Motoričke i kognitivne sposobnosti dece rođene pre termina
Sažetak
APSTRAKT
Razvojem savremene perinatalne medicine i medicinskih tehnologija povećala se i stopa preživljavanja prevremeno rođene dece. Međutim, prevremeno rođenje predstavlja faktor rizika za razvojna kašnjenja. Ovim radom, evaluirana je dostupna literatura sa ciljem sagledavanja dominantnih razvojnih domena u kojima se ogleda disfunkcionisanje dece rođene pre termina. Studije u kojima je predmet istraživanja bilo praćenje razvoja prevremeno rođene dece potvrdile su zaostajanje u motornom i kognitivnom razvoju, te njihovu međusobnu povezanost. Ovakvi rezultati mogu se objasniti: ranim negativnim i neprijatnim senzornim iskustvima kojima je nezreli nervni sistem bio izložen pre vremena i izostankom adekvatne interakcije bioloških i sredinskih činilaca. Čak i nakon stabilizacije stanja prematurusa i uz stimulativne faktore iz spoljašnje sredine koja ubrzava ukupne biološke procese, mnoga razvojna postignuća bivaju odložena. Prvi domen u kome se identifikuju razvojna kašnjenja kod prevremeno rođene dece je motorni razvoj. Studije dokazuju da deca rođena pre 32 gestacijske nedelje veoma često pokazuju uporna kašnjenja u motornom razvoju (gruba i fina motorika, perceptualno-motoričke veštine). Drugi domen u kome se identifikuju razvojna kašnjenja kod prevremeno rođene dece je kognitivni razvoj. Empirijske studije otkrivaju da deca ispod 26 nedelje gestacijske zrelosti pokazuju nedostatke ili razvojna kašnjenja u održavanju pažnje u periodu malog deteta. Takođe, kod ove dece u periodu adolescencije uočeni su niži kapaciteti aktivne i pasivne vizuo-prostorne radne memorije koja utiče na usvajanje znanja iz matematike, kao i na opšte postignuće u školi.
Ključne reči: Preterm; Extremely preterm children; Motor development; Cognitive development; General movement.
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