РЕЛИГИЈА, ПОЛИТИКЕ ИДЕНТИТЕТА И ПАРЛАМЕНТАРНИ ИЗБОРИ У ИНДИЈИ
Sažetak
Овај рад се бави анализом религијских политика идентитета које су обликовале парламентарне изборе у Индији 2024. године. У земљи са великим етничким, религијским и културним разликама, политике идентитета играју кључну улогу у политичком животу јер политичке странке мобилизују бираче позивима на националне, верске, етничке и регионалне/локалне идентитете. Фокус истраживања је на томе како су политике идентитета коришћене од стране доминантних политичких актера попут Баратиjа џаната партије и Индијског националног конгреса. У раду се анализира како су различите друштвене групе постале централне у политичким стратегијама током изборне кампање и како је мобилизација на основу религијског идентитета утицала на резултате избора. Такође се истражују дугорочне последице ових политика на друштвену кохезију и стање демократије у Индији али и на стање секуларног поретка. Завршно поглавље ће послужити давању увида у четири могућа правца кретања индијске националне политике у наредном периоду.
Reference
Aiyar, Swaminathan S. Anklesaria. 2020. “Despite Modi, India has not yet Become a Hindu Authoritarian State.” Policy Analysis 903. Washington, DC: Cato Institute. doi: 10.36009/PA.903. https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/despite-modi-india-has-not-yet-become-hindu-authoritarian-state.
Arbatli, Ekim, and Dina Rosenberg. 2020. “United we stand, divided we rule: how political polarization erodes democracy.” Democratization 28 (2): 285–307. doi: 10.1080/13510347.2020.1818068.
Battaglia, Gino. 2017. “Neo-Hindu Fundamentalism Challenging the Secular and Pluralistic Indian State.” Religions 8 (10): 1–20. doi: 10.3390/rel8100216.
Bernstein, Mary. 2005. “Identity Politics.” Annual Review of Sociology 31: 47–74. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100054.
Bhargava, Rajeev. 2006. “The Distinctiveness of Indian Secularism.” In: Indian Political Thought: A Reader, eds. Aakash Singh and Silika Mohapatra, 99–119. London & New York: Routledge.
Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu. “How Minorities Voted in the Indian General Elections.” The Diplomat. June 10, 2024. https://thediplomat.com/2024/06/how-minorities-voted-in-the-indian-general-election.
Bose, Anuja. 2009. “Hindutva and the Politicization of Religious Identity in India.” Journal of Peace, Conflict and Development 13 (1): 5–35.
Dasgupta, Koushiki. 2019. Electoral Politics and Hindu Nationalism in India. London & New York: Routledge.
Deshmukh, Jayanth. 2021. “Terrorizing Muslims: Communal Violence and Emergence of Hindutva in India.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 41 (2): 317–336. doi: 10.1080/13602004.2021.1943884.
Đogatović, Veljko. 2025. „Posledice delovanja politika identiteta na formiranje i razvoj političke polarizacije u državama južne Azije.” Doktorska disertacija. Beograd: Univerzitet u Beogradu, Fakultet političkih nauka.
Đogatović, Veljko, i Zoran Ž. Krstić. 2023. „Mesto hindutve u savremenoj indijskoj politici.” Međunarodna politika 74 (1188): 55–75. doi: 10.18485/iipe_mp.2023.74.1188.3.
Election Comission of India. 2024. “General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024.” June 5, 2024. https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm.
Evans, Jonathan, and Neha Sahgal. 2021. Key findings about religion in India. Washington: Pew Research Center.
Evans, Jonathan. 2021. “In India, Hindu support for Modi’s party varies by region and is tied to beliefs about diet and language.” Pew Research. August 5, 2021. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/08/05/in-india-hindu-support-for-modis-party-varies-by-region-and-is-tied-to-beliefs-about-diet-and-language.
Gergen, J. Kenneth. 1995. “Social Construction and the Transformation of Identity Politics.” Draft copy for End of knowing: A new developmental way of learning, eds. Fred Newman and Louis Holzman, 1–16. New York: Routledge. https://www.swarthmore.edu/sites/default/files/assets/documents/kenneth-gergen/Social%20Construction_and_the_Transformation.pdf.
Hafner, Asja. „Kontroverze i posebnosti najvećeg hinduističkog hrama u Indiji.” Slobodna Evropa. 24. januar 2024. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/indija-hindusi-muslimani-hram-izbori/32790060.html.
Heath, Oliver, Gilles Verniers, and Sanjya Kumar. 2015. “Do Muslim voters prefer Muslim candidates? Co-religiosity and voting behaviour in India.” Electoral Studies 38 (2015): 10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2015.01.005.
Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Gilles Verniers. 2020a. “A new party system or a new political system?“ Contemporary South Asia 28 (2): 141–154. doi: 10.1080/09584935.2020.1765990.
Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Gilles Verniers. 2020b. “The BJP's 2019 Election Campaign: Not Business as Usual.” Contemporary South Asia 28 (2): 155–177. doi: 10.1080/09584935.2020.1765985.
Kaul, Nitasha. 2017. “Rise of the political right in India. Hindutva-development mix, Modi myth, and dualities.” Journal of Labor and Society 20 (4): 523–548. doi: 10.1163/24714607-02004007.
Kaur, Surinder. 2024. “Indian Christians Relieved as Election Results Limit Hindu Nationalists”. Christianity Today. June 6, 2024. https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/06/india-election-results-2024-christians-modi-bjp-prayer.
Khan, M. A. Muqtedar, and Rifat Binte Lutful. 2021. “Emerging Hindu Rashtra, and Its Impact on Indian Muslims.” Religions 12 (9): 1–12. doi: 10.3390/rel12090693.
Kurzwelly, Jonatan, Moira Pérez, and Andrew D. Spiegel. 2023. „Identity politics and social justice.“ Dialectical Anthropology 47: 5–18. doi: 10.1007/s10624-023-09686-9.
Leidig, Eviane. 2020. “Hindutva as a Variant of Right-Wing Extremism.” Patterns of Prejudice 54 (3): 215–237. doi: 10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861.
Maiorano, Diego. 2019. “The 2019 Indian Elections and the Ruralization of the BJP.” Studies in Indian Politics 7 (2): 176–190. doi: 10.1177/2321023019874893.
McCoy, Jennifer, Tahmina Rahman, and Murat Somer. 2018. “Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities.” American Behavioral Scientist 62 (1): 16–42. doi: 10.1177/0002764218759576.
McCoy Jennifer, and Murat Somer. 2019. “Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681 (1): 234–271. doi: 10.1177/0002716218818782.
Orjuela, Camilla. 2014. “Corruption, and Identity Politics in Divided Societies.” Third World Quarterly 35 (5): 753–769. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2014.921426.
Rahman, Khalid. 2017. “Indian Secularism and Religious Minorities: The Case of Muslims.” Policy Perspectives 14 (2): 35–53. doi: 10.13169/polipers.14.2.0035.
Ramachandran, Sudha. 2020. “Hindutva Violence in India: Trends and Implications.” Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses 12 (4): 15–20.
Saaliq, Sheikh, and Krutika Pathi. 2024. “India’s parliament has fewer Musims as strength of Modi’s party grows.” AP News. May 15, 2024. https://apnews.com/article/india-general-elections-muslims-modi-c01281195f71a4c8b4bd53146695a0e5.
Selvaraj, M. Sudhir. 2024. “India election how Narendra Modi’s BJP uses and abuses religious minorities for political purposes.” The Conversation. May 8, 2024. https://theconversation.com/india-election-how-narendra-modis-bjp-uses-and-abuses-religious-minorities-for-political-purposes-228570.
Sen, Amartya. 2005. “Secularism and Its Discontents.” In Unravelling the Nation: Sectarian Conflict and India’s Secular Identity, eds. Kaushik Basu and Sanjay Subramahmyam, 294–315. London: Penguin Books.
Sen, Ronojoy. 2010. “In the Name of God: Regulating Religion in Indian Elections.” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 33 (1): 151–167. doi: 10.1080/00856401003592511.
Sharma, Arvind. 2020. “On the Difference between Hinduism and Hindutva.” Asian Philosophies and Religions 25 (1): 43–47.
Shilpa, N. 2021. “Identity Politics in India – It’s Various Dimensions.“ International Journal of Research in Engineering, IT and Social Sciences 11 (2): 36–39.
Sircar, Neelanjan. 2022. “Religion-as-Ethnicity and the Emerging Hindu Vote in India.” Studies in Indian Politics 10 (1): 79–92. doi: 10.1177/23210230221082824.
Swamy, R. Arun. 2003. Hindu Nationalism – What’s Religion Got to Do with It?. Occasional Paper Series. Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies.
Waikar, Prashant. 2018. “Reading Islamophobia in Hindutva: An Analysis of Narendra Modi’s Political Discourse.” Islamophobia Studies Journal 4 (2): 161–180. doi: 10.13169/islastudj.4.2.0161.
Wrenn, Mary. 2014. “Identity, Identity Politics, and Neoliberalism.” Panoeconomicus 61 (4): 503–515. doi: 10.2298/PAN1404503W.