ИМПЛИКАЦИЈЕ ПРИВАТНИХ ВОЈНИХ КОМПАНИЈА НА ГЕОПОЛИТИКУ И ГЛОБАЛНУ БЕЗБЕДНОСТ
Sažetak
Приватне војне компаније део су прилично развијеног приватног сектора безбедности, а присутне широм света и ангажоване на различитим пословима. Осим учешћа у ратним сукобима, који се најчешће везују за њих, услуге које нуде приватне војне компаније су различите: од обезбеђивања енергетских извора, до прикупљања обавештајних података, али и обука војних кадрова, војна логистика и снабдевање оружаних снага средствима. У овом раду сагледава се историјат постојања приватних војних компанија, али и коришћења плаћеника у ратним сукобима. Сагледавају се и моралне и материјалне околности њиховог ангажовања, постигнути резултати и њихов утицај на геополитику и глобалну безбедност, као и међународне правне регулативе њиховог ангажовања. Такође, рад сагледава и „сиву зону” активности приватних војних компанија, оптужбе за малтретирање и убиства цивила, утају пореза, диловање дроге и трговину људима, за које су најчешће оптуживани. Међутим, иако је њихов рад увек праћен бројним скандалима и оптужбама за наведена кривична дела, судски епилози су најчешће изостали. Рад се осврће и на учешће приватних војних компанија у сукобима у СР Југославији, као и на њихово присуство на АП Косову и Метохији, и последице истог.
Reference
Baum, Joel, and Anita Mcgahan. 2009. “Outsourcing War: The Evolution of the Private Military Industry after the Cold War.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–49. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1496498.
Cole, Celline, and Resy Vermeltfoort. 2017. “Sex Trafficking and Endeavoring a Cover-Up as International Crimes.” In U.S. Government Contractors and Human Trafficking: Two Case Studies of Iraq and Bosnia-Herzegovina, eds. Celline Cole and Resy Vermeltfoort, 71–75. Springer Cham: SpringerBriefs in Criminology. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70827-0_11.
Coleman, C. Norman, Judith L. Bader, John F. Koerner, Chad Hrdina, Kenneth D. Cliffer, John L. Hick, James J. James, Monique K. Mansoura, Alicia A. Livinski, Scott V. Nystrom, Andrea DiCarlo-Cohen, Maria Julia Marinissen, Lynne Wathen, Jessica M. Appler, Brooke Buddemeier, Rocco Casagrande, Derek Estes, Patrick Byrne, Edward M. Kennedy, Ann A. Jakubowski, Cullen Case, David M. Weinstock, Nicholas Dainiak, Dan Hanfling, Andrew L. Garrett, Natalie N. Grant, Daniel Dodgen, Irwin Redlener, Thomas F. Mackay, Meghan Treber, Mary J. Homer, Tammy P. Taylor, Aubrey Miller, George Korch, and Richard Hatchett. 2019. “Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) Science and the CBRNE Science Medical Operations Science Support Expert (CMOSSE).” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13 (5–6): 995–1010. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2018.163.
Council of European Union – General Secretariat [COEU]. 2023. “The Business of War – Growing Risks from Private Military Companies”. Council of European Union – General Secretariat. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/66700/private-military-companies-final-31-august.pdf
Daumann, Frank. 2023. “The client's struggle to control private military companies effectively.” Defense and Security Analysis 39 (3): 1–21. DOI: 10.1080/14751798.2023.2240654.
Đorić, Marija, i Strahinja Obrenović. 2022. “Evolution of EU Energy Law and Policy: А Big Comeback of Energy Security in 2022?” The Policy of National Security 23 (2): 67–86. DOI: 10.22182/pnb.2322022.4.
Đukić, Svetomir S. 1934. Disciplina, moral, čast. Sarajevo: Štamparija „Bosanska poštа”.
DuPlessis Robert S. 2016. The Material Atlantic: Clothing, Commerce, and Colonization in the Atlantic World, 1650–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Encyclopedia Britannica. 2024. “East India Company | Definition, History, & Facts”. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/private-military-firm
Fainaru, Steve. 2007. “A Chaotic Day on Baghdad’s Airport Road. Four Hired Guns in an Armored Truck, Bullets Flying, and a Pickup and a Taxi Brought to a Halt. Who Did the Shooting and Why?” The Washington Post. 15 April 2007. washingtonpost.com/archive/national/2007/04/15/a-chaotic-day-on-baghdads-airport-road-four-hired-guns-in-an-armored-truck-bullets-flying-and-a-pickup-and-a-taxi-brought-to-a-halt-who-did-the-shooting-and-why/66023f7f-4a4e-4209-9488-2caa11b868aa/.
Farrington, Anthony. 2002. Trading Places: The East India Company and Asia 1600–1834. London: British Library.
Fasanoti, Federica Saini. 2024. “The future of private military companies.” Geopolitical Intelligence Services AG. 6 February 2024. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/private-military-companies/.
Files ETHZ. 2006. “Private Military Companies” Files ETHZ. April 2006. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/17438/backgrounder_09_private-military-companies.pdf
Fisher, Max. 2014. “The real Blackwater scandal is that the State Department kept hiring them.” Vox Media. 30 June 2014. https://www.vox.com/2014/6/30/5858556/the-real-blackwater-scandal-is-that-the-state-department-kept-hiring.
Fulloon, Mark. 2015. “Non-State Actor: Defining Private Military Companies.” Strategic Review for Southern Africa 37 (2): 29–51. DOI: 10.35293/srsa.v37i2.241.
Gielink, Dirk, Maarten Buitenhuis, and René Moelker. 2007. “No Contractors on the Battlefield: The Dutch Military's Reluctance to Outsource.” In Private Military and Security Companies, eds. Thomas Jäger and Gerhard Kümmel, 149–164. Deutschland: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-531-90313-2_10.
Gov Info. 2006. “Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosives Consequence Management.” Gov Info. 2 October 2006. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-D5-PURL-gpo28961/pdf/GOVPUB-D5-PURL-gpo28961.pdf
Holager, Emma. 2011. “The impact of the private security industry on peace-building efforts in Africa: An assessment of Executive Outcomes, MPRI and DynCorp.” Master's thesis. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch
Hopsicker, Daniel. 2006. “Cunningham Scandal Far from Over.” MadCow. 3 November 2006. https://www.madcowprod.com/2006/11/03/cunningham-scandal-far-from-over/.
Labović, Dejan. 2015. „Privatne vojne kompanije kao faktor bezbednosti – prednosti i nedostaci.” Bezbednost 57 (3): 142–157. DOI: 10.5937/bezbednost1503142L.
McFate, Sean. 2008. “Outsourcing the Making of Militaries: DynCorp International as Sovereign Agent.” Review of African Political Economy 35 (118): 645–676. DOI: 10.1080/03056240802574037.
McFate, Sean. 2016. The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Milošević, Nenad, i Jadranko Jukić. 2017. „Privatne vojne i bezbednosne kompanije – zakonske, moralne i društvene implikacije.” Vojno delo 7: 161–173. DOI: 10.5937/vojdelo1707161M.
Milošević, Zoran. 2013. „Privatizacija rata: privatne vojne kompanije kao novi instrument stare (imperijalne) politike.” Pečat: list slobodne Srbije. 9. avgust 2013. https://www.pecat.co.rs/2013/08/privatizacija-rata/.
Office of Inspector General. 2004. “Review of Allegations Concerning DynCorp International’s Worldwide Personal Protective Services Contract in Afghanistan”. Office of Inspector General. https://www.stateoig.gov/report/aud-ppa-04-45.
Radaković, Marija. 2020. „Privatne vojne kompanije – privatizacija poslova odbrane i vojnih odbrambenih poslova.” Diplomski rad. Univerzitet u Beogradu: Fakultet bezbednosti.
Ryngaert, Cedric. 2008. “Litigating Abuses Committed by Private Military Companies.” The European Journal of International Law 19 (5): 1035–1053. DOI: 10.1093/ejil/chn056.
Scahill, Jeremy. 2007. Blackwater: the rise of the world's most powerful mercenary army. New York: Nation Books.
Singer, Peter W. 2003. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. New York: Cornell University Press.
Singer, Peter W. 2005. “Outsourcing War. Foreign Affairs.” Council on Foreign Relations. 1 March 2025. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/outsourcing-war.
Singer, Peter W. 2007. “The Dark Truth about Blackwater.” The Brookings Institution. 2 October 2007. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-dark-truth-about-blackwater/.
Singer, Peter W. 2008. Corporate Warriors. The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry. Cornwall: Cornwall University Press.
Stanton, Shelby L. 1985. The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam 1965–1973. New York: Ballantine Books.
Swed, Ori. 2018. “How many contractors? Soldiers to Private Military Contractors ratio in American Wars.” Ori Swed. Last accessed 10 January 2024 https://www.oriswed.com/single-post/2018/07/23/how-many-contractors-soldiers-to-private-military-contractors-ratio-in-american-wars.
The Guardian. 2004. “British guard firm 'abused scared Iraqi shepherd boy' (14.11.2004)”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/14/iraq
Titan Corp Sample Contracts. 2000. “Law Insider.” Titan Corp Sample Contracts. Last accessed 10 January 2024. https://www.lawinsider.com/company/32258/titan-corp.
Toledano, Javier Sutil. 2023. “DynCorp International: An unexplored PMC.” Grey Dynamics. 27 September 2024. https://greydynamics.com/dyncorp-international-an-unexplored-pmc/.
Transparency International UK. 2022. “US Private Military and Security Companies Fuel Corruption and Conflict Risk.” Transparency International UK. https://www.transparency.org.uk/us-private-military-and-security-companies-fuel-corruption-and-conflict-risk
United Nations. 1949. “Protocol Additional To The Geneva Conventions Of 12 August 1949, And Relating To The Protection Of Victims Of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), Of 8 June 1977, Article 47”. United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.34_AP-I-EN.pdf
United Nations. 1990. “6. International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries. United Nations. 4 December 1989.” https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/1989/12/19891204%2008-54%20AM/Ch_XVIII_6p.pdf
United States District Court For The District Of Columbia [USD TDC]. 2005. “Civ. Action No. 05-0411 (JR)”. https://www.sec.gov/files/litigation/complaints/comp19107.pdf
Valeckiy, Oleg V. 2008. Novaya strategiya SHA i NATO v voinah v Yugoslavii, Irake, Afganistane i eyo vliyanie na razvitie zarubežnyh sistem vooruženiya i boepripasov. M.: Arktika 4D.
VOA News. 2009. “US Defense Contractor Loses 9 Employees in Saudi Bombings”. VOA News. https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-05-14-33-us-67464307/280261.html
Vračević, Nikola, i Vladimir M. Cvetković. 2019. „Privatne vojne kompanije u modernom dobu.” Vojno delo (2): 42–54. DOI: 10.5937/vojdelo1902042V.
Wilbur, Marguerite Eyer. 1945. The East India Company: And the British Empire in the Far East. New York: Stanford University Press.
Wing, Ian. 2010. “Private Military Companies and Military Operations.” Land Warfare Studies Centre. researchcentre.army.gov.au/sites/default/files/wp138-private_military_companies_and_military_ops_ian_wing.pdf.
Zdravković, Miloje. 2012. „Privatne vojne kompanije na Kosovu i Metohiji – bezbednost ili profit.” Vojno delo 64 (2): 187–196.
Živanović, Vukojica M., i Slobodan M. Radojević. 2024. „Politika odbrane zasnovana na konceptu totalne odbrane.” Politika nacionalne bezbednosti 26 (1): 165–188. DOI: 10.5937/pnb26-50355.
