Recognizing Domestic Violence Against Children by the Competent Police Officers
Abstract
The paper shows some risk indicators for domestic violence against children, that are concern parents and indicators concern the children. Than it shows analysis of data/results on the sample od 46 competent police officers in Vojvodina with purpose of identification of those indicators. Eighty percent of respondents concider that most frequent risk indicator for violence against children is unfavourable parents behavior. Externalized problems in child behavior are risk indicator that appears always and indicate on violence, by the opinion of 48% respondents. The least present indicator, who appears rarely is sexualized child behaviour (estimated by 63% respondents), which is justified concidering that sexual child is estimated as the rarest form of violence against children. About half of the respondents chose child's exaggerated reaction when he do something wrong or when points out a mistake to him, as the most frequent indicator of child victim of psychological violence. Although data did not show statistically significant differences in results related to certificate for minors, of respondent concider that competent police officers should also have certificate for minors. As respondents pointed out this need as the biggest systemic complicating work factor in protection of children and as almost half of the officers (22) in this sample did not have this certificate, we point out opinion of autors, that competent police officers as well as police officers of general jurisdiction police, should be specially trained for working with minors, whether thay were victims or witnesses of domestic violence.
References
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Afroz, Sh. & Tiwari, P.S.N. (2015). Psychological abuse: Impact on children. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 6(5), 526-528.
Baić, V. (2018). Kriminalistička psihologija. Kriminalističko-policijska akademija Beograd.
Baić, V., Kesić, T. i Zečević, O. (2023). Vodič o načinu obavljanja razgovora policijskih službenika sa maloletnim licima u svojstvu oštećenih krivičnim delima. Kriminalističko-policijski univerzitet Beograd, Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srbije.
Bahmani, T., Naseri, NS. & Fariborzi, E. (2022). Relation of parenting child abuse based on attachment styles, parenting styles, and parental addictions. Current Psychology, 4, 1-15.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
Bošković, A., Puhača, J. (2019). Analiza praktične primene zakona o sprečavanju nasilja u porodici, s posebnim osvrtom na primenu hitnih mera. NBP - Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo, Kriminalističko-policijski univerzitet Beograd, 24(1), 30-48.
Buck, N.M., Leenaars, E.P.E.M., Emmelkamp, P.M.G. & Van Marle, H.J.C. (2012). Explaning the relationship between insecure attachment and partner violence: the role of personality characteristics. Journal of interpersonal violence, 27(16), 3149-3170.
Black, D.A, Heyman, R.E. & Smit Slep, A.M. (2001). Risk factors for child physical abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 121-188.
Brassard, M.R., Hart, S.N. & Hardy, D.B. (2000). Case Studies in Family Violence: Chapture 14 - Psychological and Emotional Abuse of Children. Second Edition, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.
Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(5), 1067–1074.
DePanfilis, D. (2006). Child Neglect: A Guide for Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Dutton, D.G., Starzomski, A., Saunders, K., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Intimacy-anger and insecure attachment as precursors of abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(15), 1367-1386.
Dutton, D.G. & White, K.R. (2012). Atachment insecurity and intimate partner violence. Aggression and violent behaviour, 17, 475-481.
Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta- analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(2), 131–140.
Filkenhor, D. (2008). Childhood Victimization-Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People. Oxford University Press.
Fournier, B., Brassard, A. & Shaver, Ph. (2011). Adult attachment and male aggression in couple relationships-. The demand-withdraw communication pattern and relationship satisfaction as mediators. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26(10), 1982-2003.
Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 697–714.
Đurđević, Z. (2014). Krivična dela ubistva – etiološke i fenomenološke karakteristike. Službeni glasnik Beograd.
Henderson, A.J.Z., Bartholomew, K., Shanna J. Trinke, Sh.J. & Kwong, M.J. (2005). When Loving Means Hurting: An Exploration of Attachment and Intimate Abuse in a Community Sample. Journal of Family Violence, 20(4), 219-230.
Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 797–810.
Ignjatović, T. (2015). Posledice koje ima nasilje među ženama u partnerskim odnosima na decu i odgovornost javnih službi na ovu pojavu. Autonomni ženski centar Beograd, UNICEF, UNDP, UN WOMEN.
Jovanović, S. (2011). Nasilje u porodici u Srbiji: učinioci, žrtve i društvena reakcija. U: “Nasilnički kriminalitet-etiologija, fenomenologija, suzbijanje” (2011) (str. 156-171). Međunarodna naučno-stručna konferencija, Panevropski univerzitet Banja Luka.
Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B. & Lozano, R. (2002). World report violence and health. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Lazić, S. (2021). Lazić, S. (2021). Seksualno zlostavljanje dece: šta činiti kada postoji sumnja? Prezentacija 20.05.2021. Pedagoško društvo Vojvodine.
https://www.pedagoskodrustvovojvodine.edu.rs/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/S_Lazic_Seksualno_zlost_sumnja_materijal_za_ucesnike.pdf; Pristupljeno 10.12.2022.
Lang, S., af Klinteberg, B., & Alm, P.O. (2002). Adult psychopathy and violent behavior in males with early neglect and abuse. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106(s412), 93-100.
Litrownik, A.J., Hunter, W., English, D.J. & Newton, E. (2003). Exposure to Family Violence in Young At-Risk Children: A Longitudinal Look at the Effects of Victimization and Witnessed Physical and Psychological Aggression. Journal of family vilence, 18(1), 59-73.
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., & Martinez-Torteya, C. (2013). PTSD Symptoms in Young Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women, 19(2), 187–201.
Lo, C.K.M., Chan, K.L. & Ip, P. (2017). Insecure Adult Attachment and Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(10), 1-14.
Maljković, M. (2018). Karakteristike izvršilaca partnerskog nasilja i faktori koji utiču na njihovo nasilno ponašanje. Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja Beograd, 37(3), 93-107.
Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, Ph. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6–10.
Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srbije (2023). Uputstvo o standardnim operativnim procedurama za prevenciju i suzbijanje nasilja u porodici. Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srbije.
Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova RS, Služba za suzbijanje kriminala, Uprava kriminalističke policije u Beogradu, zvaničan podatak pribavljen za potrebe rada dana 07.06.2024.
Pavlović, Z., Bijvoets, J. (2016). Situational prevention on child sexual abuse. NBP - Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo, Kriminalističko-policijski akademija Beograd, 21(1), 114-132.
Plant, D. T., Pawlby, S., Pariante, C. M., & Jones, F. W. (2018). When one childhood meets another – maternal childhood trauma and offspring child psychopathology: A systematic review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(3), 483–500.
Smith, A.L., Cross, D., Winkler, J., Jovanovic, T., & Bradley, B. (2014). Emotional dysregulation and negative affect mediate the relationship between maternal history of child maltreatment and maternal child abuse potential. Journal of Family Violence, 29(5), 483-494.
Soković, S., Ranđelović, V. (2024). Domestic Violence in Rural Serbia: Etiological-Phenomenological Approach. NBP - Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo, Kriminalističko-policijski akademija Beograd, 29 (2), 108-119.
Vukosav, J., Glavina-Jelaš, I. i Sindik. J. (2018). Povezanost agresivnosti i osobina ličnosti kod počinitelja nasilničkog i nenasilničkog kriminaliteta. Policijska sigurnost Zagreb, 27(2), 171-189.
Vlada Republike Srbije (2022). Opšti protokol za zaštitu dece od zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja. Vlada Republike Srbije, Beograd.
Wilson, H.W., Stover, C.S. & Berkowitz, S.J. (2009). Research Review: The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(7), 769–779.
Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., & Jaffe, P. G. (2003). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 171–187.
Unicef (2017). Nasilje prema deci u Srbiji: Determinante, faktori i intervencije- nacionalni izveštaj. Process istraživanja za politike i prakse za RZP. Unicef.
Unicef (2019). Zaštita male dece od nasilja, zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja. Modul 14. UNICEF.
Pristupljeno 10.01.2023. na: https://www.unicef.org/serbia/sites/unicef.org.serbia/files/2019-09/modul_14.pdf
Zakon o sprečavanju nasilja u porodici “Sl. glasnik RS” br. 94/2016, 10/2023 -dr. Zakon.
Zakon o krivičnom postpku “Sl. glasnik RS” br. 72/2011, 101/2011, 121/2012, 32/2013, 45/2013, 55/2014, 35/2019, 27/2021 – odluka US i 62/2021 – odluka US
Zakon o policiji „Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 6/2016, 24/2018 i 87/2018.
Žegarac, N. i Brkić, M. (1998). Nasilje u porodici - mogućnosti zaštite i prevencije, In: Milosavljević, M. (ed.), Nasilje nad decom (str. 79–125), Fakultet političkih nauka Beograd.
Afroz, Sh. & Tiwari, P.S.N. (2015). Psychological abuse: Impact on children. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 6(5), 526-528.
Baić, V. (2018). Kriminalistička psihologija. Kriminalističko-policijska akademija Beograd.
Baić, V., Kesić, T. i Zečević, O. (2023). Vodič o načinu obavljanja razgovora policijskih službenika sa maloletnim licima u svojstvu oštećenih krivičnim delima. Kriminalističko-policijski univerzitet Beograd, Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srbije.
Bahmani, T., Naseri, NS. & Fariborzi, E. (2022). Relation of parenting child abuse based on attachment styles, parenting styles, and parental addictions. Current Psychology, 4, 1-15.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
Bošković, A., Puhača, J. (2019). Analiza praktične primene zakona o sprečavanju nasilja u porodici, s posebnim osvrtom na primenu hitnih mera. NBP - Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo, Kriminalističko-policijski univerzitet Beograd, 24(1), 30-48.
Buck, N.M., Leenaars, E.P.E.M., Emmelkamp, P.M.G. & Van Marle, H.J.C. (2012). Explaning the relationship between insecure attachment and partner violence: the role of personality characteristics. Journal of interpersonal violence, 27(16), 3149-3170.
Black, D.A, Heyman, R.E. & Smit Slep, A.M. (2001). Risk factors for child physical abuse. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6, 121-188.
Brassard, M.R., Hart, S.N. & Hardy, D.B. (2000). Case Studies in Family Violence: Chapture 14 - Psychological and Emotional Abuse of Children. Second Edition, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000.
Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(5), 1067–1074.
DePanfilis, D. (2006). Child Neglect: A Guide for Prevention, Assessment, and Intervention. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Dutton, D.G., Starzomski, A., Saunders, K., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Intimacy-anger and insecure attachment as precursors of abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24(15), 1367-1386.
Dutton, D.G. & White, K.R. (2012). Atachment insecurity and intimate partner violence. Aggression and violent behaviour, 17, 475-481.
Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta- analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(2), 131–140.
Filkenhor, D. (2008). Childhood Victimization-Violence, Crime, and Abuse in the Lives of Young People. Oxford University Press.
Fournier, B., Brassard, A. & Shaver, Ph. (2011). Adult attachment and male aggression in couple relationships-. The demand-withdraw communication pattern and relationship satisfaction as mediators. Journal of interpersonal violence, 26(10), 1982-2003.
Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 697–714.
Đurđević, Z. (2014). Krivična dela ubistva – etiološke i fenomenološke karakteristike. Službeni glasnik Beograd.
Henderson, A.J.Z., Bartholomew, K., Shanna J. Trinke, Sh.J. & Kwong, M.J. (2005). When Loving Means Hurting: An Exploration of Attachment and Intimate Abuse in a Community Sample. Journal of Family Violence, 20(4), 219-230.
Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(8), 797–810.
Ignjatović, T. (2015). Posledice koje ima nasilje među ženama u partnerskim odnosima na decu i odgovornost javnih službi na ovu pojavu. Autonomni ženski centar Beograd, UNICEF, UNDP, UN WOMEN.
Jovanović, S. (2011). Nasilje u porodici u Srbiji: učinioci, žrtve i društvena reakcija. U: “Nasilnički kriminalitet-etiologija, fenomenologija, suzbijanje” (2011) (str. 156-171). Međunarodna naučno-stručna konferencija, Panevropski univerzitet Banja Luka.
Krug, E.G., Dahlberg, L.L., Mercy, J.A., Zwi, A.B. & Lozano, R. (2002). World report violence and health. World Health Organization, Geneva.
Lazić, S. (2021). Lazić, S. (2021). Seksualno zlostavljanje dece: šta činiti kada postoji sumnja? Prezentacija 20.05.2021. Pedagoško društvo Vojvodine.
https://www.pedagoskodrustvovojvodine.edu.rs/wpcontent/uploads/2021/06/S_Lazic_Seksualno_zlost_sumnja_materijal_za_ucesnike.pdf; Pristupljeno 10.12.2022.
Lang, S., af Klinteberg, B., & Alm, P.O. (2002). Adult psychopathy and violent behavior in males with early neglect and abuse. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 106(s412), 93-100.
Litrownik, A.J., Hunter, W., English, D.J. & Newton, E. (2003). Exposure to Family Violence in Young At-Risk Children: A Longitudinal Look at the Effects of Victimization and Witnessed Physical and Psychological Aggression. Journal of family vilence, 18(1), 59-73.
Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., & Martinez-Torteya, C. (2013). PTSD Symptoms in Young Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Violence Against Women, 19(2), 187–201.
Lo, C.K.M., Chan, K.L. & Ip, P. (2017). Insecure Adult Attachment and Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 20(10), 1-14.
Maljković, M. (2018). Karakteristike izvršilaca partnerskog nasilja i faktori koji utiču na njihovo nasilno ponašanje. Zbornik Instituta za kriminološka i sociološka istraživanja Beograd, 37(3), 93-107.
Mikulincer, M. & Shaver, Ph. (2019). Attachment orientations and emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 6–10.
Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srbije (2023). Uputstvo o standardnim operativnim procedurama za prevenciju i suzbijanje nasilja u porodici. Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova Republike Srbije.
Ministarstvo unutrašnjih poslova RS, Služba za suzbijanje kriminala, Uprava kriminalističke policije u Beogradu, zvaničan podatak pribavljen za potrebe rada dana 07.06.2024.
Pavlović, Z., Bijvoets, J. (2016). Situational prevention on child sexual abuse. NBP - Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo, Kriminalističko-policijski akademija Beograd, 21(1), 114-132.
Plant, D. T., Pawlby, S., Pariante, C. M., & Jones, F. W. (2018). When one childhood meets another – maternal childhood trauma and offspring child psychopathology: A systematic review. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 23(3), 483–500.
Smith, A.L., Cross, D., Winkler, J., Jovanovic, T., & Bradley, B. (2014). Emotional dysregulation and negative affect mediate the relationship between maternal history of child maltreatment and maternal child abuse potential. Journal of Family Violence, 29(5), 483-494.
Soković, S., Ranđelović, V. (2024). Domestic Violence in Rural Serbia: Etiological-Phenomenological Approach. NBP - Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo, Kriminalističko-policijski akademija Beograd, 29 (2), 108-119.
Vukosav, J., Glavina-Jelaš, I. i Sindik. J. (2018). Povezanost agresivnosti i osobina ličnosti kod počinitelja nasilničkog i nenasilničkog kriminaliteta. Policijska sigurnost Zagreb, 27(2), 171-189.
Vlada Republike Srbije (2022). Opšti protokol za zaštitu dece od zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja. Vlada Republike Srbije, Beograd.
Wilson, H.W., Stover, C.S. & Berkowitz, S.J. (2009). Research Review: The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(7), 769–779.
Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., & Jaffe, P. G. (2003). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 171–187.
Unicef (2017). Nasilje prema deci u Srbiji: Determinante, faktori i intervencije- nacionalni izveštaj. Process istraživanja za politike i prakse za RZP. Unicef.
Unicef (2019). Zaštita male dece od nasilja, zlostavljanja i zanemarivanja. Modul 14. UNICEF.
Pristupljeno 10.01.2023. na: https://www.unicef.org/serbia/sites/unicef.org.serbia/files/2019-09/modul_14.pdf
Zakon o sprečavanju nasilja u porodici “Sl. glasnik RS” br. 94/2016, 10/2023 -dr. Zakon.
Zakon o krivičnom postpku “Sl. glasnik RS” br. 72/2011, 101/2011, 121/2012, 32/2013, 45/2013, 55/2014, 35/2019, 27/2021 – odluka US i 62/2021 – odluka US
Zakon o policiji „Sl. glasnik RS“ br. 6/2016, 24/2018 i 87/2018.
Žegarac, N. i Brkić, M. (1998). Nasilje u porodici - mogućnosti zaštite i prevencije, In: Milosavljević, M. (ed.), Nasilje nad decom (str. 79–125), Fakultet političkih nauka Beograd.
