Impacts of Duty Belts and Load Placement on Police Officers: A Systematic Review
Keywords:
law enforcement, load carriage, accoutrements belt, load bearing vest, duty loads, occupational health, back injury, injury prevention.
Abstract
Background: Law enforcement officers (LEO) wear duty belts to hold the specialised equipment required to complete their daily occupational tasks. The aim of this review was to identify, collect, and synthesize research investigating the impacts of duty belts and load placement on LEOs. Methods: A systematic review, registered with the Open Science Framework, was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines. Five databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) with identified studies considered against eligibility criteria. Included studies were critically appraised by two reviewers independently using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist or the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. Results: Ten studies (mean appraisal score = 79.8%; Kappa agreement = 0.73) informed the review revealing two main emerging themes; occupational impacts (task performance, vehicle duties, and weapon draw time), and movement impacts (balance, gait, and jump-based movements). Nine studies found duty belts and equipment loads, regardless of placement, negatively impacted LEO occupational tasks and movements in general. There were some differences in the nature of the impacts (e.g., areas of pressure with different systems). One study found no differences in performance be-tween hip versus thigh holsters. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that LEO duty belts, their attachments, and the loads imparted by their equipment have a negative impact on performance of occupational tasks as well as officer movement, increasing injury potential. There were some differences in impacts based on load placement warranting consideration and further research.
References
Anderson, G. S., Plecas, D., & Segger, T. (2001). Police officer physical ability testing - Re-validating a selection criterion. Policing : an international journal of police strategies & management, 24(1), 8-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510110382232
Anderson, G. S., & Plecas, D. B. (2000). Predicting shooting scores from physical performance data. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 23(4), 525-537.
Aromataris, E., Fernandez, R., Godfrey, C. M., Holly, C., Khalil, H., & Tungpunkom, P. (2015). Summarizing systematic reviews: Methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach. Int J Evid Based Healthc, 13(3), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000055
Baran, K., Dulla, J., Orr, R., Dawes, J., & Pope, R. (2018). Duty Loads Carried by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Deputies. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, 26(5), 34-38. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=135052308&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Barker, T. H., Stone, J. C., Sears, K., Klugar, M., Leonardi-Bee, J., Tufanaru, C., Aromataris, E., & Munn, Z. (2023). Revising the JBI quantitative critical appraisal tools to improve their applicability: an overview of methods and the development process. JBI evidence synthesis, 21(3), 478-493. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00125
Billing, D. C., Silk, A. J., Tofari, P. J., & Hunt, A. P. (2015). Effects of Military Load Carriage on Susceptibility to Enemy Fire During Tactical Combat Movements. J Strength Cond Res, 29 Suppl 11(11), S134-S138. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001036
Birrell, S. A., & Haslam, R. A. (2008). The influence of rifle carriage on the kinetics of human gait. Ergon, 51(6), 816-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130701811859
Birrell, S. A., Hooper, R. H., & Haslam, R. A. (2007). The effect of military load carriage on ground reaction forces. Gait Posture, 26(4), 611-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.12.008
Bonneau, J., & Brown, J. (1995). Physical ability, fitness and police work. Journal of clinical forensic medicine, 2(3), 157-164.
Burton, A. K., Tillotson, K. M., Symonds, T. L., Burke, C., & Mathewson, T. (1996). Occupational risk factors for the first-onset and subsequent course of low back trouble: a study of serving police officers. Spine 21(22), 2612-2620. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cin20&AN=107315520&site=ehost-live&scope=site
http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/ovftpdfs/FPDDNCDCKBBECO00/fs047/ovft/live/gv024/00007632/00007632-199611150-00011.pdf
Campbell, A., Roelofs, A., Davey, P., & Straker, L. (2013). Response Time, Pistol Fire Position Variability, and Pistol Draw Success Rates for Hip and Thigh Holsters. Hum Factors, 55(2), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812453466
Cardoso, M., Girouard, M., Callaghan, J. P., & Albert, W. J. (2017). An ergonomic evaluation of city police officers: an analysis of perceived discomfort within patrol duties. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 23(2), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1249728
Clark, J. M., Glasziou, P., Del Mar, C., Bannach-Brown, A., Stehlik, P., & Scott, A. M. (2020). A Full Systematic Review was Completed in 2 Weeks Using Automation Tools: A Case Study. J Clin Epidemiol, 121, 81-90.
Clark, J. M., Sanders, S., Carter, M., Honeyman, D., Cleo, G., Auld, Y., Booth, D., Condron, P., Dalais, C., Bateup, S., Linthwaite, B., May, N., Munn, J., Ramsay, L., Rickett, K., Rutter, C., Smith, A., Sondergeld, P., Wallin, M., . . . Beller, E. (2020). Improving the Translation of Search Strategies Using the Polyglot Search Translator: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Libr Assoc.
Dempsey, P. C., Handcock, P. J., & Rehrer, N. J. (2013). Impact of Police Body Armour and Equipment on Mobility. Appl Ergon, 44(6), 957-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.02.011
Dempsey, P. C., Handcock, P. J., & Rehrer, N. J. (2014). Body armour: the effect of load, exercise and distraction on landing forces. J Sports Sci, 32(4), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.823226
Earl-Boehm, J. E., Poel, D. N., Zalewski, K., & Ebersole, K. T. (2020). The Effects of Military Style Ruck Marching on Lower Extremity Loading and Muscular, Physiological and Perceived Exertion in ROTC Cadets. Ergon, 63(5), 629-638. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1745900
Ehnes, C. M., Scarlett, M. P., Lemelin, S. J., Stickland, M. K., & Petersen, S. R. (2020). The effect of general duty police ensemble on graded exercise and simulated work performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 45(3), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0230
Filtness, A. J., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, E., & Rudin-Brown, C. M. (2014). Police officer in-vehicle discomfort: Appointments carriage method and vehicle seat features. Appl Ergon, 45(4), 1247-1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.03.002
Gruevski, K. M., Holmes, M. W. R., Gooyers, C. E., Dickerson, C. R., & Callaghan, J. P. (2016). Lumbar postures, seat interface pressures and discomfort responses to a novel thoracic support for police officers during prolonged simulated driving exposures. Appl Ergon, 52, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.015
Gyi, D. E., & Porter, J. M. (1998). Musculoskeletal problems and driving in police officers. Occup Med 48(3), 153-160. http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/3/153.full.pdf
Handler, A., Kennelly, J., & Peacock, N. R. (2010). Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in reproductive and perinatal outcomes : the evidence from population-based interventions. Springer.
Holewun, M., & Lotens, W. A. (1992). The influence of backpack design on physical performance. Ergon, 35(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139208967803
Holmes, M. W., McKinnon, C. D., Dickerson, C. R., & Callaghan, J. P. (2013). The Effects of Police Duty Belt and Seat Design Changes on Lumbar Spine Posture, Driver Contact Pressure and Discomfort. Ergon, 56(1), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.739206
Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O'Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) Version 2018 for Information Professionals and Researchers. Education for information, 34(4), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221
Hsiao, H. (2023). Assessment of challenges in patrol vehicles and with equipment among law enforcement officers. Appl Ergon, 108, 103946-103946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103946
Hua, M., Orr, R. M., & Stierli, M. (2015). Profiling a workplace physiotherapy and rehabilitation program within a police force. CONNECT 2015 Physiotherapy Conference,
Jahani, M. R., Motevalian, S. A., & Asgari, A. R. (2002). Musculoskeletal disabilities among police force personnel of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mil Med, 167(10), 850-852.
Kasovic, M., Bilobrk, M., Sladin, D., Stefan, A., & Stefan, L. (2023). How Different Load Carriage Scenarios Impact the Gait in Police Officers. Appl Sci (Basel), 13(1), Article 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010144
Kasović, M., Štefan, L., Borovec, K., Zvonař, M., & Cacek, J. (2020). Effects of Carrying Police Equipment on Spatiotemporal and Kinetic Gait Parameters in First Year Police Officers. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(16), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165750
Kinoshita, H. (1985). Effects of different loads and carrying systems on selected biomechanical parameters describing walking gait. Ergon, 28(9), 1347-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138508963251
Knapik, J., Reynolds, K., Staab, J., Vogel, J. A., & Jones, B. (1992). Injuries associated with strenuous road marching. Mil Med, 157(2), 64-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/157.2.64
Kong, P. W., Suyama, J., & Hostler, D. (2013). A review of risk factors of accidental slips, trips, and falls among firefighters. Saf Sci, 60, 203-209.
Kukic, F., Jankovic, R., Dawes, J. J., Orr, R., & Koropanovski, N. (2023). Effects of Occupational Load on the Acceleration, Change of Direction Speed, and Anaerobic Power of Police Officers. J Strength Cond Res, 37(6), 1237-1243. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004426
Larsen, L. B., Andersson, E. E., Tranberg, R., & Ramstrand, N. (2018). Multi-site Musculoskeletal Pain in Swedish Police: Associations with Discomfort from Wearing Mandatory Equipment and Prolonged Sitting. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 91(4), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1292-9
Larsen, L. B., Ramstrand, N., & Tranberg, R. (2019). Duty Belt or Load-Bearing Vest? Discomfort and Pressure Distribution for Police Driving Standard Fleet Vehicles. Appl Ergon, 80, 146-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.05.017
Larsen, L. B., Tranberg, R., & Ramstrand, N. (2016). Effects of Thigh Holster use on Kinematics and Kinetics of Active Duty Police Officers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 37, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.06.009
Lewinski, W. J., Dysterheft, J. L., Dicks, N. D., & Pettitt, R. W. (2015). The Influence of Officer Equipment and Protection on Short Sprinting Performance. Appl Ergon, 47, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.017
Lloyd, R., & Cooke, C. B. (2000). Kinetic changes associated with load carriage using two rucksack designs. Ergon, 43(9), 1331-1341. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401300421770
Lyons, K., Stierli, M., Hinton, B., Pope, R., & Orr, R. (2021). Profiling lower extremity injuries sustained in a state police population: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 22(1), 115-115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-03986-3
Marins, E., F., Cabistany, L., Bartel, C., Dawes, J. J., & Boscolo Del Vecchio, F. (2019). Aerobic Fitness, Upper-Body Strength and Agility Predict Performance on an Occupational Physical Ability Test Among Police Officers While Wearing Personal Protective Equipment. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 59(11), 1835-1844. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09482-9
Marins, E., Silva, P., Rombaldi, A., & Del Vecchio, F. (2018). Occupational physical fitness tests for police officers-a narrative review. TSAC Report, 50, 26-34.
Marins, E. F., Cabistany, L., Farias, C., Dawes, J., & Del Vecchio, F. B. (2020). Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Metabolism and Performance During an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police Officers. J Strength Cond Res, 34(4), 1093-1102. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002892
Martin, J., Sax van der Weyden, M., & Fyock-Martin, M. (2023). Effects of Law Enforcement Load Carriage Systems on Muscle Activity and Coordination During Walking: An Exploratory Study. Sensors 23(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084052
Miratsky, P., Gryc, T., Cabell, L., Zahalka, F., Brozka, M., Varjan, M., & Maly, T. (2021). Isokinetic strength, vertical jump performance, and strength differences in first line professional firefighters competing in fire sport. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(7), 3448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073448
Moore, R. E. (2001). Training Considerations for Close-Quarter Combat. Strength Cond J, 23(5), 71. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200110000-00020
Mugari, I., & Thabana, N. (2018). Foot patrols and crime prevention in Harare Central Business District: police officers’ perspectives. Crime prevention and community safety, 20(2), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0038-z
Orr, R., Pope, R., Lopes, T. J. A., Leyk, D., Blacker, S., Bustillo-Aguirre, B. S., & Knapik, J. J. (2021). Soldier load carriage, injuries, rehabilitation and physical conditioning: An international approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(8), 4010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084010
Park, H., Branson, D., Kim, S., Warren, A., Jacobson, B., Petrova, A., Peksoz, S., & Kamenidis, P. (2014). Effect of armor and carrying load on body balance and leg muscle function. Gait Posture, 39(1), 430-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.08.018
Park, K., Hur, P., Rosengren, K., Horn, G. P., & Hsiao-Wecksler, E. T. (2008). Changes in kinetic and kinematic gait parameters due to firefighting air bottle configuration. North American Congress on Biomechanics (NACOB),
Pickard, O., Burton, P., Yamada, H., Schram, B., Canetti, E. F. D., & Orr, R. (2022). Musculoskeletal Disorders Associated with Occupational Driving: A Systematic Review Spanning 2006-2021. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(11), 6837.
Plecas, D. B., Cohen, I. M., & Plecas, D. B. (2011). An analysis of police officer vehicle time: The case of surrey RCMPofficers. BC Centre for Social Responsibility.
Polcyn, A. F., Bessel, C. K., Harman, E. A., & Obusek, J. P. (2001). The Effects of Load Weight: A Summary Analysis of Maximal Performance, Physiological, and Biomechanical Results from Four Studies of Load-Carriage Systems.
Ramaj Jewett, B., Tomes, C., Voigt, K., & Mokha, G. M. (2023). The Effects of Equipment Carriage on Functional Movement Quality Among Law Enforcement Officers. Ergon, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2023.2199954
Ramstrand, N., & Larsen, L. B. (2012). Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Workplace: Perceptions of Swedish Police. International journal of police science & management, 14(4), 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2012.14.4.293
Ramstrand, N., Zügner, R., Larsen, L. B., & Tranberg, R. (2016). Evaluation of Load Carriage Systems used by Active Duty Police Officers: Relative Effects on Walking Patterns and Perceived Comfort. Appl Ergon, 53, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.08.007
Robinson, J., Roberts, A., Irving, S., & Orr, R. (2018). Aerobic fitness is of greater importance than strength and power in the load carriage performance of specialist police. Int J Exerc Sci, 11(4), 987.
Sax van der Weyden, M. N., Kearney, J. W., Cortes, N., Fernandes, O., & Martin, J. R. (2023). Common Law Enforcement Load Carriage Systems have Limited Acute Effects on Postural Stability and Muscle Activity. Appl Ergon, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104091
Shim, A., Shannon, D., Waller, M., Townsend, R., Obembe, A., & Ross, M. (2023). Tactical Vests Worn by Law Enforcement: is this Improving Stability for Optimal Job Performance? Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 29(1), 177-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.2024993
Silk, A., Savage, R., Larsen, B., & Aisbett, B. (2018). Identifying and characterising the physical demands for an Australian specialist policing unit. Appl Ergon, 68, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.11.012
Taylor, N. A. S., Peoples, G. E., & Petersen, S. R. (2016). Load carriage, human performance, and employment standards...Proceedings from the Second International Conference on Physical Employment Standards – Best Practice in Physical Employment Standards: An International Perspective. Second International Conference on Physical Employment Standards (PES 2015) held in Canmore, Alberta, Canada on August 23-26, 2015. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 41, S131-S147. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0486
Thomas, M., Pohl, M. B., Shapiro, R., Keeler, J., & Abel, M. G. (2018). Effect of Load Carriage on Tactical Performance in Special Weapons and Tactics Operators. J Strength Cond Res, 32(2), 554-564. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002323
Viera, A. J., & Garrett, J. M. (2005). Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic. Fam Med, 37(5), 360-363.
Walsh, G. S., & Low, D. C. (2021). Military load carriage effects on the gait of military personnel: A systematic review. Appl Ergon, 93, 103376-103376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103376
Werling, R., Pereira, A., Morris, G., & Randol, B. (2019). Pain, injury, mortality: Police confront critical incidents. Int J Criminol Sociol, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2019.08.01
White, M. M. (2018). Biomechanical Implications of Duty Belts Used by Police Officers. North Carolina State University.
Wiley, A., Joseph, A., Orr, R., Schram, B., Kornhauser, C. L., Holmes, R. J., & Dawes, J. J. (2020). The Impact of External Loads Carried by Police Officers on Vertical Jump Performance. Int J Exerc Sci, 13(6), 1179-1189. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7523894/pdf/ijes-13-6-1179.pdf
Anderson, G. S., & Plecas, D. B. (2000). Predicting shooting scores from physical performance data. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 23(4), 525-537.
Aromataris, E., Fernandez, R., Godfrey, C. M., Holly, C., Khalil, H., & Tungpunkom, P. (2015). Summarizing systematic reviews: Methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach. Int J Evid Based Healthc, 13(3), 132-140. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000055
Baran, K., Dulla, J., Orr, R., Dawes, J., & Pope, R. (2018). Duty Loads Carried by the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department Deputies. Journal of Australian Strength and Conditioning, 26(5), 34-38. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=135052308&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Barker, T. H., Stone, J. C., Sears, K., Klugar, M., Leonardi-Bee, J., Tufanaru, C., Aromataris, E., & Munn, Z. (2023). Revising the JBI quantitative critical appraisal tools to improve their applicability: an overview of methods and the development process. JBI evidence synthesis, 21(3), 478-493. https://doi.org/10.11124/JBIES-22-00125
Billing, D. C., Silk, A. J., Tofari, P. J., & Hunt, A. P. (2015). Effects of Military Load Carriage on Susceptibility to Enemy Fire During Tactical Combat Movements. J Strength Cond Res, 29 Suppl 11(11), S134-S138. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001036
Birrell, S. A., & Haslam, R. A. (2008). The influence of rifle carriage on the kinetics of human gait. Ergon, 51(6), 816-826. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130701811859
Birrell, S. A., Hooper, R. H., & Haslam, R. A. (2007). The effect of military load carriage on ground reaction forces. Gait Posture, 26(4), 611-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.12.008
Bonneau, J., & Brown, J. (1995). Physical ability, fitness and police work. Journal of clinical forensic medicine, 2(3), 157-164.
Burton, A. K., Tillotson, K. M., Symonds, T. L., Burke, C., & Mathewson, T. (1996). Occupational risk factors for the first-onset and subsequent course of low back trouble: a study of serving police officers. Spine 21(22), 2612-2620. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cin20&AN=107315520&site=ehost-live&scope=site
http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com/ovftpdfs/FPDDNCDCKBBECO00/fs047/ovft/live/gv024/00007632/00007632-199611150-00011.pdf
Campbell, A., Roelofs, A., Davey, P., & Straker, L. (2013). Response Time, Pistol Fire Position Variability, and Pistol Draw Success Rates for Hip and Thigh Holsters. Hum Factors, 55(2), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720812453466
Cardoso, M., Girouard, M., Callaghan, J. P., & Albert, W. J. (2017). An ergonomic evaluation of city police officers: an analysis of perceived discomfort within patrol duties. Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 23(2), 175-184. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2016.1249728
Clark, J. M., Glasziou, P., Del Mar, C., Bannach-Brown, A., Stehlik, P., & Scott, A. M. (2020). A Full Systematic Review was Completed in 2 Weeks Using Automation Tools: A Case Study. J Clin Epidemiol, 121, 81-90.
Clark, J. M., Sanders, S., Carter, M., Honeyman, D., Cleo, G., Auld, Y., Booth, D., Condron, P., Dalais, C., Bateup, S., Linthwaite, B., May, N., Munn, J., Ramsay, L., Rickett, K., Rutter, C., Smith, A., Sondergeld, P., Wallin, M., . . . Beller, E. (2020). Improving the Translation of Search Strategies Using the Polyglot Search Translator: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Libr Assoc.
Dempsey, P. C., Handcock, P. J., & Rehrer, N. J. (2013). Impact of Police Body Armour and Equipment on Mobility. Appl Ergon, 44(6), 957-961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2013.02.011
Dempsey, P. C., Handcock, P. J., & Rehrer, N. J. (2014). Body armour: the effect of load, exercise and distraction on landing forces. J Sports Sci, 32(4), 301-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.823226
Earl-Boehm, J. E., Poel, D. N., Zalewski, K., & Ebersole, K. T. (2020). The Effects of Military Style Ruck Marching on Lower Extremity Loading and Muscular, Physiological and Perceived Exertion in ROTC Cadets. Ergon, 63(5), 629-638. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2020.1745900
Ehnes, C. M., Scarlett, M. P., Lemelin, S. J., Stickland, M. K., & Petersen, S. R. (2020). The effect of general duty police ensemble on graded exercise and simulated work performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 45(3), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2019-0230
Filtness, A. J., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, E., & Rudin-Brown, C. M. (2014). Police officer in-vehicle discomfort: Appointments carriage method and vehicle seat features. Appl Ergon, 45(4), 1247-1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.03.002
Gruevski, K. M., Holmes, M. W. R., Gooyers, C. E., Dickerson, C. R., & Callaghan, J. P. (2016). Lumbar postures, seat interface pressures and discomfort responses to a novel thoracic support for police officers during prolonged simulated driving exposures. Appl Ergon, 52, 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.015
Gyi, D. E., & Porter, J. M. (1998). Musculoskeletal problems and driving in police officers. Occup Med 48(3), 153-160. http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/3/153.full.pdf
Handler, A., Kennelly, J., & Peacock, N. R. (2010). Reducing racial/ethnic disparities in reproductive and perinatal outcomes : the evidence from population-based interventions. Springer.
Holewun, M., & Lotens, W. A. (1992). The influence of backpack design on physical performance. Ergon, 35(2), 149-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139208967803
Holmes, M. W., McKinnon, C. D., Dickerson, C. R., & Callaghan, J. P. (2013). The Effects of Police Duty Belt and Seat Design Changes on Lumbar Spine Posture, Driver Contact Pressure and Discomfort. Ergon, 56(1), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2012.739206
Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O'Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) Version 2018 for Information Professionals and Researchers. Education for information, 34(4), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221
Hsiao, H. (2023). Assessment of challenges in patrol vehicles and with equipment among law enforcement officers. Appl Ergon, 108, 103946-103946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103946
Hua, M., Orr, R. M., & Stierli, M. (2015). Profiling a workplace physiotherapy and rehabilitation program within a police force. CONNECT 2015 Physiotherapy Conference,
Jahani, M. R., Motevalian, S. A., & Asgari, A. R. (2002). Musculoskeletal disabilities among police force personnel of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mil Med, 167(10), 850-852.
Kasovic, M., Bilobrk, M., Sladin, D., Stefan, A., & Stefan, L. (2023). How Different Load Carriage Scenarios Impact the Gait in Police Officers. Appl Sci (Basel), 13(1), Article 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010144
Kasović, M., Štefan, L., Borovec, K., Zvonař, M., & Cacek, J. (2020). Effects of Carrying Police Equipment on Spatiotemporal and Kinetic Gait Parameters in First Year Police Officers. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(16), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165750
Kinoshita, H. (1985). Effects of different loads and carrying systems on selected biomechanical parameters describing walking gait. Ergon, 28(9), 1347-1362. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140138508963251
Knapik, J., Reynolds, K., Staab, J., Vogel, J. A., & Jones, B. (1992). Injuries associated with strenuous road marching. Mil Med, 157(2), 64-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/157.2.64
Kong, P. W., Suyama, J., & Hostler, D. (2013). A review of risk factors of accidental slips, trips, and falls among firefighters. Saf Sci, 60, 203-209.
Kukic, F., Jankovic, R., Dawes, J. J., Orr, R., & Koropanovski, N. (2023). Effects of Occupational Load on the Acceleration, Change of Direction Speed, and Anaerobic Power of Police Officers. J Strength Cond Res, 37(6), 1237-1243. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004426
Larsen, L. B., Andersson, E. E., Tranberg, R., & Ramstrand, N. (2018). Multi-site Musculoskeletal Pain in Swedish Police: Associations with Discomfort from Wearing Mandatory Equipment and Prolonged Sitting. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 91(4), 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1292-9
Larsen, L. B., Ramstrand, N., & Tranberg, R. (2019). Duty Belt or Load-Bearing Vest? Discomfort and Pressure Distribution for Police Driving Standard Fleet Vehicles. Appl Ergon, 80, 146-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.05.017
Larsen, L. B., Tranberg, R., & Ramstrand, N. (2016). Effects of Thigh Holster use on Kinematics and Kinetics of Active Duty Police Officers. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 37, 77-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.06.009
Lewinski, W. J., Dysterheft, J. L., Dicks, N. D., & Pettitt, R. W. (2015). The Influence of Officer Equipment and Protection on Short Sprinting Performance. Appl Ergon, 47, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.017
Lloyd, R., & Cooke, C. B. (2000). Kinetic changes associated with load carriage using two rucksack designs. Ergon, 43(9), 1331-1341. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401300421770
Lyons, K., Stierli, M., Hinton, B., Pope, R., & Orr, R. (2021). Profiling lower extremity injuries sustained in a state police population: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 22(1), 115-115. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-03986-3
Marins, E., F., Cabistany, L., Bartel, C., Dawes, J. J., & Boscolo Del Vecchio, F. (2019). Aerobic Fitness, Upper-Body Strength and Agility Predict Performance on an Occupational Physical Ability Test Among Police Officers While Wearing Personal Protective Equipment. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 59(11), 1835-1844. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09482-9
Marins, E., Silva, P., Rombaldi, A., & Del Vecchio, F. (2018). Occupational physical fitness tests for police officers-a narrative review. TSAC Report, 50, 26-34.
Marins, E. F., Cabistany, L., Farias, C., Dawes, J., & Del Vecchio, F. B. (2020). Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on Metabolism and Performance During an Occupational Physical Ability Test for Federal Highway Police Officers. J Strength Cond Res, 34(4), 1093-1102. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002892
Martin, J., Sax van der Weyden, M., & Fyock-Martin, M. (2023). Effects of Law Enforcement Load Carriage Systems on Muscle Activity and Coordination During Walking: An Exploratory Study. Sensors 23(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084052
Miratsky, P., Gryc, T., Cabell, L., Zahalka, F., Brozka, M., Varjan, M., & Maly, T. (2021). Isokinetic strength, vertical jump performance, and strength differences in first line professional firefighters competing in fire sport. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(7), 3448. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073448
Moore, R. E. (2001). Training Considerations for Close-Quarter Combat. Strength Cond J, 23(5), 71. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200110000-00020
Mugari, I., & Thabana, N. (2018). Foot patrols and crime prevention in Harare Central Business District: police officers’ perspectives. Crime prevention and community safety, 20(2), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0038-z
Orr, R., Pope, R., Lopes, T. J. A., Leyk, D., Blacker, S., Bustillo-Aguirre, B. S., & Knapik, J. J. (2021). Soldier load carriage, injuries, rehabilitation and physical conditioning: An international approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(8), 4010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084010
Park, H., Branson, D., Kim, S., Warren, A., Jacobson, B., Petrova, A., Peksoz, S., & Kamenidis, P. (2014). Effect of armor and carrying load on body balance and leg muscle function. Gait Posture, 39(1), 430-435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.08.018
Park, K., Hur, P., Rosengren, K., Horn, G. P., & Hsiao-Wecksler, E. T. (2008). Changes in kinetic and kinematic gait parameters due to firefighting air bottle configuration. North American Congress on Biomechanics (NACOB),
Pickard, O., Burton, P., Yamada, H., Schram, B., Canetti, E. F. D., & Orr, R. (2022). Musculoskeletal Disorders Associated with Occupational Driving: A Systematic Review Spanning 2006-2021. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(11), 6837.
Plecas, D. B., Cohen, I. M., & Plecas, D. B. (2011). An analysis of police officer vehicle time: The case of surrey RCMPofficers. BC Centre for Social Responsibility.
Polcyn, A. F., Bessel, C. K., Harman, E. A., & Obusek, J. P. (2001). The Effects of Load Weight: A Summary Analysis of Maximal Performance, Physiological, and Biomechanical Results from Four Studies of Load-Carriage Systems.
Ramaj Jewett, B., Tomes, C., Voigt, K., & Mokha, G. M. (2023). The Effects of Equipment Carriage on Functional Movement Quality Among Law Enforcement Officers. Ergon, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2023.2199954
Ramstrand, N., & Larsen, L. B. (2012). Musculoskeletal Injuries in the Workplace: Perceptions of Swedish Police. International journal of police science & management, 14(4), 334-342. https://doi.org/10.1350/ijps.2012.14.4.293
Ramstrand, N., Zügner, R., Larsen, L. B., & Tranberg, R. (2016). Evaluation of Load Carriage Systems used by Active Duty Police Officers: Relative Effects on Walking Patterns and Perceived Comfort. Appl Ergon, 53, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.08.007
Robinson, J., Roberts, A., Irving, S., & Orr, R. (2018). Aerobic fitness is of greater importance than strength and power in the load carriage performance of specialist police. Int J Exerc Sci, 11(4), 987.
Sax van der Weyden, M. N., Kearney, J. W., Cortes, N., Fernandes, O., & Martin, J. R. (2023). Common Law Enforcement Load Carriage Systems have Limited Acute Effects on Postural Stability and Muscle Activity. Appl Ergon, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2023.104091
Shim, A., Shannon, D., Waller, M., Townsend, R., Obembe, A., & Ross, M. (2023). Tactical Vests Worn by Law Enforcement: is this Improving Stability for Optimal Job Performance? Int J Occup Saf Ergon, 29(1), 177-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2021.2024993
Silk, A., Savage, R., Larsen, B., & Aisbett, B. (2018). Identifying and characterising the physical demands for an Australian specialist policing unit. Appl Ergon, 68, 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2017.11.012
Taylor, N. A. S., Peoples, G. E., & Petersen, S. R. (2016). Load carriage, human performance, and employment standards...Proceedings from the Second International Conference on Physical Employment Standards – Best Practice in Physical Employment Standards: An International Perspective. Second International Conference on Physical Employment Standards (PES 2015) held in Canmore, Alberta, Canada on August 23-26, 2015. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 41, S131-S147. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0486
Thomas, M., Pohl, M. B., Shapiro, R., Keeler, J., & Abel, M. G. (2018). Effect of Load Carriage on Tactical Performance in Special Weapons and Tactics Operators. J Strength Cond Res, 32(2), 554-564. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002323
Viera, A. J., & Garrett, J. M. (2005). Understanding interobserver agreement: The kappa statistic. Fam Med, 37(5), 360-363.
Walsh, G. S., & Low, D. C. (2021). Military load carriage effects on the gait of military personnel: A systematic review. Appl Ergon, 93, 103376-103376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103376
Werling, R., Pereira, A., Morris, G., & Randol, B. (2019). Pain, injury, mortality: Police confront critical incidents. Int J Criminol Sociol, 8, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2019.08.01
White, M. M. (2018). Biomechanical Implications of Duty Belts Used by Police Officers. North Carolina State University.
Wiley, A., Joseph, A., Orr, R., Schram, B., Kornhauser, C. L., Holmes, R. J., & Dawes, J. J. (2020). The Impact of External Loads Carried by Police Officers on Vertical Jump Performance. Int J Exerc Sci, 13(6), 1179-1189. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7523894/pdf/ijes-13-6-1179.pdf
