distefano S, Grech E, Calleja N. Myocarditis in Malta in the COVID-19 vaccination era–a population-based study. Malta Medical Journal. 2022 Aug 7;34(3):12-8.
6. Yaakoubi W, Taamallah K, Haggui A, Hajlaoui N, Fehri W. Prognostic contribution of two-dimensional left atrial strain in patients with asymptomatic mitral stenosis in the Tunisian population. Medicinski časopis. 2022;56(3):95-100. doi: 10.5937/mckg56-41404
7. Mukhopadhyay SM. Sample preparation for microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of solid surfaces and films. Sample preparation techniques in analytical chemistry. 2003 Sep 19;162:377-411. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471457817.ch9
8. Tabassum Khan N. Pseudomonas stutzeri-an opportunistic pathogen. Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering. 2022; 9(3), 83–84. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00289
9. Choi M, Cheon JS, Choi WY, Son KM, Ki JS, Kim Y. An outbreak of Pseudomonas stutzeri bacterial isolation caused by sterile dressing products. Journal of Wound Management and Research. 2017 May 31;13(1):24-7. https://doi.org/10.22467/jwmr.2017.00122
10. Wolcott RD, Wolcott JJ, Palacio C, Rodriguez S. A possible role of bacterial biofilm in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Bacteriol Parasitol. 2012;3(127):2.
https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9597.1000127
11. Gagliardi RJ, Silveira DR, Caffaro RA, Santos VP, Caiaffa-Filho HH. Chlamydia pneumoniae and symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaque: a prospective study. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. 2007;65:385-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2007000300004
12. Alviar CL, Echeverri JG, Jaramillo NI, Figueroa CJ, Cordova JP, Korniyenko A, Suh J, Paniz-Mondolfi A. Infectious atherosclerosis: is the hypothesis still alive? A clinically based approach to the dilemma. Medical Hypotheses. 2011 Apr 1;76(4):517-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2010.12.006
13. Lusta KA, Poznyak AV, Sukhorukov VN, Eremin II, Nadelyaeva II, Orekhov AN. Hypotheses on Atherogenesis Triggering: Does the Infectious Nature of Atherosclerosis Development Have a Substruction?. Cells. 2023 Feb 23;12(5):707. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12050707
14. Amar S, Wu SC, Madan M. Is Porphyromonas gingivalis cell invasion required for atherogenesis? Pharmacotherapeutic implications. The Journal of Immunology. 2009 Feb 1;182(3):1584-92. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1584
15. Hayashi C, Gudino CV, Gibson Iii FC, Genco CA. Pathogen‐induced inflammation at sites distant from oral infection: bacterial persistence and induction of cell‐specific innate immune inflammatory pathways. Molecular oral microbiology. 2010 Oct;25(5):305-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00582.x
16. Preiss DJ, Sattar N. Vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1: a viable therapeutic target for atherosclerosis?. International journal of clinical practice. 2007 Apr;61(4):697-701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01330.x
17. Behbodikhah J, Ahmed S, Elyasi A, Kasselman LJ, De Leon J, Glass AD, Reiss AB. Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease: biomarker and potential therapeutic target. Metabolites. 2021 Oct 8;11(10):690. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11100690
18. Björkegren JL, Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis: recent developments. Cell. 2022 May 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.004
19. Shephard MT, Merkhan MM, Forsyth NR. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Driven T Cell Immunomodulation Is IL-10 Dependent. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022 Nov 6;23(21):13596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113596
20. Merkhan MM, Shephard MT, Forsyth NR. Physoxia alters human mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Journal of Tissue Engineering. 2021 Oct;12:20417314211056132. DOI: 10.1177/20417314211056132
21. Kovalova Y, Sukhonos N, Brek V, Smolianyk K. Irisin, interleukin-33 and interleukin-37 in patients with ischemic heart disease and obesity. Medicinski časopis. 2021;55(3):87-93. doi: 10.5937/mckg55-33926
22. Merkhan M, Mohammad J, Fathi Z, Younus Z, Mahmood SM, Mohammed M. Silent hyperlipidaemia modulated vascular endothelial markers. Pharmacia. 2021 Oct 6;68(2):479-84. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.68.e67959
23. Smetanin E, Outlev K, Kruchinin E, Yanin E, Zaitsev E. The dynamics of lipid metabolism in patients with morbid obesity depending on the type of performed surgery. Georgian Medical News. 2022 Jan 1(322):105-8.