School space as a "safe space" and a "secured space": educational and architectural challenges
Keywords:
education, safe space, school, students, secured space
Abstract
Following the unfortunate event of school shooting in Belgrade, the dominant topic in the Serbian public, society and educational domain, in recent months, is the topic of school safety and security, i.e. safety and security in the school area. On the other hand, no relevant scientific sources regarding this phenomenon can be found in domestic literature. If we look at the relevant international publications, we come across different definitions of this term. First, this paper focuses on theoretical considerations related to the complex discourse of "safe space" and "secured space" in the educational system. Based on these considerations, it was concluded that this problem requires an interdisciplinary approach, i.e., from a cultural, psychosocial, and architectural point of view. Finally, an overview of international experience in designing safe school premises, as well as existing legal solutions for security measures in school buildings in Serbia, is given.
References
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Pan, X., Han, C.S., Dauber, K., Law, K.H. (2005). Human and social behavior in computational modeling and analysis of egress. Autom. Constr., 15, 448–461.
Retreived December 1, 2023, from https://www.aia.org/pages/206356-where-we-stand-school-design-and-student-sa
Reed–Danahay, D. (2015) Social Space: Distance, Proximity and Thresholds of Affinity. In: Vered Amit (2015) Thinking Through Sociality. Berghahn Books.
Službeni glasnik RS, br. 88/2017, 27/2018-dr.zakoni i 10/2019.
Schneidawind, J. (2018, August 16). AIA architect pushes for school design best practices in testimony to White House Cabinet officials today. AIA. https://aeccafe.com/nbc/articles/1/1607286/AIA-Architect-Pushes-School-Design-Best-Practices-Testimony-White-House-Cabinet-Officials-Today
Schneider, T. (1998). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - School CPTED Basics. Presented to the 3rd International CPTED Conference in Washington DC.
Schneider, T. (2007). Ensuring Quality School Facilities and Security Technologies. The Hamilton Fish Institute on School and Community Violence & Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory
School Facility Design Safety Guidance. (2013). Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI).
Tiškevič, O. P. (2023). Zakordonniй dosvіd formuvannя bagatofunkcіonalьnih škіlьnih budіbelь. Sučasnі problemi arhіtekturi ta mіstobuduvannя, 66, 252-263. https://doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2023.66.252-263
Tomanović, S., Petrović, M. (2006). Rizici i bezbednost u susedstvu iz perspektive dece i njihovih roditelja. U: S.Tomanović (ur.) Društvo u previranju. Beograd: Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofskog fakulteta.
UNESCO (2022). Comprehensive School Safety Framework 2022-2030.
Velissaratou, J. (2017). Framework for a Module on the Physical Learning Environment. Revised Edition. Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD); Available from: http://www.oecd.org/education/OECD-FRAMEWORK-FOR-AMODULE-ON-THE-PHYSICAL-LEARNING-ENVIRONMENT.pdf.
Vallinkoski, K. K., Koirikivi, P. M. (2020). Enhancing Finnish basic education schools’ safety culture through comprehensive safety and security management. Nordic journal of studies in educational policy, 6(2), 103-115.
Vulević, S. (2019). Amok or active shooter's attacks as a form of security threat. Bezbednost, Beograd, 61(2), 134-152.
Vygotsky L. (1978). Mind in Society. Harvard University Press
AIA. (n.d.). Where we stand: School design and student safety. https://www.aia.org/about-aia/where-we-stand/school-design-student-safety
Baeva, L.V. (2023). Existential_Sources_of_School_Shootings_and_Columbiana. Journal of Philosophy, 27(3), 774-792. https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2023-27-3-774-792
Biegel, S. (2010). The Right to be Out: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in America’s Public Schools. University of Minnesota Press
Blue, D. (1998). Safety By Design. Presented to the 3rd International CPTED Conference. Washington DC.
Byron, K. (2017). From Infantilizing to World Making: Safe Spaces and Trigger Warnings on Campus: Safe Spaces and Trigger Warnings. Family Relations, 66(1), 116-125.
https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12233
Cassidy, R. (2014, January 9). Special report: Can design prevent another Sandy Hook? BDC Network. https://www.bdcnetwork.com/special-report-can-design-prevent-another-sandy-hook?utm_medium=website&utm_source=archdaily.com
Dyck, J.A., Lippman, P. (2023). Creating Dynamic School Buildings that Activate the Learner and the Learning Process. In Peter C. Lippman, & Elizabeth A. Matthews (Eds.), Creating Dynamic Places for Learning: An Evidence Based Design Approach (pp. 163-193). Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-8749-6_9
Dobbins, T. (2018, August 25). Sandy Hook School Architect Testifies in Front of Congress About School Safety. Archdaily. https://www.archdaily.com/900588/speaking-to-congress-jay-brotman-outlines-how-the-profession-intends-to-improve-school-safety?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab&ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
Domalewska, D., Kobylińska, M. G., Yen, P. H., Webb, R. K., & Thiparasuparat, N. (2021). On Safe Space in Education: A Polish-Vietnamese Comparative Study. Journal of Human Security, 17(1), 35-45. https:// doi.org/10.12924/johs2021.17010035
Flensner, K.K., Von der Lippe, M. (2019). Being Safe from What and Safe for Whom?. A Critical Discussion of the Conceptual Metaphor of ‘Safe Space’. Intercultural Education, 30 (3), 275–288 .doi:10.1080/14675986.2019.1540102.
Flynn, K. (2023, March 23). Architects prioritize design as a school security solution. AIA. https://www.cornelliron.com/rolling-door-blog/Cornell-blog/architects-prioritize-design-as-a-school-security-solution
Gawlik-Kobylinska, M. (2021). Can Security and Safety Education Support Sustainability? Lessons Learned from Poland. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–13. doi:10.3390/su13041747.
Harber, C. (2021). School Buildings (and Grounds). In Clive Harber, Post-Covid Schooling: Future Alternatives to the Global Normal (pp. 185-222). Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-87824-5_8
Haidt, J., Lukianoff, G. (2019). The coddling of the American mind. Penguin Books.
Jackson, R. (2014). Signposts: Policy and Practice for Teaching about Religions and Non-Religious Worldviews in Intercultural Education. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing
Jevtić, B.R. (2023). Simulation of a school facility evacuation-The case of the Secondary school “Svetozar Marković“ in Niš. Vatrogarstvo i upravljanje požarima, 1-2 (XIII), 17-29.
Joseph, J. J., Purser, C.W., Elia, E., Yelderman, L.A . (2023). The Impact of Routine Activities on the Number of School Shooting Injuries and Fatalities. In Jeffrey D. Herron, Sharon R. Sartin, & Joseph Budd (Eds.), Addressing Violence in the U.S. Public School System (pp. 191-217). Information Science Reference. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-6684-8271-1.ch010
Kislyakov, P., Shmeleva, E., Karaseva, T., Silaeva, O. (2014). Monitoring of Education Environment According to the Social-psychological Safety Criterion. Asian Social Science, 10(17), 285–293. doi:10.5539/ass.v10n17p285.
Keković, Z., Milošević, M., Putnik, N. (2012). Problemi identifikacije i klasifikacije bezbednosnih rizika u školama. U: B. Popović Ćitić, S. Đurić, Ž. Kešetović (ur.), Bezbednosni rizici u obrazovno-vaspitnim ustanovama (str. 51–69). Beograd: Fakultet bezbednosti.
Kešetović, Ž., Lipovac, M., Mlađan, D. (2012). Projektovanje školskog prostora kao faktor prevencije bezbednosnih rizika. U. Kordić, B., Kovačević, A., i Banović, B. (ur.) Reagovanje na bezbednosne rizike u obrazovno-vaspitnim ustanivama (197-210). Beograd: Čigoja.
Kirk, M. (2018, August 22). How Architecture and Design Can Hinder Active Shooters. https://www.architectmagazine.com/aia-architect/aiafeature/how-architecture-and-design-can-hinder-active-shooters_o
Lian, H., Zhang, S., Li, G., Zhang Y. (2023). Pedestrian Simulation on Evacuation Behavior in Teaching Building of Primary School Emergencies and Optimized Design. Buildings, 13, 1747. https:// doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071747
Margas, N. (2023). Inclusive classroom climate development as the cornerstone of inclusive school building: review and perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1-11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1171204
Pogodina, A. A. (2006). Preparing future teachers to promote tolerance among schoolchildren (PhD thesis). Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushinsky, Yaroslavl.
Pravilnik o izmenama i dopunama Pravilnika o bližim uslovima za osnivanje, početak rada i obavljanje delatnosti osnovne škole, Službeni glasnik RS – Prosvetni glasnik, br. 16/2020.
Pan, X., Han, C.S., Dauber, K., Law, K.H. (2005). Human and social behavior in computational modeling and analysis of egress. Autom. Constr., 15, 448–461.
Retreived December 1, 2023, from https://www.aia.org/pages/206356-where-we-stand-school-design-and-student-sa
Reed–Danahay, D. (2015) Social Space: Distance, Proximity and Thresholds of Affinity. In: Vered Amit (2015) Thinking Through Sociality. Berghahn Books.
Službeni glasnik RS, br. 88/2017, 27/2018-dr.zakoni i 10/2019.
Schneidawind, J. (2018, August 16). AIA architect pushes for school design best practices in testimony to White House Cabinet officials today. AIA. https://aeccafe.com/nbc/articles/1/1607286/AIA-Architect-Pushes-School-Design-Best-Practices-Testimony-White-House-Cabinet-Officials-Today
Schneider, T. (1998). Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - School CPTED Basics. Presented to the 3rd International CPTED Conference in Washington DC.
Schneider, T. (2007). Ensuring Quality School Facilities and Security Technologies. The Hamilton Fish Institute on School and Community Violence & Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory
School Facility Design Safety Guidance. (2013). Washington Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction (OSPI).
Tiškevič, O. P. (2023). Zakordonniй dosvіd formuvannя bagatofunkcіonalьnih škіlьnih budіbelь. Sučasnі problemi arhіtekturi ta mіstobuduvannя, 66, 252-263. https://doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2023.66.252-263
Tomanović, S., Petrović, M. (2006). Rizici i bezbednost u susedstvu iz perspektive dece i njihovih roditelja. U: S.Tomanović (ur.) Društvo u previranju. Beograd: Institut za sociološka istraživanja Filozofskog fakulteta.
UNESCO (2022). Comprehensive School Safety Framework 2022-2030.
Velissaratou, J. (2017). Framework for a Module on the Physical Learning Environment. Revised Edition. Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD); Available from: http://www.oecd.org/education/OECD-FRAMEWORK-FOR-AMODULE-ON-THE-PHYSICAL-LEARNING-ENVIRONMENT.pdf.
Vallinkoski, K. K., Koirikivi, P. M. (2020). Enhancing Finnish basic education schools’ safety culture through comprehensive safety and security management. Nordic journal of studies in educational policy, 6(2), 103-115.
Vulević, S. (2019). Amok or active shooter's attacks as a form of security threat. Bezbednost, Beograd, 61(2), 134-152.
Vygotsky L. (1978). Mind in Society. Harvard University Press