Komparativna toksičnost spinetorama za Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood i parazitoida Encarsia formosa Gahan
Sažetak
Uloga potencijalno selektivnih bioinsekticida u okviru integralnog koncepta zaštite biljaka, pored efikasnosti u suzbijanju štetočina, umnogome zavisi i od njihove bezbednosti po neciljane organizme. Spinetoram je polu-sintetski analog mikrobiološki dobijenog bioinsekticida spinosada koji se koristi širom sveta u suzbijanju raznih poljoprivrednih štetočina, ali je procena rizika primene spinetorama po korisne artropode veoma slabo istražena. Štaviše, toksičnost spinetorama prema štetočini- beloj leptirastoj vaši Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), kao i/ili prema njenom efikasnom biološkom agensu, parazitoidu Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), nikada nije dokumentovana. U laboratorijskim uslovima, utvrđivana je akutna toksičnost (letalni efekti) insekticida na bazi spinetorama (25% a.m.) po razvojne životne stadijume (adulte, nimfe i jaja) bele leptiraste vaši, kao i po adulte i lutke parazitoida. Svi ogledi su izvedeni na temperaturi 27±1°C i relativnoj vlažnosti vazduha od 60±10%, uz fotoperiod 16:8h, u pet ponavljanja. U svim doza-odgovor biotestovima, insekticid na bazi spinetorama primenjen je pomoću Potter Spray Tower-a na lišće duvana smešteno na 1% sloju agara, u ventiliranim Petri šoljama. Adulti štetočine i parazitoida izlagani su dejstvu svežih rezidua spinetorama u period od 48 sati, dok su jaja i nimfe štetočine, kao i lutke parazitoida, direktno tretirani sa serijom koncentracija spinetorama, pokrivajući odgovore od 10-90% smrtnosti. Akutna toksičnost spinetorama prema E. formosa procenjena je kroz indekse selektivnosti, koji predstavljaju odnos između srednjih letalnih koncentracija dobijenih za parazitoida i štetočinu. U biotestovima akutne toksičnosti dobijene su sledeće srednje letalne koncentracije spinetorama: 4.593, 15.027 i 11.73 mg a.i./l za adulte, nimfe i jaja bele leptiraste vaši, respektivno, i 0.686 i 1.715 mg a.i./l za adulte i lutke parazitoida, respektivno. Analiza dobijenih rezultata kroz indekse selektivnosti koji su bili niži od 1, nagoveštava neselektivnu prirodu insekticida na bazi spinetorama, prema oba testirana životna stadijuma parazitoida. Sveobuhvatna determinacija rizika zajedničke primene spinetorama i E. formosa u okviru integralnog koncepta zaštite biljaka od bele leptiraste vaši zahteva i procenu subletalnih efekata, kao i dalje testiranje spinetorama u poljskim uslovima, sa naglaskom na populacione parametre parazitoida.
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