Frequency and antibiotic resistance of bacterial agents causing respiratory tract infections in adults
Abstract
Introduction. Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the most common infectious diseases of the modern times, and among the ten leading causes of death at global scale. They have the highest mortality rates within the infective etiology, as the fourth leading cause of death in the world, with 2,603,913 cases in 2019.
The goal of the paper. The goal of this paper was to define the most common organisms causing ARI, as well as their resistance to antibiotics in outpatients from the territory of town of Prokuplje.
Material and methods. The analysis was performed retrospectively after six months of sampling. It included isolation and identification of bacterial agents of respiratory infections, as well as their resistance to certain antibiotics.
Results and discussion. The studied sample, collected during the 6-month period, included 308 individual samples of throat swabs and 308 individual samples of nose swabs. Out of the total number of tested samples, pathogenic microorganisms were recorded in 43 samples of throat swabs (13.96%) and 107 samples of nose swabs (34.74%). The most common pathogen in nasal swab samples was Moraxella with 39.25%, followed by bacteria Haemophylus sp., St. aureus and S. pneumoniae with approximate values of 21.50%, 19.63% and 17.77%. As expected, the smallest value was recorded for Enterobacter sp. with 1.85%. The analysis of group resistance toward the tested antibiotics has shown that the most susceptible bacteria were Moraxella sp., as they failed to show complete resistance to any of the tested antibiotics. The highest levels of sensitivity were recorded toward gentamicin and ofloxacin. The greatest level of resistance was recorded for Haemophylus sp. which has shown resistance above 50% for all studied antibiotics except cefotaxime.
Conclusion. The most common bacteries are Moraxella sp. i Haemophylus sp. Haemophylus sp. showed the highest level of resistancy, while highest level of sensitivity was Moraxella sp. in regard to group of tested antibiotics.
References
1. World Health Organization. The top 10 causes of death. World Health Organization; 2020 [pristupljeno 30.05.2023.]. Dostupno na: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of death
2. Calderaro, A, Buttrini M, Farina B, Montecchini S, De Conto F, Chezzi C. Respiratory Tract Infections and Laboratory Diagnostic Methods: A Review with A Focus on Syndromic Panel-Based Assays. Microorganisms. 2022;10(9), 1856. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091856
3. World Health Organization. Acute respiratory infections: the forgotten pandemic: Communique from the International Conference on Acute Respiratory Infections, held in Canberra, Australia, 7-10 July 1997. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2(1).
4. Bagić, M. Obilježja i ishodi sindroma teške akutne respiratorne infekcije kao pokazatelj teških oblika influence. Diplomski rad. Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Medicinski fakultet.2018.
5. Niederman MS, Torres A. Respiratory infections. Eur Respir Rev 2022; 31, e-220150
[DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0150-2022].
6. André M, Odenholt I, Schwan A, Axelsson I, Eriksson M, Hoffman M, Môlstad S, Runehagen A, Lundborg CS, Wahlstrom R; Swedish Study Group on Antibiotic Use. Upper respiratory tract infections in general practice: diagnosis, antibiotic prescribing, duration of symptoms and use of diagnostic tests. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002; 34, 880-886. doi: 10.1080/0036554021000026952
7. Cars O, Molstad S, Melander A. Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union. Lancet 2001; 357, 1851-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04972-2
8. Finley CR, Chan DS, Scott MBA, Ccfp G. What are the most common conditions in primary care? Une revue systématique Les problèmes de santé les plus fréquents dans les soins primaires. Can Fam Physician. 2018; 64, 832–840. PMCID: PMC6234945
9. Žuvela E. Najčešći uzročnici respiratornih infekcija u Оpćoj bolnici Dubrovnik. Završni rad. Sveučilište u Dubrovniku, Odjel za stručne studije. Dubrovnik, 2017.
10. Uredba o Nacionalnom program za kontrolu rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike: 8/2019-11
11. Saust LT, Bjerrum L, Siersma V, Arpi M, Hansen MP. Quality assessment in general practice: diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of acute respiratory tract infections. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2018; 36(4), 372–379. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2018.1523996
12. WHO Antimicrobial resistance: global report on surveillance 2014. World Health Organisation. Available from: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/survei llancereport/en/ [cited 2022 December 12].
13. Kuzman I. Infekcije dišnog sustava: najčešće bolesti čovjeka. Medicus 2005; 14 (1), 19-26. https://hrcak.srce.hr/18819
14. Ramljak K., Vrebalov Cindra M., Tomičić M. Akutne respiratorne infekcije gornjih dišnih puteva u svakodnevnom radu liječnika obiteljske medicine. Med Farm Croat, 2019; 27 (1-2). https://hrcak.srce.hr/230755
15. Schulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G, Martin JM, Van Beneden C. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012; 55: e86-e102. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis847