Biomarkeri inflamacije i multisistemskog oštećenja tkiva i organa kod bolesnika sa kovidom 19
Ključne reči:
biomarkeri, COVID-19, inflamacija, multisistemsko oštećenje
Sažetak
Uvod. Laboratorijska dijagnostika kod bolesnika sa COVID-om 19 značajna je u proceni težine bolesti, terapijskom monitoring, kao i predviđanju ishoda same bolesti. Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je procena biomarkera inflamacije kod bolesnika sa COVID-om 19, njihove povezanosti sa biomarkerima oštećenja kardiomiocita, jetre i bubrega, kao i njihovog uticaja na progresiju same bolesti.
Metode. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno ukupno 50 bolesnika, 38 (76%) muškog pola i 12 (24%) ženskog pola, prosečne starosti 64.38± 10.95 godina, lečenih od COVID-a- 19 na Klinici za infektivne bolesti Univerzitetskog kliničkog centra Kragujevac tokom 2021. godine. Biomarkeri inflamacije, kao i biomarkeri oštećenja organa, analizirani su na početku hospitalizacije i desetog dana hospitalizacije, standardnim laboratorijskim metodama.
Rezultati. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su značajno povećanje parametara inflamacije 10-tog dana hospitalizacije u odnosu na početne vrednosti: leukociti (p=0.003), neutrofili (p=0.002), trombociti (p<0.001), C-reaktivni protein (p<0.001), PCT (p=0.011) i IL-6 (p=0.004). Biomarkeri oštećenja hepatocita (ALT (p=0.005), GGT (p=0.033)), kao i biomarkeri funkcije bubrega (urea (p<0.001) i kreatinin (p=0.042)), takođe su pokazali značajan porast. Utvrđene su pozitivne korelacije između biomarkera inflamacije i biomarkera oštećenja kardiomiocita i hepatocita na prijemu. Koncentracije CRP-a i PCT-a bile su povezane sa povećanim rizikom od oštećenja kardiomiocita, dok su odnos broja neutrofila i limfocita (NLR), kao i broja trombocita i limfocita (PLR) predviđali oštećenje srca i bubrega.
Zaključak. Sistemska inflamacija kod bolesnika sa COVID-om 19 dovodi do poremećaja homeostaze, koja se ogleda u promenama biomarkera inflamacije, kao i multisistemskog oštećenja tkiva i organa. Praćenje ovih parametara značajno je u predviđanju progresije ove bolesti, kao i nastanku mogućih komplikacija.
Ključne reči: biomarkeri, COVID-19, inflamacija, multisistemsko oštećenje
Reference
1. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 07. Април 2020.;323(13):1239.
2. Barciszewska AM. Elucidating of oxidative distress in COVID-19 and methods of its prevention. Chem Biol Interact. 01. Август 2021.;344:109501.
3. Kumar A, Singh R, Kaur J, Pandey S, Sharma V, Thakur L, и остали. Wuhan to World: The COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 30. Март 2021.;11:596201.
4. Guan W jie, Liang W hua, Zhao Y, Liang H rui, Chen Z sheng, Li Y min, и остали. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. Мај 2020.;55(5):2000547.
5. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response. JAMA. 28. Април 2020.;323(16):1545.
6. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, и остали. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 16. Април 2020.;382(16):1564–7.
7. Ni W, Yang X, Yang D, Bao J, Li R, Xiao Y, и остали. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care. Децембар 2020.;24(1):422.
8. Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel ÉB. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Мај 2021.;40(5):905–19.
9. Pons MJ, Ymaña B, Mayanga-Herrera A, Sáenz Y, Alvarez-Erviti L, Tapia-Rojas S, и остали. Cytokine Profiles Associated With Worse Prognosis in a Hospitalized Peruvian COVID-19 Cohort. Front Immunol. 01. Септембар 2021.;12:700921.
10. Velikova TV, Miteva L, Stanilov N, Spassova Z, Stanilova SA. Interleukin-6 compared to the other Th17/Treg related cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. WJG. 28. Април 2020.;26(16):1912–25.
11. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. Април 2020.;10(2):102–8.
12. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, и остали. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet. Фебруар 2020.;395(10223):514–23.
13. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, и остали. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 17. Март 2020.;323(11):1061.
14. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, и остали. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 28. Јули 2020.;71(15):762–8.
15. Adamo S, Chevrier S, Cervia C, Zurbuchen Y, Raeber ME, Yang L, и остали. Profound dysregulation of T cell homeostasis and function in patients with severe COVID‐19. Allergy. Септембар 2021.;76(9):2866–81.
16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, и остали. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. Март 2020.;395(10229):1054–62.
17. Sidhwani SK, Mirza T, Khatoon A, Shaikh F, Khan R, Shaikh OA, и остали. Inflammatory markers and COVID-19 disease progression. J Infect Public Health. Септембар 2023.;16(9):1386–91.
18. Yoo EH, Chang SH, Song DY, Lee CH, Cheong GY, Park S, и остали. Comprehensive Laboratory Data Analysis to Predict the Clinical Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 1,952 Patients in Daegu, Korea. Ann Lab Med. 01. Јануар 2022.;42(1):24–35.
19. AlSamman M, Caggiula A, Ganguli S, Misak M, Pourmand A. Non-respiratory presentations of COVID-19, a clinical review. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Новембар 2020.;38(11):2444–54.
20. Kumar-M P, Mishra S, Jha DK, Shukla J, Choudhury A, Mohindra R, и остали. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the liver: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. Септембар 2020.;14(5):711–22.
21. Bowe B, Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Kidney Outcomes in Long COVID. JASN. Новембар 2021.;32(11):2851–62.
22. Alizad G, Ayatollahi AA, Shariati Samani A, Samadizadeh S, Aghcheli B, Rajabi A, и остали. Hematological and Biochemical Laboratory Parameters in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Modeling Study of Severity and Mortality Predictors. Biomed Res Int. 2023.;2023:7753631.
23. World Health Organization. (2020) Laboratory testing strategy recommendations for COVID-19: interim guidance. https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/331509.
24. Kenneth Oh. Aberrant cytokine activity in the host immune response to COVID‑19 leads to cytokine release syndrome. Мај 2020.;
25. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, и остали. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 15. Фебруар 2020.;395(10223):507–13.
26. Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, и остали. Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China. JAMA. 17. Март 2020.;323(11):1092.
27. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. Мај 2020.;46(5):846–8.
28. Liu F, Li L, Xu M, Wu J, Luo D, Zhu Y, и остали. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. Јуни 2020.;127:104370.
29. Wang L. C-reactive protein levels in the early stage of COVID-19. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses. Јуни 2020.;50(4):332–4.
30. Lippi G, Plebani M. Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. Јуни 2020.;505:190–1.
31. Chalmers S, Khawaja A, Wieruszewski PM, Gajic O, Odeyemi Y. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: The role of inflammatory biomarkers. World J Crit Care Med. 11. Септембар 2019.;8(5):59–71.
32. Meng LB, Yu ZM, Guo P, Wang QQ, Qi RM, Shan MJ, и остали. Neutrophils and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio: Inflammatory markers associated with intimal-media thickness of atherosclerosis. Thrombosis Research. Октобар 2018.;170:45–52.
33. Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Yamamoto A, Shigemori T, Ide S, Kitajima T, и остали. Lymphocyte-C-reactive Protein Ratio as Promising New Marker for Predicting Surgical and Oncological Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer. Annals of Surgery. Август 2020.;272(2):342–51.
34. Liu Y, Du X, Chen J, Jin Y, Peng L, Wang HHX, и остали. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. Јули 2020.;81(1):e6–12.
35. Cai Q, Huang D, Yu H, Zhu Z, Xia Z, Su Y, и остали. COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests. Journal of Hepatology. Септембар 2020.;73(3):566–74.
36. Feng G, Zheng KI, Yan QQ, Rios RS, Targher G, Byrne CD, и остали. COVID-19 and Liver Dysfunction: Current Insights and Emergent Therapeutic Strategies. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. 28. Март 2020.;8(1):1–7.
37. Yang L, Wang W, Wang X, Zhao J, Xiao L, Gui W, и остали. Creg in Hepatocytes Ameliorates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in a TAK1‐Dependent Manner in Mice. Hepatology. Јануар 2019.;69(1):294–313.
38. Higuera-de La Tijera F, Servín-Caamaño A, Reyes-Herrera D, Flores-López A, Robiou-Vivero EJA, Martínez-Rivera F, и остали. Impact of liver enzymes on SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of clinical course of COVID-19. Liver Research. Март 2021.;5(1):21–7.
39. Pranata R, Huang I, Lim MA, Yonas E, Vania R, Lukito AA, и остали. Elevated De Ritis Ratio Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med. 22. Децембар 2021.;8:676581.
40. Drácz B, Czompa D, Müllner K, Hagymási K, Miheller P, Székely H, и остали. The Elevated De Ritis Ratio on Admission Is Independently Associated with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 26. Октобар 2022.;14(11):2360.
41. Youssef M, H Hussein M, Attia AS, M Elshazli R, Omar M, Zora G, и остали. COVID‐19 and liver dysfunction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of retrospective studies. Journal of Medical Virology. Октобар 2020.;92(10):1825–33.
42. Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. JAMA Cardiol. 01. Јули 2020.;5(7):831.
43. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. Мај 2020.;17(5):259–60.
44. Han Y, Zeng H, Jiang H, Yang Y, Yuan Z, Cheng X, и остали. CSC Expert Consensus on Principles of Clinical Management of Patients With Severe Emergent Cardiovascular Diseases During the COVID-19 Epidemic. Circulation [Интернет]. 19. Мај 2020. [цитирано 07. Новембар 2024.];141(20). Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047011
45. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. Мај 2020.;17(5):259–60.
46. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, и остали. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 26. Март 2020.;m1091.
47. Khan S, Rasool ST, Ahmed SI. Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in COVID-19: What Recent Investigations Tell Us? Curr Probl Cardiol. Октобар 2021.;46(10):100842.
48. Yaluri N, Stančáková Yaluri A, Žeňuch P, Žeňuchová Z, Tóth Š, Kalanin P. Cardiac Biomarkers and Their Role in Identifying Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Complications in COVID-19 Patients. Diagnostics. 27. Јули 2023.;13(15):2508.
49. Ozturk A, Kara M. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of the lymphocyte/C-reactive protein ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and D-dimer values in patients with COVID-19. BIOCELL. 2022.;46(12):2625–35.
50. Naicker S, Yang CW, Hwang SJ, Liu BC, Chen JH, Jha V. The Novel Coronavirus 2019 epidemic and kidneys. Kidney International. Мај 2020.;97(5):824–8.
51. Pan XW, Xu D, Zhang H, Zhou W, Wang LH, Cui XG. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med. Јуни 2020.;46(6):1114–6.
52. Han X, Ye Q. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and its treatments. J Med Virol. Март 2021.;93(3):1387–95.
53. Luo M, Ni K, Sun Y, Guo J, Wen K, Deng L. Toward an optimized strategy of using various airway mucus clearance techniques to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients. BIOCELL. 2022.;46(4):855–71.
54. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. Април 2020.;14(2):185–92.
55. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, и остали. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. Јули 2020.;98(1):209–18.
56. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, и остали. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. Мај 2020.;97(5):829–38.
2. Barciszewska AM. Elucidating of oxidative distress in COVID-19 and methods of its prevention. Chem Biol Interact. 01. Август 2021.;344:109501.
3. Kumar A, Singh R, Kaur J, Pandey S, Sharma V, Thakur L, и остали. Wuhan to World: The COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 30. Март 2021.;11:596201.
4. Guan W jie, Liang W hua, Zhao Y, Liang H rui, Chen Z sheng, Li Y min, и остали. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. Мај 2020.;55(5):2000547.
5. Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Cecconi M. Critical Care Utilization for the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: Early Experience and Forecast During an Emergency Response. JAMA. 28. Април 2020.;323(16):1545.
6. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, и остали. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 16. Април 2020.;382(16):1564–7.
7. Ni W, Yang X, Yang D, Bao J, Li R, Xiao Y, и остали. Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19. Crit Care. Децембар 2020.;24(1):422.
8. Beyerstedt S, Casaro EB, Rangel ÉB. COVID-19: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and tissue susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Мај 2021.;40(5):905–19.
9. Pons MJ, Ymaña B, Mayanga-Herrera A, Sáenz Y, Alvarez-Erviti L, Tapia-Rojas S, и остали. Cytokine Profiles Associated With Worse Prognosis in a Hospitalized Peruvian COVID-19 Cohort. Front Immunol. 01. Септембар 2021.;12:700921.
10. Velikova TV, Miteva L, Stanilov N, Spassova Z, Stanilova SA. Interleukin-6 compared to the other Th17/Treg related cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. WJG. 28. Април 2020.;26(16):1912–25.
11. Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis. Април 2020.;10(2):102–8.
12. Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, и остали. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet. Фебруар 2020.;395(10223):514–23.
13. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, и остали. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 17. Март 2020.;323(11):1061.
14. Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, и остали. Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 28. Јули 2020.;71(15):762–8.
15. Adamo S, Chevrier S, Cervia C, Zurbuchen Y, Raeber ME, Yang L, и остали. Profound dysregulation of T cell homeostasis and function in patients with severe COVID‐19. Allergy. Септембар 2021.;76(9):2866–81.
16. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, и остали. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. Март 2020.;395(10229):1054–62.
17. Sidhwani SK, Mirza T, Khatoon A, Shaikh F, Khan R, Shaikh OA, и остали. Inflammatory markers and COVID-19 disease progression. J Infect Public Health. Септембар 2023.;16(9):1386–91.
18. Yoo EH, Chang SH, Song DY, Lee CH, Cheong GY, Park S, и остали. Comprehensive Laboratory Data Analysis to Predict the Clinical Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 1,952 Patients in Daegu, Korea. Ann Lab Med. 01. Јануар 2022.;42(1):24–35.
19. AlSamman M, Caggiula A, Ganguli S, Misak M, Pourmand A. Non-respiratory presentations of COVID-19, a clinical review. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. Новембар 2020.;38(11):2444–54.
20. Kumar-M P, Mishra S, Jha DK, Shukla J, Choudhury A, Mohindra R, и остали. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the liver: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Int. Септембар 2020.;14(5):711–22.
21. Bowe B, Xie Y, Xu E, Al-Aly Z. Kidney Outcomes in Long COVID. JASN. Новембар 2021.;32(11):2851–62.
22. Alizad G, Ayatollahi AA, Shariati Samani A, Samadizadeh S, Aghcheli B, Rajabi A, и остали. Hematological and Biochemical Laboratory Parameters in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Modeling Study of Severity and Mortality Predictors. Biomed Res Int. 2023.;2023:7753631.
23. World Health Organization. (2020) Laboratory testing strategy recommendations for COVID-19: interim guidance. https://apps. who.int/iris/handle/10665/331509.
24. Kenneth Oh. Aberrant cytokine activity in the host immune response to COVID‑19 leads to cytokine release syndrome. Мај 2020.;
25. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, и остали. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 15. Фебруар 2020.;395(10223):507–13.
26. Chang D, Lin M, Wei L, Xie L, Zhu G, Dela Cruz CS, и остали. Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China. JAMA. 17. Март 2020.;323(11):1092.
27. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. Мај 2020.;46(5):846–8.
28. Liu F, Li L, Xu M, Wu J, Luo D, Zhu Y, и остали. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. Јуни 2020.;127:104370.
29. Wang L. C-reactive protein levels in the early stage of COVID-19. Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses. Јуни 2020.;50(4):332–4.
30. Lippi G, Plebani M. Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. Јуни 2020.;505:190–1.
31. Chalmers S, Khawaja A, Wieruszewski PM, Gajic O, Odeyemi Y. Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: The role of inflammatory biomarkers. World J Crit Care Med. 11. Септембар 2019.;8(5):59–71.
32. Meng LB, Yu ZM, Guo P, Wang QQ, Qi RM, Shan MJ, и остали. Neutrophils and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio: Inflammatory markers associated with intimal-media thickness of atherosclerosis. Thrombosis Research. Октобар 2018.;170:45–52.
33. Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Yamamoto A, Shigemori T, Ide S, Kitajima T, и остали. Lymphocyte-C-reactive Protein Ratio as Promising New Marker for Predicting Surgical and Oncological Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer. Annals of Surgery. Август 2020.;272(2):342–51.
34. Liu Y, Du X, Chen J, Jin Y, Peng L, Wang HHX, и остали. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection. Јули 2020.;81(1):e6–12.
35. Cai Q, Huang D, Yu H, Zhu Z, Xia Z, Su Y, и остали. COVID-19: Abnormal liver function tests. Journal of Hepatology. Септембар 2020.;73(3):566–74.
36. Feng G, Zheng KI, Yan QQ, Rios RS, Targher G, Byrne CD, и остали. COVID-19 and Liver Dysfunction: Current Insights and Emergent Therapeutic Strategies. Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology. 28. Март 2020.;8(1):1–7.
37. Yang L, Wang W, Wang X, Zhao J, Xiao L, Gui W, и остали. Creg in Hepatocytes Ameliorates Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in a TAK1‐Dependent Manner in Mice. Hepatology. Јануар 2019.;69(1):294–313.
38. Higuera-de La Tijera F, Servín-Caamaño A, Reyes-Herrera D, Flores-López A, Robiou-Vivero EJA, Martínez-Rivera F, и остали. Impact of liver enzymes on SARS-CoV-2 infection and the severity of clinical course of COVID-19. Liver Research. Март 2021.;5(1):21–7.
39. Pranata R, Huang I, Lim MA, Yonas E, Vania R, Lukito AA, и остали. Elevated De Ritis Ratio Is Associated With Poor Prognosis in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Med. 22. Децембар 2021.;8:676581.
40. Drácz B, Czompa D, Müllner K, Hagymási K, Miheller P, Székely H, и остали. The Elevated De Ritis Ratio on Admission Is Independently Associated with Mortality in COVID-19 Patients. Viruses. 26. Октобар 2022.;14(11):2360.
41. Youssef M, H Hussein M, Attia AS, M Elshazli R, Omar M, Zora G, и остали. COVID‐19 and liver dysfunction: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of retrospective studies. Journal of Medical Virology. Октобар 2020.;92(10):1825–33.
42. Madjid M, Safavi-Naeini P, Solomon SD, Vardeny O. Potential Effects of Coronaviruses on the Cardiovascular System: A Review. JAMA Cardiol. 01. Јули 2020.;5(7):831.
43. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. Мај 2020.;17(5):259–60.
44. Han Y, Zeng H, Jiang H, Yang Y, Yuan Z, Cheng X, и остали. CSC Expert Consensus on Principles of Clinical Management of Patients With Severe Emergent Cardiovascular Diseases During the COVID-19 Epidemic. Circulation [Интернет]. 19. Мај 2020. [цитирано 07. Новембар 2024.];141(20). Available at: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047011
45. Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. Мај 2020.;17(5):259–60.
46. Chen T, Wu D, Chen H, Yan W, Yang D, Chen G, и остали. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. BMJ. 26. Март 2020.;m1091.
47. Khan S, Rasool ST, Ahmed SI. Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in COVID-19: What Recent Investigations Tell Us? Curr Probl Cardiol. Октобар 2021.;46(10):100842.
48. Yaluri N, Stančáková Yaluri A, Žeňuch P, Žeňuchová Z, Tóth Š, Kalanin P. Cardiac Biomarkers and Their Role in Identifying Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Complications in COVID-19 Patients. Diagnostics. 27. Јули 2023.;13(15):2508.
49. Ozturk A, Kara M. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of the lymphocyte/C-reactive protein ratio, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and D-dimer values in patients with COVID-19. BIOCELL. 2022.;46(12):2625–35.
50. Naicker S, Yang CW, Hwang SJ, Liu BC, Chen JH, Jha V. The Novel Coronavirus 2019 epidemic and kidneys. Kidney International. Мај 2020.;97(5):824–8.
51. Pan XW, Xu D, Zhang H, Zhou W, Wang LH, Cui XG. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med. Јуни 2020.;46(6):1114–6.
52. Han X, Ye Q. Kidney involvement in COVID-19 and its treatments. J Med Virol. Март 2021.;93(3):1387–95.
53. Luo M, Ni K, Sun Y, Guo J, Wen K, Deng L. Toward an optimized strategy of using various airway mucus clearance techniques to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients. BIOCELL. 2022.;46(4):855–71.
54. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. Април 2020.;14(2):185–92.
55. Hirsch JS, Ng JH, Ross DW, Sharma P, Shah HH, Barnett RL, и остали. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. Јули 2020.;98(1):209–18.
56. Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, Zhang M, Wang Z, Dong L, и остали. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. Мај 2020.;97(5):829–38.
Objavljeno
2025/03/21
Broj časopisa
Rubrika
Originalni naučni članak